Facile Synthesis of a Phosphorylcholine-Based Zwitterionic Amphiphilic Copolymer for Anti-Biofouling Coatings.

An antibiofouling polymer coating, combined with both zwitterionic and amphiphilic features, is engineered by a two-step modification of a commodity polymer. The surface properties of the resultant polymer coating can be easily tuned by varying the extent of cross-linking in the network. Higher antibiofouling efficiency was observed for these surfaces vs. an elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane standard (Sylgard 184) against the adsorption of biomacromolecules and a marine fouling organism (Ulva zoospores) has been demonstrated. This design establishes a platform for the achievement of functionalized amphiphilic zwitterionic copolymers from relatively inexpensive starting materials via simple chemical manipulations.

Construction of a versatile and functional nanoparticle platform derived from a helical diblock copolypeptide-based biomimetic polymer.

Sequential polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides accelerated by nitrogen flow is utilized to generate a novel well-defined diblock copolypeptide (PDI = 1.08), with incorporation of alkyne-functionalized side-chain groups allowing for rapid and efficient thiol-yne click-type modifications, followed by self-assembly into nanopure water to construct a helical polypeptide-based versatile and functional nanoparticle platform.

Programmed hydrolysis of nanoassemblies by electrostatic interaction-mediated enzymatic-degradation.

Electrostatic interaction-mediated enzymatic-hydrolysis of poly(lactide)-containing nanoscale assemblies is described. At physiological pH, degradable core-shell morphologies with charged shells can readily attract or repel enzymes carrying opposite or similar charges, respectively.

Surfactant-free synthesis of biodegradable, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive cationic nanogel particles.

Nanogels have attracted much attention lately because of their many potential applications, including as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Most nanogels reported previously, however, are not biodegradable, and their synthesis often requires the use of surfactants. Herein we report a surfactant-free method for the preparation of biodegradable, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive cationic nanogels. The nanogels were synthesized by simply coaservating linear polymer precursors in mixed solvents followed by in situ cross-linking with homobifunctional cross-linkers. The versatility of this approach has been demonstrated by employing two different polymers and various cross-linkers to prepare nanogel particles with diameters ranging from 170 to 220 nm. Specifically, disulfide-containing tetralysine (TetK)- and oligoethylenimine (OEI)-based prepolymers were prepared and the subsequent nanogels were formed by covalently cross-linking the polymer coacervate phase. Nanogel particles are responsive to pH changes, increasing in size and zeta-potential with concomitant lowering of solution pH. Furthermore, as revealed by AFM imaging, nanogel particles were degradable in the presence of glutathione at concentrations similar to those in intracellular environment (10 mM). Both the nanogel and the polymer precursors were determined to exhibit minimal cytotoxicity against fibroblast 3T3 cells by flow cytometric analyses and fluorescent imaging. This study demonstrates a new surfactant-free method for preparing biodegradable, biocompatible, and stimuli-responsive nanogels as potential nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs and genes.

A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of an Acid-labile Polyphosphoramidate by Organobase-catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization and Transformation to Polyphosphoester Ionomers by Acid Treatment.

The direct synthesis of an acid-labile polyphosphoramidate by organobase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization and an overall two-step preparation of polyphosphodiester ionomers (PPEI) by acid-assisted cleavage of the phosphoramidate bonds along the backbone of the polyphosphoramidate were developed in this study. The ultrafast organobase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic phospholane methoxyethyl amidate monomer initiated by benzyl alcohol allowed for the preparation of well-defined polyphosphoramidates (PPA) with predictable molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI<1.10), and well-defined chain ends. Cleavage of the acid-labile phosphoramidate bonds on the polyphosphoramidate repeat units was evaluated under acidic conditions over a pH range of 1-5, and the complete hydrolysis produced polyphosphodiesters. The thermal properties of the resulting polyphosphoester ionomer acid and polyphosphoester ionomer sodium salt exhibited significant thermal stability. The parent PPA and both forms of the PPEIs showed low cytotoxicities toward HeLa cells and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. The synthetic methodology developed here has enriched the family of water-soluble polymers prepared by rapid and convenient organobase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerizations and straightforward chemical medication reactions, which are designed to be hydrolytically degradable and have promise for numerous biomedical and other applications.

Responsive organogels formed by supramolecular self assembly of PEG-block-allyl-functionalized racemic polypeptides into ß-sheet-driven polymeric ribbons.

A chemically reactive hybrid diblock polypeptide gelator poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(dl-allylglycine) (PEG-b-PDLAG) is an exceptional material, due to the characteristics of thermo-reversible organogel formation driven by the combination of a hydrophilic polymer chain linked to a racemic oligomeric homopeptide segment in a range of organic solvents. One-dimensional stacking of the block copolymers is demonstrated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering to be driven by the supramolecular assembly of ß-sheets in peptide blocks to afford well-defined fiber-like structures, resulting in gelation. These supramolecular interactions are sufficiently strong to achieve ultra low critical gelation concentrations (ca. 0.1 wt%) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol. The critical gel transition temperature was directly proportional to the polymer concentration, so that at low concentrations, thermoreversibility of gelation was observed. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies were employed to determine the organogel mechanical properties, having storage moduli of ca. 15.1 kPa at room temperature.

pH-Triggered reversible morphological inversion of orthogonally-addressable poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)-block-poly(acrylamidoethylamine) micelles and their shell crosslinked nanoparticles.

Functionally-responsive amphiphilic core-shell nanoscopic objects, capable of either complete or partial inversion processes, were produced by the supramolecular assembly of pH-responsive block copolymers, without or with covalent crosslinking of the shell layer, respectively. A new type of well-defined, dual-functionalized boronic acid- and amino-based diblock copolymer poly(3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid)(30)-block-poly(acrylamidoethylamine)(25) (PAPBA(30)-b-PAEA(25)) was synthesized by sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and then assembled into cationic micelles in aqueous solution at pH 5.5. The micelles were further cross-linked throughout the shell domain comprised of poly(acrylamidoethylamine) by reaction with a bis-activated ester of 4,15-dioxo-8,11-dioxa-5,14-diazaoctadecane-1,18-dioic acid, upon increase of the pH to 7, to different cross-linking densities (2%, 5% and 10%), forming well-defined shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) with hydrodynamic diameters of ca. 50 nm. These smart micelles and SCKs presented switchable cationic, zwitterionic and anionic properties, and existed as stable nanoparticles with high positive surface charge at low pH (pH = 2, zeta potential ~ +40 mV) and strong negative surface charge at high pH (pH = 12, zeta potential ~ -35 mV). (1)H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and zeta potential, were used to characterize the chemical compositions, particle sizes, morphologies and surface charges. Precipitation occurred near the isoelectric points (IEP) of the polymer/particle solutions, and the IEP values could be tuned by changing the shell cross-linking density. The block copolymer micelles were capable of full reversible morphological inversion as a function of pH, by orthogonal protonation of the PAEA and hydroxide association with the PAPBA units, whereas the SCKs underwent only reptation of the PAPBA chain segments through the crosslinked shell of PAEA as the pH was elevated. Further, these nanomaterials also showed D-glucose-responsive properties.