Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of HER2 status in metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: HER2-targeted therapies have recently emerged as an option in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) overexpressing HER2. However, data regarding HER2 status in primary CRC and its corresponding liver metastases are limited, potentially influencing clinical decisions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the HER2 status in primary CRC and paired liver metastases. METHODS: Patients with mCRC who were operated from their primary colorectal cancer and their corresponding synchronous or metachronous liver metastases, in the digestive surgery department of Besançon University Hospital, between April 1999 and October 2021, were included. Tissue microarrays were constructed from matched primary CRC and liver metastastic tissue samples. HER2 status was assessed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization according to Valtorta's criteria. RESULTS: A series of 108 paired primary CRC and liver metastases, including a series of multiple liver metastases originating from the same patients (n = 24), were assessed. Among the primary CRC, 89 (82.4%), 17 (15.8%) and 2 (1.8%) cases were scored 0, 1 + and 2 + respectively. In liver metastases, 99 (91.7%), 7 (6.5%) and 2 (1.8%) were scored 0, 1 + and 2, respectively. Overall, there was a 19% discrepancy rate in HER2 status between primary CRC and metastases, which increased to 21% in cases with multiple synchronous or metachronous liver metastases in a given patient. No significant difference was found between metachronous and synchronous metastases regarding the HER2 status (p = 0.237). CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of HER2 status between primary CRC and corresponding liver metastases. These findings raise the question of a sequential evaluation of the HER2 status during disease progression, to provide the most suitable treatment strategy.

The "extreme phenotype approach" applied to male breast cancer allows the identification of rare variants of ATR as potential breast cancer susceptibility alleles.

In oncogenetics, some patients could be considered as "extreme phenotypes", such as those with very early onset presentation or multiple primary malignancies, unusually high numbers of cancers of the same spectrum or rare cancer types in the same parental branch. For these cases, a genetic predisposition is very likely, but classical candidate gene panel analyses often and frustratingly remains negative. In the framework of the EX2TRICAN project, exploring unresolved extreme cancer phenotypes, we applied exome sequencing on rare familial cases with male breast cancer, identifying a novel pathogenic variant of ATR (p.Leu1808*). ATR has already been suspected as being a predisposing gene to breast cancer in women. We next identified 3 additional ATR variants in a cohort of both male and female with early onset and familial breast cancers (c.7762-2A>C; c.2078+1G>A; c.1A>G). Further molecular and cellular investigations showed impacts on transcripts for variants affecting splicing sites and reduction of ATR expression and phosphorylation of the ATR substrate CHEK1. This work further demonstrates the interest of an extended genetic analysis such as exome sequencing to identify very rare variants that can play a role in cancer predisposition in extreme phenotype cancer cases unexplained by classical cancer gene panels testing.

Low correlation between Ki67 assessed by qRT-PCR in Oncotype Dx score and Ki67 assessed by Immunohistochemistry.

Breast cancers expressing high levels of Ki67 are associated with poor outcomes. Oncotype DX test was designed for ER+/HER2- early-stage breast cancers to help adjuvant chemotherapy decision by providing a Recurrent Score (RS). RS measures the expression of 21 specific genes from tumor tissue, including Ki67. The primary aim of this study was to assess the agreement between Ki67RNA obtained with Oncotype DX RS and Ki67IHC. Other objectives were to analyze the association between the event free survival (EFS) and the expression level of Ki67RNA; and association between RS and Ki67RNA. Herein, we report a low agreement of 0.288 by Pearson correlation coefficient test between Ki67IHC and Ki67RNA in a cohort of 98 patients with early ER+/HER2- breast cancers. Moreover, Ki67RNAhigh tumors were significantly associated with the occurrence of events (p = 0.03). On the other hand, we did not find any association between Ki67IHC and EFS (p = 0.26). We observed a low agreement between expression level of Ki67RNA and Ki67 protein labelling by IHC. Unlike Ki67IHC and independently of the RS, Ki67RNA could have a prognostic value. It would be interesting to better assess the prognosis and predictive value of Ki67RNA measured by qRT-PCR. The Ki67RNA in medical routine could be a good support in countries where Oncotype DX is not accessible.

The detection of specific hypermethylated WIF1 and NPY genes in circulating DNA by crystal digital PCR™ is a powerful new tool for colorectal cancer diagnosis and screening.

BACKGROUND: In oncology, liquid biopsy is of major relevance from theranostic point of view. The searching for mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in case of colorectal cancers (CRCs) allows the optimization of patient care. In this context, independent of mutation status biomarkers are required for its detection to confirm the presence of ctDNA in liquid biopsies. Indeed, the hypermethylation of NPY and WIF1 genes appear to be an ideal biomarker for the specific detection of ctDNA in CRCs. The objective of this work is to develop the research of hypermethylation of NPY and WIF1 by Crystal Digital PCR™ for the detection of ctDNA in CRCs. METHODS: Detection of hypermethylated NPY and WIF1 was developed on Cristal digital PCR™. Biological validation was performed from a local cohort of 22 liquid biopsies and 23 tissue samples from patients with CRC. These patients were treated at the University Hospital of Besancon (France). RESULTS: The local cohort study confirmed that NPY and WIF1 were significantly hypermethylated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues (WIF1 p < 0.001; NPY p < 0.001; non-parametric Wilcoxon paired-series test). Histological characteristics, tumor stages or mutation status were not correlated to the methylation profiles. On the other hand, hypermethylation of NPY or WIF1 in liquid biopsy had a 95.5% [95%CI 77-100%] sensitivity and 100% [95%CI 69-100%] specificity. CONCLUSION: Using Crystal digital PCR™, this study shows that hypermethylation of NPY and WIF1 are constant specific biomarkers of CRCs regardless of a potential role in carcinogenesis.

HPV16 Load Is a Potential Biomarker to Predict Risk of High-Grade Cervical Lesions in High-Risk HPV-Infected Women: A Large Longitudinal French Hospital-Based Cohort Study.

High-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing has been implemented as a primary screening tool for cervical cancer in numerous countries. However, there is still a need for relevant triage strategies to manage hrHPV positive women to avoid excessive referral to colposcopy. The objective of this study was to assess, in women infected by hrHPV and presenting no or mild cytological abnormalities, HPV16 and HPV18 viral loads to predict the development of cervical high-grade lesion. Among 2102 women positive for hrHPV, 885 had no lesion or mild cytological abnormalities at baseline and had at least one follow-up (FU) visit. HPV16 and HPV18 prevalence was 25.9% and 8.4%, respectively. Of those women, 15% developed a high-grade lesion during the FU. An HPV16 viral load cut-off set at 3.2 log10GE/103 cells permitted to identify a subgroup of women at high risk of developing high-grade cervical lesion (HR = 2.67; 95% CI 1.80-3.97; p ≤ 0.0001). No specific HPV18 viral load threshold could have been defined in regard to the present study. In multivariate analysis, HPV16 load (absence/log10GE/103 cells < 3.2 vs. ≥3.2), RLU/PC 239 (1-100 pg/mL vs. >100 pg/mL) and cytology (normal vs abnormal) were independently associated with a significant increased risk of high-grade lesion development and were used to construct the prognostic score. In conclusion, HPV16 load is a relevant biomarker to identify women at high risk for developing cervical precancerous lesions.

[Vaccination against papillomavirus : arguments and evidence of effectiveness]. / Vaccination contre les papillomavirus : arguments et preuves de son efficacité.

Vaccination against papillomavirus: arguments and evidence of effectiveness. Vaccination against human papillomavirus is a major advance in the prevention of cervical cancer. Evidence of its effectiveness has accumulated over the past thirty years since basic research has demonstrated the ability of viral pseudoparticles to induce immune responses in animals. Large human clinical trials followed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of vaccination against targeted HPV infections and their associated lesions. After its approval and marketing the vaccine efficacy was measured at the level of entire populations, confirming its effectiveness and medical interest. Today, models predict a possible eradication of cervical cancer in the coming decades.

Vaccination contre les papillomavirus : arguments et preuves de son efficacité. La vaccination contre les papillomavirus humains est une avancée majeure dans la prévention du cancer du col de l'utérus. Les preuves de son efficacité se sont accumulées au cours des 30 dernières années depuis que des travaux de recherche fondamentale ont démontré la capacité de pseudoparticules virales à induire des réponses immunitaires chez l'animal. De grands essais cliniques menés chez l'homme ont suivi pour démontrer l'innocuité et l'efficacité de la vaccination contre les infections par les papillomavirus ciblés et leurs lésions associées. Après sa mise sur le marché, des résultats d'efficacité vaccinale ont été obtenus à l'échelle de populations entières confirmant son intérêt médical. Aujourd'hui, les modèles prédisent une possible éradication du cancer du col de l'utérus dans les décennies à venir.

Enterocolitis in Patients with Cancer Treated with Docetaxel.

BACKGROUND: Enterocolitis is a rare, but serious gastrointestinal complication associated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with cancer. The incidence, clinical presentation and outcome of enterocolitis in patients with cancer treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy was assessed in this study Patients and Methods: All patients treated with docetaxel for cancer between January 2010 and December 2014 at the University Hospital of Besançon were identified and their medical records reviewed. RESULTS: During this period, 1,227 patients received docetaxel chemotherapy and gastrointestinal events occurred in 381 (31.1%) patients. In multivariate analysis, a higher risk of gastrointestinal events was associated with a higher dose of docetaxel (≥75 mg/m2) (odds ratio(OR)=46.2; 95% confidence interval(CI)=5.4-397.0, p=0.0005) and the first cycle of docetaxel (OR=4.2; 95% CI=1.8-10.1, p=0.001). Among the 381 patients with gastrointestinal events, grade 3/4 neutropenia, diarrhea, febrile neutropenia, mucositis, nausea/vomiting, and rectal bleeding were diagnosed in 65 (17.1%), 51 (13.4%), 37 (9.7%); 12 (3.1%), seven (1.8%) and three (0.8%) patients, respectively; 54 patients (14.2%) were hospitalized. Computed tomographic scan was performed for 39 patients (10.2%). Twenty-seven patients presented radiological signs of enterocolitis. Three deaths (0.8%) related to enterocolitis were recorded. Docetaxel was resumed in 261 patients (68.5%) and the dose was reduced in 89 patients (23.4%). Docetaxel was discontinued in 120 patients (31.5%). CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal events in patients treated with docetaxel may be a potential sign of fatal enterocolitis and require particular attention. Dose reduction at the first cycle may reduce the risk of such events.

Flt3 ligand enhances anti-tumor effects of antibody therapeutics.

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand ([Flt3 ligand], FL) stimulates proliferation and development of a wide range of hematopoietic cells including hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. FL also has been shown to have anti-tumor effects in a variety of in vivo tumor models. In this study, the effect of FL against tumor growth was investigated in the COLO-205 human colon tumor xenograft model. FL was delivered in vivo by the "hydrodynamics-based gene delivery of naked DNA" method. In this experimental setting, FL and/or the therapeutic antibody anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody was administered. FL alone or anti-CEA antibody alone induced significant growth inhibition; furthermore, FL plus antibody treatment produced synergistic anti-tumor effects. This study is the first demonstration of a synergistic anti-tumor effect between FL and antibody therapeutics.

Innate immunity and cancer therapy.

Classical cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune response against microbial components, and a sequence of immune responses produce antitumor effects. The identification of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs), receptors for microbial components, has shed light on antigen recognition by the innate immune system and provided a molecular basis for our understanding of the relationship between innate immunity and antitumor activity. However, accumulating evidence has revealed another important role of TLRs in maintaining tissue homeostasis and has also shown that tumor cells utilize this function to create favorable conditions for growth and survival, suggesting that TLR signaling acts as a double-edged sword in cancer therapy. In this review, innate immunity-based cancer therapy will be discussed with special reference to TLR-targeting drugs.

HLA-G is a crucial immunosuppressive molecule secreted by adult human mesenchymal stem cells.

Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential cells capable of regenerating injured tissues. In addition to their multipotency, MSCs inhibit natural killer cell cytotoxicity and T-lymphocyte alloproliferation. Several immunosuppressive mechanisms have been described, including indoleamine 2, 3, -dioxygenase-induced depletion of tryptophan from the lymphocyte environment, and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 and other immunosuppressive factors. Here, we review data supporting a new MSC immunoregulation pathway, in which the key molecule is the human leukocyte antigen-G protein. This nonclassical human leukocyte antigen-class I molecule was initially found on trophoblasts, where it contributes to tolerance at the materno-fetal interface. Because trophoblasts are also able to express indoleamine 2, 3, -dioxygenase and prostaglandin E2, MSC immunomodulatory properties are similar to those of trophoblasts. These mechanisms should be explored in relation to induction of tolerance to alloantigens for the prevention of graft rejection after transplantation.

Human leukocyte antigen-G5 secretion by human mesenchymal stem cells is required to suppress T lymphocyte and natural killer function and to induce CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ regulatory T cells.

Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are the subject of intense investigation in regenerative medicine. In addition, MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties with therapeutic potential to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Indeed, MSCs can inhibit natural killer (NK) function, modulate dendritic cell maturation, and suppress allogeneic T-cell response. Here, we report that the nonclassic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule HLA-G is responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. Our data show that MSCs secrete the soluble isoform HLA-G5 and that such secretion is interleukin-10-dependent. Moreover, cell contact between MSCs and allostimulated T cells is required to obtain a full HLA-G5 secretion and, as consequence, a full immunomodulation from MSCs. Blocking experiments using neutralizing anti-HLA-G antibody demonstrate that HLA-G5 contributes first to the suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation and then to the expansion of CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in addition to their action on the adaptive immune system, MSCs, through HLA-G5, affect innate immunity by inhibiting both NK cell-mediated cytolysis and interferon-gamma secretion. Our results provide evidence that HLA-G5 secreted by MSCs is critical to the suppressive functions of MSCs and should contribute to improving clinical therapeutic trials that use MSCs to prevent GvHD.

Two types of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients receiving long term therapy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used to decrease cholesterol synthesis and are well established to reduce vascular diseases. Recently, it has been proposed that statins mobilize endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow during the first four weeks, which could help to prevent vascular diseases. However, in humans there are few data concerning the long term effects of statin treatment on these endothelial progenitor cells. We investigated whether endothelial progenitor cells can be detected and characterized in patients receiving long term statin therapy. Mononuclear cells from patients receiving or not receiving statin therapy were assessed for progenitor cell content by flow cytometry and were cultured in specific conditions to determine the number and the type of progenitors. Our results showed there were significantly more CD34(+), CD34(+)/CD144(+) circulating progenitor cells in the statin(pos) group than in the statin(neg) group. In culture two types of endothelial progenitor cells were detected. Early endothelial progenitor cells gave colonies at day 5 comprising elongated cells whereas late endothelial progenitor cells generated cobblestone-like colonies with strong proliferation capacities. The number of circulating early endothelial progenitor cells was significantly higher in the statin(neg) group, while only late endothelial progenitor cells were detected in the statin(pos) group. Moreover, cells from cobblestones clearly had an endothelial phenotype CD31(+), VEGF-R2(+), CD34(+), CD146(+) in contrast to cells from colonies from early endothelial progenitor cells, which were VEGF-R2(low), CD34(-). These results strongly suggest that long term statin treatment specifically maintains late endothelial progenitor cells in circulation with a CD34(+)/CD144(+) phenotype.