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Aims: The study was carried out firstly, to evaluate the prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Punjab, Pakistan and secondly, to characterize the genotypes of their beta lactamase producing enzymes and optimization of PCR based method for rapid and authentic detection of antibiotic resistant gene. Methodology and results: Two hundred of K. pneumonia strains were isolated from different clinical samples. Blood and MacConkey Agar were used to isolate and identify bacterial microorganisms while Muller Hinton Agar was used to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility against different antibiotics as per CLSI 2012 guidelines. ESBL producing bacteria were screened by double disk synergy /combination disk test. PCR was optimized and performed for resistant gene (CTX-M). The results showed that most of the isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotic including cephalosporin, aztreonam, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, doxycyclin and were sensitive to imipenam and amikacin. Frequency of CTX-M gene in ESBL producing K. pneumoniae was 94%. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Based on the finding of this study it is suggested that prevalence of CTX-M gene (95%) is very high among ESBL producing isolates. Therefore, PCR based method may help clinicians for rapid detection and treatment of patients by choosing right medication against the resistant bacteria as early as possible.
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Objective:To focus on the evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of two endangered medicinal plants Aconitum heterophyllum (A. heterophyllum) and Polygonum bistorta (P. bistorta). Materials: Plant extracts were obtained by using microwave assisted extraction method. The in vitro antifungal activity of A. heterophyllum and P. bistorta extracts were determined by measuring diameters of inhibitory zones of these extracts against Aspergillus niger and Alternalia solani. Results:Methanolic extract of A. heterophyllum showed significant (P≤0.05) antifungal activity against both the tested organisms. It was also observed that ethanolic extracts of P. bistorta also had good antifungal activity against the tested fungal strains as compared to the methanolic extracts. It showed significant antifungal activity (P≤0.05) against both the tested strains. Antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of A. heterophyllum and P. bistorta were also measured using a radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. Conclusions:It was observed that A. heterophyllum and P. bistorta have significant antioxidant activity. Higher antioxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract of A. heterophyllum as compared to its ethanolic extract. However, in case of P. bistorta ethanolic extract of the plant exhibited higher antioxidant potential than methanolic extracts. Hence both of these plants have significant antimicrobial as well as antioxidant potential.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Genes associated with the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plasticity region may play a role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. We compared the genes jhp0940, jhp0947, and jhp0986 in H. pylori isolates from patients with different gastroduodenal diseases and in different age groups. METHODS: The H. pylori hyperplasticity region genes jhp0940, jhp0947, and jhp0986 were studied by PCR. We also evaluated whether these genes were related to the cytotoxin-associated gene (cagA) and histology findings. RESULTS: Of the patient cohort, 71 (62%) were positive for jhp0940, 67 (59%) for jhp0947, 12 (10%) for jhp0986, and 69 (60%) for cagA. jhp0940 (n=18, 67%) and jhp0947 (n=23, 85%) were found more frequently in duodenal ulcer (DU) patients than in gastritis patients (n=14, 39%; p=0.029 and p<0.001, respectively). Gastric ulcer (GU) was more frequently associated with jhp0940 (17 patients, 77%; p=0.003) than with gastritis (14 patients, 39%). Gastric carcinoma (GC) was more strongly associated with both jhp0940 (22 patients, 76%; p=0.003) and jhp0947 (22 patients, 76%; p=0.003) than was gastritis (14 patients, 39%). jhp0947 was more frequently associated with chronic active inflammation (58 patients, 87%; p=0.009) than with chronic inflammation (9 patients, 13%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that jhp0947 was associated with DU (odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.87-20). CONCLUSIONS: The genes jhp0947 and jhp0940 were identified in H. pylori isolates from patients with GC and DU, while jhp0940 was also isolated from patients with GU. jhp0947 was independently associated with DU.
