Teleradiology-based stroke network in Western and Southern Transdanubia in Hungary / Stroke-ellátást támogató teleradiológiai hálózat a Nyugat- és Dél-Dunántúlon.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A stroke kezelésének lehetoségei az utóbbi években jelentosen megváltoztak: a thrombolysis után bevezetésre került a mechanikus thrombectomia, és a terápiás idoablak is jelentosen kitágult az utóbbi évek nagy multicentrikus tanulmányai alapján. Ezek a lehetoségek új igényeket fogalmaztak meg a képalkotó diagnosztikával szemben: az ischaemia okozta morfológiai elváltozások mellett az artériás és a kollaterális rendszer állapotát, valamint bizonyos esetekben az agy szöveti perfúzióját is szükséges meghatározni. Ezeket a komplex kiértékelési feladatokat ma már mesterségesintelligencia-algoritmusok támogathatják, melyek a kiértékelést pár perc alatt elvégezve segítenek a terápiás döntés kialakításában. Célkituzés: A Dél- és a Nyugat-dunántúli régióban hat intézmény részvételével egy dedikált stroke teleradiológiai hálózat kialakítása. Módszer: A stroke-CT-kiértékelo szoftver és a képkommunikáció integrációja, a vizsgálati protokollok technikai paramétereinek egységesítése, a kiértékelési eredmények teleradiológiai megjelenítése valósult meg a hálózat kialakítása során. Eredmények: A hálózat egységesítette nemcsak a stroke-CT-protokollok beállításait, de beutalási és értékelési szempontjait is. A stroke-CT-kiértékelések és a mechanikus thrombectomiák száma is emelkedett az elmúlt egy évben. Következtetés: A dedikált teleradiológiai stroke-hálózat segítségével optimalizálni kívánjuk a régió stroke-ellátását: egyrészt lehetoleg ne maradjanak ellátatlanul a thrombectomiából valószínuleg profitáló betegek, másrészt ne terheljük az ellátórendszert olyan esetekkel, melyekrol a teljes dokumentáció ismeretében derül ki, hogy nem javasolt a beavatkozás. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(17): 668-675. INTRODUCTION: The possibilities of cerebral stroke management have changed substantially during the last few years. Following a few multicentric studies, mechanical thrombectomy became an established method besides thrombolysis. In addition, the therapeutic window for both methods is much wider now than before. These changes described above demanded more information of CT morphological changes due to ischemia, but the condition and functionality of the arterial and collateral system, and occasionally tissue perfusion performance should also be characterized. Recently, evaluation of different computer tomographic (CT) measurements can be done using artificial intelligence based methods, which perform data analysis in a few minutes. OBJECTIVE: To establish a dedicated stroke teleradiology network with artificial intelligence based image analysis in Western and Southern Transdanubia in Hungary that involves six partner institutes. METHOD: Integration of automated image analysis with teleradiology software was established, and the technical parameters of examination protocols were unified. Results of stroke CT image analysis became accessible through the teleradiology network. RESULTS: The daily use of integrated central image analysis and image communication had a positive impact on referrals and therapeutic evaluation of stroke cases. The number of image processing and mechanical thrombectomy increased during the last year. CONCLUSION: With the help of the dedicated teleradiology stroke network, we want to optimize the stroke care in the region: on the one hand, patients who are likely to benefit from thrombectomy should not be left unattended, on the other, the health care system should not be burdened with cases, when intervention is not recommended having the complete clinical data accessed. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(17): 668-675.

Nationwide epidemiological and health insurance disease burden of rheumatoid arthritis in Hungary / A rheumatoid arthritis okozta országos epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher Magyarországon.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A rheumatoid arthritisszel kapcsolatos szolgáltatások igénybevétele nagy teher az egészségügyi rendszerek számára. Célkituzés: Elemzésünk célja volt a rheumatoid arthritis okozta éves epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher meghatározása Magyarországon. Adatok és módszerek: Az elemzésben felhasznált adatok a Nemzeti Egészségbiztosítási Alapkezelo (NEAK) finanszírozási adatbázisából származnak, és a 2018. évet fedik le. Meghatároztuk az éves betegszámokat, a prevalenciát 100 000 lakosra, továbbá az éves egészségbiztosítási kiadásokat korcsoportos és nemenkénti bontásban valamennyi egészségbiztosítási ellátás tekintetében. A rheumatoid arthritis kórképet fodiagnózisként a Betegségek Nemzetközi Osztályozása (BNO, 10. revízió) szerinti M0690-es kóddal azonosítottuk. Eredmények: Meghatározó betegforgalmat a gyógyszerek ártámogatása esetében találtunk: 7015 férfi, 23 696 no, együtt 30 711 fo. A gyógyszer-ártámogatás betegforgalmi adatai alapján a 100 000 fore eso prevalencia férfiaknál 150,2 fo, noknél 464,0 fo, együtt 314,1 fo volt. A rheumatoid arthritis kezelésére a NEAK 1,64 milliárd Ft-ot (6,07 millió USD, illetve 5,14 millió EUR) költött 2018-ban. A kiadások 19,3%-a férfiaknál, míg 80,7%-a noknél jelenik meg. A gyógyszer-ártámogatás (az összes kiadás 42,8%-a), a járóbeteg-szakellátás (21,9%) és az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás (12,4%) voltak a meghatározó költségelemek. Az egy betegre jutó átlagos éves egészségbiztosítási kiadás 53 375 Ft (198 USD/167 EUR) volt. Következtetés: A gyógyszerek ártámogatása bizonyult a fo költségtényezonek. A rheumatoid arthritis elofordulási gyakorisága 3,1-szer magasabb a nok esetében a férfiakhoz képest. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 30-37. INTRODUCTION: Utilisation of services related to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis poses a great burden for healthcare systems. Objecive: Our aim was to determine the annual epidemiological disease burden and the health insurance treatment cost of rheumatoid arthritis in Hungary. DATA AND METHODS: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) of Hungary, for the year 2018. The data analysed included annual patient numbers and prevalence per 100 000 population and annual health insurance treatment costs calculated for age groups and sex according to all health insurance treatment categories. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were identified as main diagnosis with the following code of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision: M0690. RESULTS: We found a significant patient turnover in pharmaceutical reimbursement: 7015 men, 23 696 women, in total 30 711 patients. Based on patient numbers in pharmaceuticals, prevalence for 100 000 population among men was 150.2 patients, among women 464.0, in total 314.1 patients. In 2018, NHIFA spent 1.64 billion HUF (6.07 million USD, 5.14 million EUR) on the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. 19.3% of the costs was spent on the treatment of male, 80.7% on female patients. Pharmaceuticals (42.8% of the total expenditures), outpatient care (21.9%) and acute inpatient care (12.4%) were the main cost drivers. Average annual health insurance treatment cost per patient was 53 375 HUF (198 USD/167 EUR). CONCLUSION: Pharmaceutical reimbursement was the major cost driver. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis was by 3.1 higher in women compared to men. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 30-37.

Annual epidemiological and health insurance disease burden of pertrochanteric fractures in Hungary / A pertrochanter törés okozta éves epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher elemzése Magyarországon.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A pertrochanter töréssel kapcsolatos szolgáltatások igénybevétele jelentos terhet jelent a társadalom és az egészségügyi rendszerek számára. Célkituzés: Elemzésünk célja volt a pertrochanter törés okozta éves epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher meghatározása Magyarországon. Adatok és módszerek: A felhasznált adatok a Nemzeti Egészségbiztosítási Alapkezelo (NEAK) finanszírozási adatbázisából származnak 2018. évre vonatkozóan. A betegszámok alapján meghatároztuk a 100 000 lakosra jutó prevalenciát, az éves egészségbiztosítási kiadásokat korcsoportos és nemenkénti bontásban. Az elemzésbe az érintett egészségbiztosítási ellátások teljes körét bevontuk. A pertrochanter töréseket a Betegségek Nemzetközi Osztályozása (BNO, 10. revízió) szerinti S7210-es kóddal azonosítottuk. Eredmények: A legnagyobb országos betegszámot a járóbeteg-szakellátás esetében találtuk: 2845 férfi, 6312 no, együtt 9157 fo. Ezt követte az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás (2388 férfi és 5858 no, együtt 8246 fo). A valamennyi életkorra számított, 100 000 lakosra vetített prevalencia a férfiaknál 51,1 beteg, a noknél 114,7 beteg, együtt 84,3 beteg volt az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátásban. A pertrochanter törés kezelésére 7,329 milliárd Ft-ot költöttek 2018-ban (27,12 millió USD, illetve 22,98 millió EUR). A kiadások 28,0%-a férfiaknál, 72,0%-a noknél jelent meg. Az egészségbiztosítási kiadások 90,7%-a az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátásban jelentkezett. Az egy betegre jutó átlagos éves összesített egészségbiztosítási kiadás 858 710 Ft (3177 USD/2693 EUR) volt a férfiak és 901 047 Ft (3334 USD/2826 EUR) a nok esetében. Következtetés: A pertrochanter törés elofordulási gyakorisága 2,5-szer magasabb a nok esetében, mint a férfiaknál. Az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás igénybevétele bizonyult a legfobb költségtényezonek. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 46-53. INTRODUCTION: Health services utilization related to pertrochanteric fractures represents a significant burden for the society and health care systems. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyse the epidemiological and health insurance burden of pertrochanteric fractures in Hungary. DATA AND METHODS: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) of Hungary for the year 2018. The data analysed included annual patient numbers, prevalence per 100 000 population in acute inpatient care, health insurance costs calculated for age groups and sex for all types of care. Patients with pertrochanteric fracture were identified with the code S7210 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. RESULTS: We found a significant patient turnover in outpatient care: 2845 men, 6312 women, in total 9157 patients, followed by acute inpatient care (2388 men, 5858 women, together: 8246 patients). Based on patient numbers in acute inpatient care, the prevalence per 100 000 among men was 51.1, among women 114.7, together 84.3 patients. In 2018, NHIFA spent 7.329 billion HUF (27.12 million USD, 22.98 million EUR) on the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures. 28.0% of the costs was spent on the treatment of male, 72.0% on female patients. Reimbursement of acute inpatient care was the main cost driver (90.7% of the total expenditure). The average annual treatment cost per patient was 858 710 HUF (3177 USD/2693 EUR) for men and 901 047 HUF (3334 USD/2826 EUR) for women. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of pertrochanteric fracture was 2.5 times higher in women compared to men. Acute inpatient care was the major cost driver in the treatment of pertrochanteric fracture. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 46-53.

The nationwide epidemiological and health insurance disease burden of knee and lower leg injuries in Hungary / A térd- és lábszársérülések okozta országos epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher Magyarországon.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A térd és a lábszár sérülései jelentos terhet jelentenek az egyén és a társadalom számára. Célkituzés: Elemzésünk célja volt a térd- és lábszársérülés okozta éves epidemiológiai és egészségbiztosítási betegségteher vizsgálata Magyarországon. Adatok és módszerek: Az elemzésben felhasznált adatok a Nemzeti Egészségbiztosítási Alapkezelo (NEAK) finanszírozási adatbázisából származnak, és a 2018. évet fedik le. Vizsgáltuk az éves egészségbiztosítási kiadásokat, azok megoszlását, az éves betegszámot, valamint a 100 000 lakosra vetített prevalenciát korcsoportok és nemek szerinti bontásban. A térd és a lábszár sérülései kórképeket a Betegségek Nemzetközi Osztályozása (BNO, 10. revízió) szerinti S80-S89-es kóddal azonosítottuk. Eredmények: A legköltségesebb ellátási forma az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás volt, amelynek országos betegszáma összesen 18 398 fo (9868 fo férfi, 8530 fo no) volt. Az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás betegforgalmi adatai alapján a 100 000 fore eso prevalencia a férfiaknál 211,2 fo, a noknél 167,0 fo, együtt 188,1 fo volt. A NEAK 8,808 milliárd Ft-ot költött 2018-ban a térd- és lábszársérülések kezelésére, ami 32,59 millió USD-nak, illetve 27,62 millió EUR-nak felelt meg. Az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás a teljes egészségbiztosítási kiadás 61,4%-ával volt a legmeghatározóbb költségelem. A kiadások 52,0%-a férfiaknál, míg 48,0%-a noknél jelent meg. A 49. életévig a férfiak, míg az 50. életév feletti korosztályban a nok sérüléseibol származó ellátások betegszámai és költségei a magasabbak. Következtetés: Az aktívfekvobeteg-szakellátás bizonyult a fo költségtényezonek. A betegség elofordulási gyakorisága 26%-kal volt magasabb a férfiak esetében, mint a noknél. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 54-60. INTRODUCTION: Injuries to the knee and lower leg pose a great burden for the individual and society. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the annual epidemiological disease burden and the health insurance treatment cost of knee and lower leg injuries in Hungary. DATA AND METHODS: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) of Hungary for the year 2018. The data analysed included annual health insurance costs and their distribution and annual patient numbers and prevalence per 100 000 population calculated for age groups and sex. Patients with knee and lower leg injuries were identified with the following code of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision: S80-S89. RESULTS: The most expensive insurance treatment category was acute inpatient care, presenting 18 398 patients in total (9868 men, 8530 women). Based on patient numbers in acute inpatient care, the prevalence in 100 000 population among men was 211.2 patients, among women 167.0 patients, in total 188.1 patients. In 2018, NHIFA spent 8.808 billion HUF on the treatment of patients with knee and lower leg injuries (32.59 million USD, 27.62 million EUR). Acute inpatient care with 61.4% of the total health insurance expenditure was the main cost driver. 52.0% of the costs was spent on the treatment of male, while 48.0% on female patients. Until the age of 49, the number of patients and their costs were higher for men, while those over the age of 50 were higher for women. CONCLUSION: Acute inpatient care was the major cost driver. The prevalence of the disease was by 26% higher in men compared to women. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(Suppl 1): 54-60.

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fractures with minimally invasive anterior approach in elderly.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of hemiarthroplasty with minimally invasive direct anterior approach (DAA) for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in elderly patients. We aimed to compare the DAA and the standard anterolateral approach (ALA), assessing multiple peri­ and post-operative parameters. DESIGN AND SETTING: Between December of 2015 and May of 2017, patients operated with medial femoral neck fractures using bipolar hemiarthroplasty with DAA or ALA were evaluated. The volume of bleeding and transfusion, postoperative level of pain, mobilisation and functional outcome were assessed retrospectively. PARTICIPANTS: Patients between the age of 75 and 85, suffering Garden Type III Pauwels Type III and Garden Type IV medial femoral neck fractures were entered to the study. Patients had no history of anticoagulant therapy; the operation was performed in the first 48 h. All patients received similar postoperative pain management and physiotherapy. The type of implants was determined by the patients' bone morphology and quality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcomes of interest were the level of postoperative pain, blood loss, rate of recovery and physiotherapy, altered gait pattern and accuracy of leg length, related to DAA and ALA techniques. RESULTS: The 51 patients operated with DAA showed significantly less pain, based on VAS (visual analogue scale), starting of the first postoperative day. Those patients who were subjected to DAA met with the criteria of hospital discharge 1.68 days earlier, compared to ALA patients. The length of leg was accurately set in 21% of ALA vs 54.9% of DAA patients. On the 12th week follow-up, limping was detected only 5.9% of DAA vs 46% of ALA groups. On the postoperative 2nd and 6th weeks, the HHS (Harris Hip Score) was significantly better in patients with DAA, compared to ALA (77 vs 65 and 91 vs 77, p < .05). CONCLUSION: The bipolar hemiarthroplasty with DAA allows earlier mobilisation, reduced postoperative pain and need for rehabilitation with an overall better functional outcome, compared to ALA. DAA is proven a reliable choice for femoral neck fractures, offering good outcome and faster recovery, similarly to total hip arthroplasties with degenerative arthritis.

Non-operative predictors for subsequent interventions after intracapsular femoral neck fractures in elderly: A comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian nationwide health insurance database.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between non-operative prognostic factors and non-prosthetic fracture-related treatments following internal fixation of intracapsular femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational cohort study. Comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian nationwide health insurance database. PARTICIPANTS: Data of in-patient records with S7200 ICD-10 codes were collected from the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund Administration (HNHIFA) and from the health care provider institutes. The patients with femoral neck fractures in the year of 2000, following reduction and internal fixation aged 60 years or older were evaluated. The secondary, non-prosthetic fracture related treatments during the 8 year follow-up period were registered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Of the prognostic factors, age, gender, type of fracture, season and day of the primary surgery, length of waiting time to the operation and the accompanied diseases were evaluated as risk factors for all type of fracture-related further interventions, with the exception of arthroplasties. RESULTS: A total of 2895 patients with intracapsular femoral neck fractures met the study criteria. The mean age was 77.96 years (SD: 8.54). The cohort of the patients was observed for a total of 10,077.8 person-years. The non-prosthetic fracture related treatment was performed in 265 patients (9,2%); the median of the time elapsed to the secondary definitive treatment was 3.5 months. With Cox regression analysis, significant correlation was revealed between the incidence of non-prosthetic treatment and younger age (year, HR = 0.977, p = 0.002), surgical delay (12-24 h vs 0-6 h, HR = 1.518, p = 0.023; 24h+ vs 0-6 h, HR = 1.372, p = 0.050), season of primary osteosynthesis (fall vs summer, HR = 0.636, p = 0.012), and type of femoral neck fracture (intracapsular displaced vs intracapsular undisplaced, HR = 1.340, p = 0,047). There was no significant effect of the day of primary surgery, the gender and the presence of co-morbidities on the incidence of further surgical interventions. CONCLUSION: The summertime primary surgical intervention, delay of surgery longer than 12 h and type of femoral neck fracture are independent predictors of non-prosthetic further treatment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, evidence from cohort studies.

The first experiences with the palliative tumor board discussions in the University of Pécs / Az elso tapasztalatok a palliatív onkoteamrendszer muködésével kapcsolatban a Pécsi Tudományegyetemen.

INTRODUCTION: Palliative, symptomatic and end-of-life care of advanced and metastatic cancer patients is a great challenge for every health care system. With the initiation and establishment of the multidisciplinary palliative tumor board (MPTB), our aims were the timely referral of patients to palliative care, and the avoidance of multiple unnecessary emergency visits and over-diagnostics without further treatment consequences. METHOD AND RESULTS: The MPTB meetings were held biweekly. The core members of the team were: palliative care consultant, medical oncologist, internal medicine physician, psychologist, psychiatrist, and oncology and palliative medicine nurses. From May 2019 till January 2020, we discussed the medical history of 97 cases of 93 cancer patients with advanced disease states; in one meeting the team usually discussed over 6-10 complex patient histories. In every case we determined the actual form of the necessary palliative care, e.g., outpatient clinic, home care, or institutional referral, and we decided on further possible and realistic oncology treatment regimes. A few months after the introduction of the new MPTB, we detected a decrease of the unnecessary emergency unit referrals considering the patients whose histories were discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Although the initial MPTB discussions had an intense emotional tone, they shortly became thoughtful and operational expert meetings. We believe that the MPTB system fully promotes the early and timely access of advanced cancer patients to appropriate palliative care and facilitates gradual changes in the medical oncologists' approach from the absolute curative determination to a supportive medical attitude. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(34): 1423-1430.

Novel coronavirus epidemic in the Hungarian population, a cross-sectional nationwide survey to support the exit policy in Hungary.

After months of restrictive containment efforts to fight the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic, European countries are planning to reopen. To support the process, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among the Hungarian population to estimate the prevalence of infectious cases and prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. A representative sample (n = 17,787) for the Hungarian population of 14 years or older living in private households (n = 8,283,810) was selected. The study was performed within 16 days after 50 days of restrictions, when the number of confirmed cases was stable low. Naso- and oropharyngeal smears and blood samples were collected for PCR and antibody testing. The testing was accompanied by a questionnaire about symptoms, comorbidities, and contacts. Design-based prevalence estimates were calculated. In total, 10,474 individuals (67.7% taken into account a sample frame error of 2315) of the selected sample participated in the survey. Of the tested individuals, 3 had positive PCR and 69 had positive serological test. Population estimate of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity were 2421 and 56,439, respectively, thus active infection rate (2.9/10,000) and the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure (68/10,000) was low. Self-reported loss of smell or taste and body aches were significantly more frequent among those with SARS-CoV-2. In this representative, cross-sectional survey of the Hungarian population with a high participation rate, the overall active infection rate was low in sync with the prevalence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. We demonstrated a potential success of containment efforts, supporting an exit strategy. NCT04370067, 30.04.2020.

[Health policy experiences of publicly financed laboratory services in Hungary with health insurance data analysis]. / A közfinanszírozott laboratóriumi szolgáltatások egészségpolitikai tapasztalatai Magyarországon egészségbiztosítási adatok elemzésével.

Introduction: In order to provide appropriate prevention, diagnosztics, decision on therapy and monitoring the results of medical treatment, there is an increasing need for laboratory examinations. Aim: The aim of our study is the health-ecnomics analysis of laboratory budget of the Hungarian Health Insurance Fund. Data and method: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration. The analysis covered the period of 2002-2018. We analysed the annual budget for laboratory examinations, the number of patients and examinations, the market share of laboratory services providers according to their owner structure from the health insurance curative-preventive budget. Results: The budget available for financing the laboratory examinations (21-22 billion Hungarian forint (Ft)/év) did not change significantly between 2005 and 2015. There was a significant decrease in the number of both patients and examinations between 2006 and 2008. In the latest years, there were 14-15 million cases per year and 180 million examinations per year. The market share of for-profit companies decreased from 29.0% in 2010 to 10.6% in 2018, while the market share of governmental institutions increased from 27.1% in 2010 to 78.7% in 2018. Conclusion: The activity of laboratories was stabilized in the latest years. After the necessary correction of professional regulations and code maintenance, the laboratory budget can be increased towards the mainly public laboratory services providers. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(12): 468-473.

[Utilization indicators of balneotherapy in Hungary]. / A gyógyfürdoellátások igénybevételi mutatói Magyarországon.

INTRODUCTION: The role of spa therapy is well defined and its importance has significantly increased in the healthcare but the utilization indicators of the implemented treatments are less known. AIM: The objective of our study was to analyze the utilization and the social insurance indicators of the healthcare publicly financed by health insurance in spa institutions. DATA AND METHODS: The data used for the analysis were derived from the funding database of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. The period examined covered the years between 2009 and 2016. The spa treatment counts, social insurance expenses, the territorial inequalities in utilization, sex and age distribution of the treatments were examined. RESULTS: The treatment counts were the highest (7 349 587) in 2009 and they gradually decreased with 6 558  204 treatments by 2012. 'Spa pool of medicinal water' treatment was the most common care in each year which incidence showed a downward trend during the past years: 2 544  617 treatments were performed in 2009 but 2016 showed only 1 898  338 treatments. We found the highest health insurance expenditures in 2016: 4.261 billion HUF or 13.8 EUR. In the previous years, there was a lower health insurance expenditure: in 2010 3.928 billion HUF (14.3 million EUR), in 2011 3.921 billion HUF (14.0 million EUR) and in 2012 3.875 billion HUF (13.4 million EUR). The utilization made the highest incidence of treatments in Csongrád county with 13 174/10 000 inhabitants and 8160 thousand HUF/10 000 inhabitants of social security subsidy in 2016. The lowest utilization counts for treatments were found in Nógrád county with 3233/10 000 inhabitants and 2192 thousand HUF/10 000 inhabitants of social security subsidy. The highest utilization indicators were found in the age group between 60 and 69 in the distribution of population and genders. CONCLUSION: In the utilization of spa therapy funded by health insurance fund, no significant change has occurred during the past years but territorial discrepancies can be seen in sex, age, and county breakdown. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 22-28.

[Performance indicators of cardiac rehabilitation in Hungary]. / A kardiológiai rehabilitáció teljesítménymutatói Magyarországon.

INTRODUCTION: With the improvement of the survival of acute cardiac events and the increasing age, there is a higher demand for cardiac rehabilitation care. AIM: The aim of our study is to analyse the performance indicators of cardiac inpatient rehabilitation care in Hungary financed by the statutory public health insurance system. DATA AND METHODS: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. We analysed the period between 2014 and 2017. We investigated the distribution of cardiac rehabilitation hospital beds, the patient turnover and the rehabilitation rate following acute care. RESULTS: In 2017, there were 1765 publicly financed cardiac rehabilitation hospital beds in Hungary (1.8 beds/10 000 population). We observed the lowest number of hospital bed number in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (0.27 beds/10 000 population), Hajdú-Bihar (0.28) and Fejér (0.6) counties. We found the highest number of hospital beds in Veszprém (11.47 beds/10 000 population), Gyor-Moson-Sopron (4.94) counties and in Budapest (2.27). Between 2014 and 2017, the annual number of patients was between 24 834 and 26 146, while the number of nursing days varied between 510 thousand and 542 thousand. The average length of stay showed a moderate increase from 19.2 days/patient (2014) to 20.2 days/patient (2017). Only 6.6-7.6% of the patients who underwent acute myocardial infarction received cardiac rehabilitation care. CONCLUSION: We found significant regional inequalities in both the capacities and the access to and utilization of cardiac rehabilitation healthcare services, which should be mitigated by health policy activities. The low proportion (6.6-7.6%) of patients who underwent acute myocardial infarction and received cardiac rehabilitation care, should be increased. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 6-12.

[Health policy indicators of neuromusculosceletal rehabilitation in Hungary]. / A neuromusculoskeletalis rehabilitáció szakmapolitikai indikátorai Magyarországon.

INTRODUCTION: With the increasing number of the incidence of neuromusculoskeletal and brain circulation disorders, there is a higher demand for neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation care. AIMS: The aim of our study is to analyse the performance indicators of neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation care in Hungary financed by the statutory public health insurance system. METHODS: Data were derived from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. We analysed the period between 2014 and 2017. We investigated the distribution of neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation hospital beds, the patient turnover and patients' pathways. We analysed the regional inequalities in the access to (hospital beds) and utilization (number of patients) of rehabilitation care. RESULTS: In 2017, there were 6798 publicly financed neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation hospital beds in Hungary (6.94 beds/10 000 population). We observed the lowest number of hospital bed in Komárom-Esztergom (1.5 beds/10 000 population), Somogy (2.0) and Pest (2.7) counties. We found the highest number of hospital beds in Zala (12.6), Gyor-Moson-Sopron (12.2) and Baranya (11.5) counties. The more than 2-fold difference in the utilization (Komárom-Esztergom: 52.3 patients/10 000 population; Gyor-Moson-Sopron: 136 patients/10 000 population) confirms regional inequalities. Between 2014 and 2017, the annual number of patients showed an increasing tendency, while the average length of stay varied between 21.8 and 22.4 days/patient. The correlation coefficient between hospitals beds and the number of patients was very high (0.798). CONCLUSION: We found significant regional inequalities in the access to and utilization of neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 13-21.

[Analysis of the prognostic factors influencing the time elapsing until the contralateral hip fracture]. / Az ellenoldali csípotáji törésig eltelt idot befolyásoló prognosztikai tényezok vizsgálata.

INTRODUCTION: Although several national studies reported on the risk factors for contralateral hip fracture, there are no data about the prognostic factors of the time until contralateral hip fractures. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of different prognostic factors on the time until the development of contralateral fracture and to determine the incidence of contralateral hip fractures after femoral neck fractures. METHOD: Patients aged 60 years and over with contralateral hip fracture between 01 Jan 2000 and 31 Dec 2008 were identified among those who suffered their femoral neck fracture in Hungary in 2000. Risk factors as age, sex, comorbidities, type of fracture and surgery, place of living and hospitals providing treatment for primary fracture were analysed by one way ANOVA focusing on the time until the development of contralateral hip fracture. RESULTS: 312 patients met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of contralateral hip fracture after femoral neck fracture ranged between 1.5% and 2.1%, the cumulative incidence was 8.24%. The mean time until the development of contralateral hip fracture was 1159.8 days. The incidence of contralateral hip fracture showed no significant deviation. Significantly shorter time (p = 0.010) was detected until the contralateral hip fracture in older patients with femoral neck fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The yearly incidence of contralateral hip fracture showed no significant difference by patients with femoral neck fracture over 60 years. The shorter time until the contralateral hip fracture by the older age groups highlights the need of elaboration of prevention strategies. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(38): 1543-1547.

[Analysis of mortality and its predictors in patients with contralateral hip fracture after femoral neck fracture]. / Ellenoldali csípotáji törésekkel összefüggo halálozás és kockázati tényezoinek vizsgálata.

INTRODUCTION: There is a high mortality with not well understood risk factors after the second hip fracture. AIM: Analysis of the 30- and 365-day mortality and its risk factors in patients with contralateral hip fracture. METHOD: Patients with contralateral hip fracture between 01 Jan 2000 and 31 Dec 2008 were identified among those who suffered their primary hip fracture in Hungary in 2000. Risk factors as age, sex, concomitant and chronic diseases, type of fracture and surgery, surgical complications, day of admission were analyzed by logistic and Cox regression as well as Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: There were 312 eligible patients identified with 8.3 % mortality rate at 30 and with 38,4% at 365 days respectively. Significant risk factors for the 30 day mortality were intertrochanteric type of fracture (OR: 4.722; HR: 4.129) and non operative management (OR: 7.357; HR: 6.317) while for the 365 day mortality those were older age (OR:1.070; HR:1.050) and type of surgery (OR: 0.450). CONCLUSION: Age, type of fracture and type of surgery proved to be risk factors. There is a need to identify further risk factors in order to develop an efficacious prevention strategy for the reduction of the mortality after the second hip fractures. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(20): 783-790.

[Performance indicators of maxillofacial surgery inpatient departments]. / Az arc-, állcsont-szájsebészeti aktív fekvobetegosztályok teljesítménymutatói.

INTRODUCTION: In Hungary, the number and structure of the maxillofacial surgery departments underwent significant changes in recent decades. AIM: The aim of our study was to present the actual performance indicators of maxillofacial inpatient departments and based on the available data to compare the departments. METHOD: The study was based on the number of beds founded by the National Health Insurance Fund. Performance data were supplied by the National Health Insurance Fund Administration. The assessment included the following indicators: number of beds institutional breakdown by type, number of reimbursed cases, the weighted case number, hospital stay, bed occupancy rates and average length of stay. RESULTS: In the examined period 40% of active beds (65) were in university hospitals. The distribution of reimbursed cases was similar. The university hospitals showed higher weighted case number and case-mix index. The oral surgery departments' bed occupancy rate (45.75%) was below the national average. CONCLUSION: The indicators show significant differences among different departments in the examined period. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(12), 447-453.

Risk factors for contralateral hip fractures following femoral neck fractures in elderly: analysis of the Hungarian nationwide health insurance database.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the significance of demographic and clinical factors on incidence of second (contralateral) hip fracture in elderly Hungarian population using the nationwide health insurance database in Hungary. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included a total of 3,783 patients (917 males, 2,866 females) treated for primary monotraumatic femoral neck fractures caused by low-energy trauma in the year 2000. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, and log-rank test were performed to evaluate the following prognostic factors: age, gender, place of living, type of primary fracture and surgical intervention, hospital providing treatment for primary fracture, and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 312 patients (8.2%) suffered second hip fractures. The univariate Cox regression analysis showed a significantly higher risk for second hip fracture in patients having advanced age (p=0.001), female gender (p=0.022), living in capital (p=0.024), and having arthroplasty (p=0.001). Advanced age (p≤0.001) and having arthroplasty (p=0.004) were significant risk factors for second hip fractures according to multivariate analysis. Log-rank test showed significantly longer survival in females (p<0.001) than in males and in patients with arthroplasty (p=0.013) compared with those having osteosynthesis. CONCLUSION: Identification of high-risk groups for second hip fractures is needed to establish effective prevention strategies. Our study demonstrates that the risk of suffering from second hip fractures is higher in females, elderly population, those living in the capital, and patients having undergone arthroplasty.

[Reimbursement of public dental care in Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Poland]. / A fogászati ellátás finanszírozása Németországban, az Egyesült Királyságban, Magyarországon és Lengyelországban.

INTRODUCTION: Dental treatments have the highest rate among medical interventions and their reimbursement is also significant. AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of the reformed healthcare system process on public dental services in four European countries. METHOD: Assessment base for the comparison of reimbursement of dental treatments and dental fee schedules provided by the health insurance funds were used. The following indicators were examined: the ratio of public dental services and the main oral health indicators. Among dental fee schedules, reimbursement of general dental activity, prevention, operative dentistry, endodontic and oral surgery were selected. RESULTS: The lowest value of population to active dentist ratio was found in Germany (population to active dentist ratio: 1247) and the highest in Hungary (population to active dentist ratio: 2020). Oral health indicators showed significant differences between the West-European and East-European countries. On the other hand, the ratio of completely edentulous people at the age of 65yrs did not show great variations. Reimbursement of public dental treatments indicated significantly higher value in Germany and the United Kingdom compared to the other countries. CONCLUSIONS: Reimbursement of public dental services varies considerably in the selected European countries.

The Hungarian Care Managing Organization Pilot Program.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to provide a description of the Hungarian care managing organization (CMO) pilot program and its environment, incentive structure, and preliminary outcomes. The need to change the behavior of doctors to increase the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the system was the key rationale for the Hungarian CMO pilot program. METHODS: After an application process, nine CMOs were entitled to enter into the system in July 1999. By 2006, there were 14 CMOs covering 2.1 million people. The Hungarian CMO program tried to combine the advantages of both the US managed care programs and the UK general practitioner fundholding system, within the constraints and opportunities of a Central-European country committed to a single-payer health insurance system. RESULTS: The revenue of CMOs derived from a risk-adjusted capitation. The capitation formula was weighted only by age and sex. The expenditures of the CMOs included all the health expenditures on their patients that occurred in any part of the health care system. The average savings rate for all CMOs for the fiscal years 1999 to 2007 was 4.94%. The highest rates of savings were realized in chronic and acute inpatient care and medical devices. The pilot was discontinued in 2008 without a comprehensive evaluation of the experience. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that this pilot had a significant contribution to the modernization of the Hungarian health care system.

[HEALTH INSURANCE ASPECTS OF PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC CARE OF NEUROLOGY DISORDERS IN OUTPATIENT CARE]. / A NEUROLÓGIAI KÓRKÉPEK FIZIOTERÁPIÁS ELLÁTÁSÁNAK EGÉSZSÉGBIZTOSÍTÁSI VONATKOZÁSAI A JÁRÓBETEG-SZAKELLÁTÁSBAN.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to analyse the ambulatory rehabilitation care of patients with neurological disorders in the field of physiotherapy. METHODS: Data derive from the database of the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund Administration (year 2009). The analyses covered patients with diagnosis "G00-G99 Diseases of the nervous system" according to the International Classification of Diseases and underwent physiotherapy treatment. RESULTS: In 2009 altogether 190986 patients with neurological disorders received physiotherapy treatment in outpatient care, representing 1331675 cases and got 388.215 million Hungarian Forint health insurance reimbursement. The number of patients with nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders was 39 patients/10 000 population for males and 66 patients/10000 population for females. The number of patients with cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes was 49 patients/10000 population for males and 35 patients/10000 population for females. The number of patients with episodic and paroxysmal disorders was 33 patients/10000 population for males and 52 patients/10000 population for females. CONCLUSION: In the outpatient physiotherapy care the utilization indicators for female patients were higher in nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders and episodic and paroxysmal disorders, while in cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes the utilization by male patients was higher. There are important age and gender inequalities in the utilization of physiotherapy care of patients with neurological disorders.