Occupational arsenic exposure and digestive and head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Arsenic is a known carcinogen for the lungs, the bladder, and the skin, while systematic evidence on other cancer types is lacking, especially for occupational exposure. Thus, we aimed to systematically summarize current evidence on the association between occupational arsenic exposure and digestive cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC). We conducted a systematic review on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase search engines. We computed pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Occurrence of publication bias was assessed using contour-enhanced funnel plots and Egger's test. Twenty-two studies on digestive cancers and 11 on HNC were included in the meta-analysis. RRs for the association with occupational exposure to arsenic of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07-1.40; I2=72.3%, p<0.001) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.76-1.53; I2=76.6%, p<0.001) for digestive cancer and HNC, respectively, were observed. As for specific cancer types, arsenic was associated with rectal cancer (RR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.003-2.28; I2=37.0%, p=0.174), but not with other investigated cancer types. No clear evidence of publication bias was found. The results of our study suggest that the observed association between occupational arsenic exposure and digestive cancer might be mainly driven by a positive association for rectal cancer, while arsenic exposure did not appear to be associated with HNC. However, further high-quality studies with detailed assessment of arsenic exposure are warranted to clarify the potential association of arsenic with digestive cancers and HNC.

Occupational benzene exposure and colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent reports suggest that benzene exposure may be associated with solid cancers, such as lung and bladder cancers. Instead, evidence on the association between benzene and colorectal cancer (CRC) is sparse. Thus, we aimed to summarize current literature on the association between occupational benzene exposure and CRC. We searched Pubmed, Embase (through Ovid), and Scopus to retrieve cohort and nested case-control studies on the association between occupational benzene exposure and solid cancers. The search was initially completed in December 2022 and later updated in April 2024. We assessed quality of included studies using a modified version of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We computed pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CRC according to occupational benzene exposure, using the Paule-Mandel method. Twenty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. Most of them were conducted in Europe or North America (82.1%) and were industry-based (89.3%). Pooled RRs comparing workers exposed to benzene with those who were unexposed for incidence and mortality were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.15) and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.11) for CRC, 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.24) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.19) for colon cancer, and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.14) and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.19) for rectal cancer, respectively. Only one study supported the occurrence of a dose-response relationship between occupational benzene exposure and CRC, while others found no increase in risk according to dose of exposure or duration of employment. Our findings suggest that occupational benzene exposure may be associated with CRC. Further research with detailed assessment of individual-level exposure is warranted to confirm our results.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with HER2-Negative Breast Cancer: A Report from Clinical Breast Cancer Registry of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) has become an increasingly popular approach in management of breast cancer (BC). This study was conducted to evaluate the pathologic response and 36-month recurrence and survival rates of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC treated with different NCT regimens. METHODS: A total of 163 female patients with HER2-negative BC who received NCT during 2017-2020 were identified from the Clinical Breast Cancer Registry of Iran and entered the study. The prescribed NCT regimens included 4 cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide, 4 cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by 4 cycles of paclitaxel, 4 cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by 4 cycles of docetaxel or 6 cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide plus docetaxel (TAC). RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (19.6%) experienced pathologic complete response (pCR). TAC regimen, triple negative-BC and ki67>10% were significantly associated with increased pCR. The recurrence, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rate at 36 months for all patients were 16.6%, 84.7% and 79.8%, respectively. Type of neoadjuvant regimen as well as age, hormone receptor status, Ki67, grade, clinical stage, type of surgery and pathologic response to chemotherapy did not significantly influence the survival and recurrence; however, TAC results in improved recurrence, OS and DFS rates. CONCLUSION: This study provides further evidence that NCT is a viable treatment option for patients with HER2-negative BC. The TAC regimen resulted in a significantly higher pCR rate compared to other regimens, but did not result in a significant improvement in recurrence, OS and DFS and rates.

Determinants of early-onset colorectal cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study the risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the Iranian population. Early onset CRC in Iran is a relevant health issue that deserves further epidemiological efforts to be defined and controlled as far as possible. Early age screening of low-tract of the intestine would be particularly useful in families of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: We analyzed data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study in Iran (The Iranian Study of Opium and Cancer). Sociodemographic and lifestyle information was collected using validated questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regressions estimated the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of early-onset CRC in individuals under the age of 50 and potential risk factors, including physical activity, socioeconomic status, body shape at age 15, dietary factors, vitamin D, cigarettes and waterpipe smoking, opium use and family history of CRC. Additionally, a subgroup analysis was conducted for individuals with a very young age of CRC onset (i.e. <35 years). RESULTS: We analyzed data of 189 developed CRC below age 50 (99 colon and 90 rectum), and 66 patients under the age 35 (13 colon and 21 rectum). Early CRC was inversely associated with vegetables (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.92 for 422-576 g/day) and vitamin D (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26-0.94), and positively associated with red meat intake (OR, 1.80; 1.15-2.83 per 25.65 g/day). Vegetables (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.98 for 576 g/day), red meat (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.11-3.79 for 25.65 g/day), vitamin D (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.86) and opium use (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.01-6.74) were associated with early rectum cancer. Results were heterogeneous by cancer site for high fruit and vegetables intakes and cigarette smoking. Family history was associated with CRC (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.29-10.9) and rectum cancer (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.24-14.4) in subjects younger than 35, and, to a lesser extent, with CRC and rectum cancer before age 50. CONCLUSION: Early-onset CRC was related to the intake of vegetables, vitamin D and red meat in Iran. Early-onset rectum cancer was associated with regular opium use. Family history was associated with early CRC and early rectum cancer, particularly below the age of 35.

Dietary intake of copper and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the potential association between dietary copper intake and gastric cancer (GC) is lacking. Thus, we aimed to evaluate this association within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project-an international consortium of epidemiological studies on GC. METHODS: Data from five case-control studies within the StoP Project were included (2448 cases, 4350 controls). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the association between dietary copper intake and GC using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models. We also modelled the dose-response relationship between copper intake and GC using a logistic mixed-effects model with fractional polynomial. RESULTS: The OR for the highest quartile of copper intake compared with the lowest one was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63-0.95; P for trend = 0.013). Results were similar for non-cardia-type (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57-0.91), intestinal-type (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.56-0.99) and other histological-type GC (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.96). The dose-response analysis showed a steep decrease in ORs for modest intakes (<1 mg/day), which were subsequently steady for ≤3 mg/day (OR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02-0.41) and slowly increased for higher intakes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our large study suggest that copper intake might be inversely associated with GC, although their confirmation by prospective studies is required.

Dietary intake of vitamin C and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that dietary vitamin C is inversely associated with gastric cancer (GC), but most of them did not consider intake of fruit and vegetables. Thus, we aimed to evaluate this association within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project, a consortium of epidemiological studies on GC. METHODS: Fourteen case-control studies were included in the analysis (5362 cases, 11,497 controls). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between dietary intake of vitamin C and GC, adjusted for relevant confounders and for intake of fruit and vegetables. The dose-response relationship was evaluated using mixed-effects logistic models with second-order fractional polynomials. RESULTS: Individuals in the highest quartile of dietary vitamin C intake had reduced odds of GC compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.72). Additional adjustment for fruit and vegetables intake led to an OR of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.98). A significant inverse association was observed for noncardia GC, as well as for both intestinal and diffuse types of the disease. The results of the dose-response analysis showed decreasing ORs of GC up to 150-200 mg/day of vitamin C (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.71), whereas ORs for higher intakes were close to 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our pooled study suggest that vitamin C is inversely associated with GC, with a potentially beneficial effect also for intakes above the currently recommended daily intake (90 mg for men and 75 mg for women).

Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and other fossil fuels in the workplace can cause several health effects including cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies examining the association between occupational DE exposure and the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC), including cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. We included cohort studies mentioned in the Monograph of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2014, on DE. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for HNC overall and its anatomical subtypes. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity between studies. Fifteen articles were included after removing duplicates and irrelevant reports. The summary RR for DE exposure was 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.17, P heterogeneity = <0.001] for HNC overall, 0.98 (95% CI = 0.87-1.11) for oral cavity, 1.05 (95% CI = 0.77-1.43) for pharyngeal, 1.15 (95% CI = 0.96-1.38) for oral cavity and pharyngeal combined, and 1.13 (95% CI = 1.03-1.24) for laryngeal cancer. There were elevated RRs for incidence studies of HNC (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05-1.22, P = 0.001), European studies (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05-1.23, P = 0.001), and female studies (RR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.31-2.39, P = 0.003). Our study suggested an association between occupational DE exposure and the risk of HNC, particularly laryngeal cancer. Although residual confounding cannot be ruled out, our results support the importance of controlling occupational DE exposure.

Occupational asbestos exposure and risk of esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Esophageal cancer (EC), which includes squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC), is an important cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Several occupational exposures have been associated with EC. We aim to investigate the association between occupational asbestos exposure and EC risk, considering types of asbestos and histology of the disease. We included studies mentioned in the list of references in previous reviews and pooled analyses, and we conducted an independent search in PubMed and Scopus. Forest plots of relative risks (RR) were constructed based on the association between occupational asbestos and EC risk. Random-effects models were used to address heterogeneity between 48 independent cohort and case-control studies. We found an association between occupational asbestos exposure and EC (meta-relative risk [RR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-1.32; I2 = 58.8%, p-heterogeneity [het] <.001). The results of stratification by job (p-het = .20) indicate an increased RR among asbestos product workers (RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.07-1.81), asbestos applicators (RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.20-1.67), and construction workers (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.24). There was no heterogeneity in meta-RR according to outcome (p = .29), geographic region (p = .69), year of publication (p = .59), quality score (p = .73), asbestos type (p = .93), study design (p = .87), and gender (p = .88), control for potential confounders (p = .20), year of first employment (p = .94) and exposure level (p = .43). The stratification analysis by histology type found an increased RR for both ESCC 1.33(1.03-1.71) and EAC 1.45(1.03-2.04) (p-het = .68). We didn't find evidence of publication bias (p = .07). The results of our study suggest that occupational asbestos exposure is associated with an increased risk of EC in both histology types.

Unveiling an Association between Waterpipe Smoking and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist for the association between bladder cancers and waterpipe smoking, an emerging global public health concern. METHODS: We used the IROPICAN database in Iran and used multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for cigarette smoking, opium use, and other confounding factors. In addition, we studied the association between exclusive waterpipe smoking and bladder cancer. RESULTS: We analyzed 717 cases and 3,477 controls and a subset of 215 patients and 2,145 controls who did not use opium or cigarettes. Although the OR adjusted for opium, cigarettes, and other tobacco products was 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69-1.20], we observed a statistically significant elevated risk in exclusive waterpipe smokers (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.16-2.72) compared with non-users of opium or any tobacco. Associations were strongest for smoking more than two heads/day (OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.21-4.18) and for initiating waterpipe smoking at an age less than 20 (OR = 2.73; 95% CI, 1.11-6.72). The OR for urothelial bladder cancer was higher in ex-smokers (OR = 2.35; 95% CI, 1.24-4.42) than in current smokers (OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 0.72-3.15). All observed associations were consistently higher for urothelial histology. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe smoking may be associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, notably among individuals who are not exposed to cigarette smoking and opium. IMPACT: The study provides compelling evidence that waterpipe smoking is a confirmed human carcinogen, demanding action from policymakers. See related In the Spotlight, p. 461.

Role of dietary intake of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer risk in Iran.

High-fat diets have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, and the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been reported to vary based on the length of PUFAs. We explored the association between dietary omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CRC. We analyzed 865 CRC patients and 3206 controls from a case-control study of Iran (IROPICAN study). We used multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PUFAs intake and CRC risk. Our results showed that gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6, GLA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), a-linolenic acid (Cis-18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. However, the OR of linoleic acid (18: 2n-6, LA) intake was 1.47 (95% CI 1.01-2.14, p = 0.04) for proximal colon and that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA) intake was 1.33 (95% CI 1.05-1.69, p = 0.01) for rectum. This study indicates a high level of LA is associated with an increased risk of proximal colon cancer, and DPA intake was positively associated with rectum cancer risk. Furthermore, our study noted a high intake of n-6 (from vegetable oils) compared to n-3 PUFAs (from fish and seafood) in this population. Public awareness and government support is needed to increase fish and seafood production and consumption in Iran.

Determinants of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults: results from the IROPICAN study.

Introduction: Waterpipe smoking has become increasingly popular in Western countries, particularly among young individuals. This study aims to identify the factors influencing waterpipe smoking by focusing on consumption patterns. Methods: We utilized data from a multicenter case-control study (IROPICAN) conducted in Iran. Multivariate logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between waterpipe smoking and different factors. Results: Among 3,477 subjects were included, 11.8% were waterpipe smokers. Most of <50 years old smokers were occasional (80%), while daily smokers were often >50 years (85%). Around 59% of occasional users started it before 30 years old. Low education, low SES, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, and opium use were associated with waterpipe smoking. Stratified analysis by frequency pattern showed an association between occasional smoking with age 0.97 (0.96-0.98), university degree 0.36 (0.17-0.76), urban dwellers 1.40 (1.06-1.86) and between high SES and daily smoking 0.34 (0.17-0.69). Conclusion: Our results offer valuable information to policymakers for developing waterpipe smoking control measures. The occasional waterpipe smoking results may be generalized to the younger people in Western countries.

Opium use and risk of colorectal cancer: a multi-center case-referent study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Opium use has been associated with an increased risk of cancers of the lung, oesophagus, and pancreas, and it was recently classified by the International Agency for Cancer Research as carcinogenic to humans. It is not clear whether opium also increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of our study was to assess the association between various metrics of opium use and the risk of CRC. METHODS: This case-referent study from seven provinces in Iran comprised 848 CRC cases and 3215 referents. Data on opium use (duration, amount, frequency) and potential confounders were collected by trained interviewers. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were used to measure odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age, gender, province, marital status, family history of CRC-linked cancers, consumption of red meat, fruits and vegetables, body shape, occupational physical activity, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Regular opium consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC (OR 0.9, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.7, 1.2) compared to subjects who never used opium. However, frequent opium use more than twice a day was associated with an increased risk of CRC compared to non-users of opium (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8; p for quadratic trend 0.008). CONCLUSION: There seems to be no overall association between opium use and CRC, but the risk of CRC might be increased among persons who use opium many times a day.

Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposure and Risk of Kidney, Liver, and Testicular Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large, complex group of synthetic chemicals humans can be exposed to from occupational or environmental sources. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the association between PFAS exposure, particularly Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS), and risk of kidney, liver, and testicular cancer. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed to identify cohort and case-control studies reported after the Monograph of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Toxicological Profile of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. We assessed the quality of the studies by using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Forest relative risk (RR) plots were constructed for liver, kidney, and testicular cancer. We conducted stratified analyses by geographic region, study design, quality score, outcome, years of publication, exposure source, and PFAS type. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: Fifteen studies, including ten cohort studies, three case-control studies nested in a cohort, and two case-control studies were included after removing duplicate and irrelevant reports. We found an association between overall PFAS exposure and the risk of kidney cancers (RR=1.18, 95% CI =1.05-1.32; I =52.8%, 11 studies). Also, we showed an association between high-level exposure to PFAS and kidney cancer (RR=1.74, 95% CI =1.23-2.47; p=0.005) and testicular cancer (RR=2.22, 95% CI =1.12-4.39; p=0.057). There was no association with liver cancer. We found no heterogeneity by geographical region, PFAS type, study design, outcome, quality score, year of publication, or exposure source. Only two studies reported results among women. CONCLUSIONS: We detected an association between overall PFAS exposure and kidney cancer and high doses of PFAS with testicular cancer. However, bias and confounding cannot be excluded, precluding a conclusion in terms of causality.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and head and neck cancer: a large case-control study in Iran.

Background: Data on the association between head and neck cancer (HNC) and dietary factors are inconclusive. No study has so far investigated the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and HNC concerning interactions with other risk factors. Method: Pathologically confirmed new diagnosed HNC patients were included in this study. The control group was healthy hospital visitors who were frequently matched with patients on age (5 years interval), gender, and province of residence. Trained interviewers administered a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the participants' food intake 1 year before the cancer diagnosis. Data on TAC scores of foods was collected by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Radical-trapping Antioxidant Parameters (TRAP) from published data. We applied logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, socioeconomic status, province, opium use, alcohol use, physical activity, and dental health. We also studied the interaction of dTAC with tobacco smoking status, and opium use on the risk of HNC. Results: We recruited 876 HNC patients and 3,409 healthy controls. We observed a significant decrease in the odds of HNC with increasing dTAC scores. The OR of HNC for the third vs. the first tertile was 0.49 (95%CI 0.39-0.61) for FRAP and 0.49 (95%CI 0.39-0.62) for TRAP. Both dTAC scores were inversely associated with lip and oral (T3 ver. T1 OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.36-0.71 for FRAP and OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.44-0.82 for TRAP) and larynx (T3 ver. T1 OR = 0.43; 95%CI 0.31-0.61 for FRAP and OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.26-0.55 for TRAP) cancers. There was no interaction between tobacco smoking, opium use; and TRAP or FRAP on the risk of HNC. Conclusion: An antioxidant-rich diet in terms of FRAP or TRAP could decrease the risk of HNC and its subtypes.

Dietary Choline and Betaine Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in an Iranian Population.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, likely due to changing lifestyle habits, including diet. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary betaine, choline, and choline-containing compounds and CRC risk. METHODS: We analyzed data from a case-control study, including 865 CRC cases and 3206 controls from Iran. Detailed information was collected by trained interviewers using validated questionnaires. The intake of free choline, phosphocholine (Pcho), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), and sphingomyelin (SM), as well as of betaine was estimated from food frequency questionnaires and categorized into quartiles. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of CRC for choline and betaine quartiles were calculated using multivariate logistic regression by adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: We observed excess risk of CRC in the highest versus lowest intake of total choline (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.13, 1.33), GPC (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00, 1.27), and SM (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.01, 1.28). The intake of betaine exerted an inverse association with CRC risk (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99). There was no association between free choline, Pcho, PtdCho, and CRC. Analyses stratified by gender showed an elevated OR of CRC in men for SM intake OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.03, 1.40) and a significantly decreased CRC risk in women for betaine intake (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.73, 0.97). CONCLUSION: Dietary modifications leading to an increase in betaine sources and managing the use of animal products as references for SM or other choline types might contribute to decreasing the risk of CRC.

Unraveling complex relationships between COVID-19 risk factors using machine learning based models for predicting mortality of hospitalized patients and identification of high-risk group: a large retrospective study.

Background: At the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased the hospital burden of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-Cov-2 and became the most significant health challenge for nations worldwide. The severity and high mortality of COVID-19 have been correlated with various demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations. Prediction of mortality rate, identification of risk factors, and classification of patients played a crucial role in managing COVID-19 patients. Our purpose was to develop machine learning (ML)-based models for the prediction of mortality and severity among patients with COVID-19. Identifying the most important predictors and unraveling their relationships by classification of patients to the low-, moderate- and high-risk groups might guide prioritizing treatment decisions and a better understanding of interactions between factors. A detailed evaluation of patient data is believed to be important since COVID-19 resurgence is underway in many countries. Results: The findings of this study revealed that the ML-based statistically inspired modification of the partial least square (SIMPLS) method could predict the in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients. The prediction model was developed using 19 predictors including clinical variables, comorbidities, and blood markers with moderate predictability (Q2 = 0.24) to separate survivors and non-survivors. Oxygen saturation level, loss of consciousness, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were the top mortality predictors. Correlation analysis showed different correlation patterns among predictors for each non-survivor and survivor cohort separately. The main prediction model was verified using other ML-based analyses with a high area under the curve (AUC) (0.81-0.93) and specificity (0.94-0.99). The obtained data revealed that the mortality prediction model can be different for males and females with diverse predictors. Patients were classified into four clusters of mortality risk and identified the patients at the highest risk of mortality, which accentuated the most significant predictors correlating with mortality. Conclusion: An ML model for predicting mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients was developed considering the interactions between factors that may reduce the complexity of clinical decision-making processes. The most predictive factors related to patient mortality were identified by assessing and classifying patients into different groups based on their sex and mortality risk (low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups).

Association of Dietary Nitrate, Nitrite, and N-Nitroso Compounds Intake and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) are a class of chemical carcinogens found in various environmental sources such as food, drinking water, cigarette smoke, the work environment, and the indoor air population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the links between nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs in food and water and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and pancreatic cancer (PC). A systematic search of the literature in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase was performed for studies on the association between NOCs in drinking water and food sources and GI cancers. Forest plots of relative risk (RR) were constructed for all the cancer sites and the intake sources. The random-effects model was used to assess the heterogeneity between studies. Forty articles were included after removing duplicate and irrelevant articles. The meta-analysis indicated that the intake of high dose vs. low dose of these compounds was significantly associated with the overall GI cancer risk and nitrite (RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07-1.29), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06-1.65). We found that dietary nitrite intake increased GC (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.73), and EC (RR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.01-1.89). Additionally, dietary NDMA intake increased the risk of CRC (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.18-1.58). This meta-analysis provides some evidence that the intake of dietary and water nitrate, nitrite, and NOCs may be associated with GI cancers. In particular, dietary nitrite is linked to GC and EC risks and dietary NDMA intake is associated with CRC.

Role of chest CT scan in patients with preexisting cancer and COVID-19 pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Detection of COVID-19 in cancer patients is challenging due to probable preexisting pulmonary infiltration caused by many infectious and non-infectious etiologies. We evaluated chest CT scan findings of COVID-19 pneumonia in cancer patients and explored its prognostic role in mortality. METHODS: We studied 266 COVID-19 patients with a history of cancer diagnosis between 2020 and 2022. Chest CT images were reported based on Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) structural report and the CT score and pattern of involvement were noted. We used multivariate logistic regression models to determine the association between CT scan findings and mortality of the cancer COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.48 (± 18.59), and 53% were men. Gastrointestinal (29.3%), hematologic (26.3%), and breast (10.5%) cancers were the most frequent types of cancer. The prevalence of atypical or indeterminate findings in the chest CT was 42.8%. Most radiologic findings were consolidation mixed with ground-glass opacity (44.4%), pleural effusion (33.5%), and pure ground-glass opacity (19.5%). The risk of death was higher among those who had typical chest CT for COVID-19 (OR 3.47; 95% CI 1.14-8.98) and those who had a severity of score higher than 18 (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.07-3.34). Also, presence of consolidation (P value 0.040), pleural effusion (P value 0.000), centrilobular nodules (P value 0.013), and architectural distortion (P value 0.005) were associated with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSION: Less than half of COVID-19 patients with a history of cancer had typical imaging features of COVID-19. Radiologists should be aware of atypical, rare, or subtle chest CT findings in patients with pre-existing cancer.

Clinical Breast Cancer Registry of IR. Iran (CBCR-IR): Study Protocol and First Results.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC), as a significant global health problem, is the most common cancer in women. Despite the importance of clinical cancer registries in improving the quality of cancer care and cancer research, there are few reports on them from low- and middle-income countries. We established a multicenter clinical breast cancer registry in Iran (CBCR-IR) to collect data on BC cases, the pattern of care, and the quality-of-care indicators in different hospitals across the country. METHODS: We established a clinical cancer registry in 12 provinces of Iran. We defined the organizational structure, developed minimal data sets and data dictionaries, verified data sources and registration processes, and developed the necessary registry software. During this registry, we studied the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer who were admitted from 2014 onwards. RESULTS: We registered 13086 BC cases (7874 eligible cases) between 1.1.2014 and 1.1.2022. Core needle biopsy from the tumor (61.25%) and diagnostic mammography (68.78%) were the two most commonly used diagnostic methods. Stage distribution was 2.03% carcinoma in situ, 12% stage I, 44.65% stage II, 21.32% stage III, and 4.61% stage IV; stage information was missing in 1532 patients (19.46%). Surgery (95.01%) and chemotherapy (79.65%) were the most common treatments for all patients. CONCLUSION: The information provided by this registry can be used to evaluate and improve the quality of care for BC patients. It will be scaled up to the national level as an important resource for measuring quality of care and conducting clinical cancer research in Iran.

Association between dietary fat intake and colorectal cancer: A multicenter case-control study in Iran.

The evolving trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) as one of the most common malignancies worldwide, have likely been influenced by the implementation of screening programs and changes in lifestyle habits. Changing lifestyle, including the shift in diet composition with higher fat, sugar, and animal-source foods intake, led to an increasing burden of CRC in countries undergoing rapid socioeconomic improvement. Results for the link between specific fatty acids (FAs) and CRC are generally inconclusive and more limited in developing countries than elsewhere. This study aims to investigate the association between FA intakes and CRC and its anatomical subsites in a large Iranian case-control study. A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information on dietary intake in 865 cases and 3206 controls. We conducted multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We found positive association between CRC and high intake of dietary total fat (OR highest quartile Q4 = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.32-2.38), cholesterol (ORQ4 = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.22-2.05), and palmitoleic acid (ORQ4 = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.91), and an inverse association with high intake of dietary heptanoic acid (ORQ4 = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.79) and low intake of palmitic acid (OR lowest quartile Q2 = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.88). None of the fat variables were associated with rectal cancer. Our study suggests that the recommendation of limited consumption of fats may decrease the risk of CRC among the Iranian population.