Ultrasound-Based Multi-Planar Bilateral Comparisons as a Diagnostic and Treatment-Definition Method for Unilateral Peripheral Nerve Entrapment.

OBJECTIVE: The primary goal was to determine the performance of the cross-section area swelling rate (CSASR) for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes based on the reference standard of electrodiagnosis examination (EDX) in this diagnostic test study. METHODS: First, patients with symptoms like unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS), and radial nerve compression (RNC) underwent EDX and ultrasound examination. Second, patients with positive ultrasound were calculated for the CSASR of diseased nerve. Based on previously established CSASR criteria, each patient was categorized as having or not having peripheral nerve entrapment, and for those meeting diagnostic criteria, non-surgical or surgical treatment was recommended. Then, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy rate (ACC) of ultrasound diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making were calculated based on the reference standard of EDX that had been historically used in the practice. RESULTS: The total sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and ACC of ultrasound diagnosis are respectively 93.4, 85.2, 94.7, 82.1, and 91.3%. Which of therapeutic decision-making by ultrasound are, respectively, 83.3, 52.2, 78.4, 60.0, and 73.2%. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and Youden's index of CSASR diagnostic threshold for CuTS is higher than other ultrasound methods. The CSASR diagnostic threshold for CuTS has a potential diagnostic role, but the current date is still not enough to support the potential diagnostic role for CTS or RNS. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that CSASR for CuTS can be used in isolation for diagnosis. Additional research is needed to confirm the diagnostic role of CSASR. The current results suggest that this ultrasound examination method is not suitable for therapeutic decision-making.

Enhancing Point-of-Care Diagnosis of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) DNA with the CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted Triplex Amplified Assay.

Accurate, ultrasensitive, and point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains imperative to prevent its spread and limit the losses incurred. Herein, we propose a CRISPR-Cas12a-assisted triplex amplified colorimetric assay for ASFV DNA detection with ultrahigh sensitivity and specificity. The specific recognition of recombinase aided amplification (RAA)-amplified ASFV DNA could activate the Cas12a/crRNA/ASFV DNA complex, leading to the digestion of the linker DNA (bio-L1) on magnetic beads (MBs), thereby preventing its binding of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) network. After magnetic separation, the release of AuNPs network comprising a substantial quantity of AuNPs could lead to a discernible alteration in color and significantly amplify the plasmonic signal, which could be read by spectrophotometers or smartphones. By combining the RAA, CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted cleavage, and AuNPs network-mediated colorimetric amplification together, the assay could detect as low as 0.1 copies/µL ASFV DNA within 1 h. The assay showed an accuracy of 100% for the detection of ASFV DNA in 16 swine tissue fluid samples, demonstrating its potential for on-site diagnosis of ASFV.

Effects of annexin B18 from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato on mouse macrophages.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s. l.), which posed significant public health concern globally. E. granulosus s. l. annexin B18 (EgANXB18) acts as a secretory protein, exerting a crucial influence in mediating host-parasite interactions. Recombinant annexin B18 (rEgANXB18) was expressed by Escherichia coli and the immunoreactivity was assessed by western blotting. The binding affinity between rEgANXB18 and total protein of RAW264.7 cells was assessed by ELISA. The impact of rEgANXB18 on the metabolic activity of RAW264.7 cells was assayed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The mRNA levels of polarization markers (inducible nitrous oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg1)) and key cellular factors (IL-1ß，IL-6，IL-10 and TNFα) were evaluated by qRT-PCR. rEgANXB18 was successfully expressed and recognized by E. granulosus s.l. infected canine sera, as well as could bind to the total protein of RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, rEgANXB18 could promote metabolic activity at 5, 10, 20, and 40 µg/mL while no significant impact on metabolic activity was observed at 80 µg/mL. Co-culture RAW264.7 cells with rEgANXB18 resulted in significantly upregulation of the transcript levels of polarization markers iNOS and Arg1. Moreover, rEgANXB18 significantly upregulated the transcript levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10, while dose-effect relationship was observed in IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10. Our results indicated that EgANXB18 showed the potential to regulate immune response of macrophages by shifting the cell polarization and cytokine profile, thereby promoting the parasitism of CE.

Intradermal vaccination with Porcilis® Begonia can clinically protect against fatal PRV challenge with the highly virulent ZJ01 field strain.

Since pseudorabies (PR) re-emerged and rapidly spread in China at the end of 2011, researchers have focused on effective vaccine strategies to prevent and control pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in pig herds. Due to the extensive application of an attenuated vaccine based on the Bartha-K61 strain isolated in Hungary in 1961 and the variation of the PRV strain, it has been suggested that traditional vaccines based on the Bartha-K61 strain offer only partial protection against variant strains. It was therefore evaluated whether the Porcilis® Begonia vaccine, which is based on the NIA-3 strain with deletions in the gE and TK genes, is efficacious against experimental infection with the virulent, contemporary Chinese PRV strain ZJ01. In this study, piglets were vaccinated with Porcilis® Begonia through either the intradermal (ID) route or the intramuscular (IM) route and subsequently challenged intranasally with strain ZJ01 at 4 weeks post-vaccination. An unvaccinated challenge group and an unvaccinated/nonchallenged group were also included in the study. All animals were monitored for 14 days after challenge. Vaccinated and negative control pigs stayed healthy during the study, while the unvaccinated control animals developed lesions associated with PRV ZJ01 challenge, and 44% of these pigs died before the end of the experiment. This study demonstrated that ID or IM vaccination of pigs with a vaccine based on the NIA-3 strain Porcilis® Begonia clinically protects against fatal PRV challenge with the ZJ01 strain.

Application of a nerve stereoscopic reconstruction technique based on ultrasonic images in the diagnosis of neuralgic amyotrophy.

Objective: To propose a nerve stereoscopic reconstruction technique based on ultrasound imaging for site diagnosis, intuitive reflection of disease severity, and classification of neuralgic amyotrophy (NA). Methods: We enrolled 44 patients with NA who underwent high-frequency ultrasonography examination. Multiple sites on the normal side and the affected side were scanned to calculate the ratio of the cross-section area (CSA) of the affected side to the normal side at each location measured, i.e., the cross-section area swelling ratio (CSASR). The CSASR of 44 patients and 30 normal controls was analyzed to determine their threshold value for the diagnosis of NA. Then, ultrasound images of the cross-section were used to reconstruct the stereoscopic model of the nerve on the affected side and the normal side. Using the CSASR values in each measurement location, a CSASR stereoscopic model was developed. Results: The threshold value of CSASR for ultrasound diagnosis of NA was 1.55. The average diseased segments per patient was 2.49 ± 1.97, with an average overall length of 10.03 ± 7.95 cm. Nerve stereoscopic reconstruction could be conducted for swelling, torsion, incomplete constriction, and complete constriction. Conclusion: The ultrasound image reconstruction method proposed in this study can accurately determine the site, range, and type of neuropathies in patients with NA, and simultaneously provide complete and accurate data information and intuitive morphological information.

Molecular characterization and functional implications on mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells of annexin proteins from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, which employs various strategies to evade the host immune system for survival. Recent advances have revealed the role of annexins as excretory/secretory products, providing new insights into the immune regulation by these proteins in the pathogenesis of CE. METHODS: Echinococcus granulosus annexin B proteins EgANXB2, EgANXB18, EgANXB20, and EgANXB23 were cloned, expressed, and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Membrane binding analysis was used to assess their bioactivity, while their immunoreactivity and tissue distribution characteristics were determined experimentally using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the mRNA expression profiles of EgANXBs in different developmental stages of E. granulosus. Finally, immunofluorescence staining, cell counting kit 8 assays, flow cytometry, transwell migration assays, and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the functional effects of rEgANXB18 and rEgANXB20 on mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS: In this study, we identified four EgANXBs with conserved protein structures and calcium-dependent phospholipid binding activities. rEgANXBs were recognized by serum from sheep infected with E. granulosus and distributed in the germinal layer of fertile cysts. Interestingly, transcription levels of the four EgANXBs were significantly higher in protoscoleces than in 28-day strobilated worms. Moreover, we demonstrated that rEgANXB18 and rEgANXB20 were secretory proteins that could bind to PBMCs and regulate their function. Specifically, rEgANXB18 inhibited cell proliferation and migration while promoting cell apoptosis, NO production, and cytokine profile shifting. In contrast, rEgANXB20 showed limited effects on apoptosis but inhibited NO production. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that among the four identified EgANXBs, EgANXB2 and EgANXB23 might play a pivotal role for the development of protoscoleces, while EgANXB18 and EgANXB20, as secretory proteins, appeared to participate in the host-parasite interaction by regulating the function of immune cells.

Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the infection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), one of the most harmful zoonotic helminths worldwide. Infected dogs are the major source of CE transmission. While praziquantel-based deworming is a main measure employed to control dog infections, its efficacy is at times compromised by the persistent high rate of dog re-infection and the copious discharge of E. granulosus eggs into the environment. Therefore, the dog vaccine is a welcome development, as it offers a substantial reduction in the biomass of E. granulosus. This study aimed to use previous insights into E. granulosus functional genes to further assess the protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins in dogs using a two-time injection vaccination strategy. METHODS: We expressed and combined recombinant E. granulosus triosephosphate isomerase (rEgTIM) with annexin B3 (rEgANXB3), adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) with Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEgEPC1), and fatty acid-binding protein (rEgFABP) with paramyosin (rEgA31). Beagle dogs received two subcutaneous vaccinations mixed with Quil-A adjuvant, and subsequently orally challenged with protoscoleces two weeks after booster vaccination. All dogs were sacrificed for counting and measuring E. granulosus tapeworms at 28 days post-infection, and the level of serum IgG was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Dogs vaccinated with rEgTIM&rEgANXB3, rEgADK1&rEgEPC1, and rEgFABP-EgA31 protein groups exhibited significant protectiveness, with a worm reduction rate of 71%, 57%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated groups exhibited an inhibition of worm growth, as evidenced by a reduction in body length and width (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IgG in the vaccinated dogs was significantly higher than that of the control dogs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These verified candidates may be promising vaccines for the prevention of E. granulosus infection in dogs following two injections. The rEgTIM&rEgANXB3 co-administrated vaccine underscored the potential for the highest protective efficacy and superior protection stability for controlling E. granulosus infections in dogs.

Conserved Domains in Variable Surface Lipoproteins A-G of Mycoplasma hyorhinis May Serve as Probable Multi-Epitope Candidate Vaccine: Computational Reverse Vaccinology Approach.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is responsible for infections in the swine population. Such infections are usually cured by using antimicrobials and lead to develop resistance. Until now, there has been no effective vaccine to eradicate the disease. This study used conserved domains found in seven members of the variable lipoprotein (VlpA-G) family in order to design a multi-epitope candidate vaccine (MEV) against M. hyorhinis. The immunoinformatics approach was followed to predict epitopes, and a vaccine construct consisting of an adjuvant, two B cell epitopes, two HTL epitopes, and one CTL epitope was designed. The suitability of the vaccine construct was identified by its non-allergen, non-toxic, and antigenic nature. A molecular dynamic simulation was executed to assess the stability of the TLR2 docked structure. An immune simulation showed a high immune response toward the antigen. The protein sequence was reverse-translated, and codons were optimized to gain a high expression level in E. coli. The proposed vaccine construct may be a candidate for a multi-epitope vaccine. Experimental validation is required in future to test the safety and efficacy of the hypothetical candidate vaccine.

Mucosal and cellular immune responses elicited by nasal and intramuscular inoculation with ASFV candidate immunogens.

African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) that is highly contagious and has an extremely high mortality rate (infected by virulent strains) among domestic and wild pigs, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry globally. In this study, SDS-PAGE gel bands hybridized with ASFV whole virus protein combined with ASFV-convalescent and ASFV-positive pig serum were identified by mass spectrometry. Six antigens were detected by positive serum reaction bands, and eight antigens were detected in ASFV-convalescent serum. In combination with previous literature reports and proteins corresponding to MHC-II presenting peptides screened from ASFV-positive pig urine conducted in our lab, seven candidate antigens, including KP177R (p22), K78R (p10), CP204L (p30), E183L (p54), B602L (B602L), EP402R-N (CD2V-N) and F317L (F317L), were selected. Subunit-Group 1 was prepared by mixing above-mentioned seven ASFV recombinant proteins with MONTANIDETM1313 VG N mucosal adjuvant and immunizing pigs intranasally and intramuscularly. Subunit-Group 2 was prepared by mixing four ASFV recombinant proteins (p22, p54, CD2V-N1, B602L) with Montanide ISA 51 VG adjuvant and immunizing pigs by intramuscular injection. Anticoagulated whole blood, serum, and oral fluid were collected during immunization for flow cytometry, serum IgG as well as secretory sIgA antibody secretion, and cytokine expression testing to conduct a comprehensive immunogenicity assessment. Both immunogen groups can effectively stimulate the host to produce ideal humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent functional studies, such as immunogens challenge protection and elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of ASFV.

Development of a One-Step Real-Time TaqMan Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Assay for the Detection of the Novel Variant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (nVarIBDV) Circulating in China.

The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV, especially genotype A2dB1) mainly affects broilers in China. It causes an infection characterized by the atrophy of the bursa, a decrease in the level of lymphocytes, proliferation of fibrous tissue around the follicle, and severe atrophy of the follicle in the bursa. Poultry vaccinated with live IBDV vaccines do not have the challenge present with bursa atrophy, which is misdiagnosed for nVarIBDV because of the lack of other gross clinical symptoms. The present study sought to explore the potential and reliability of the real-time TaqMan analysis method for the detection and discrimination of the nVarIBDV genotype from that of the non-nVarIBDV, especially in live vaccine strains. This method will help monitor vaccinated poultry to control and manage infection with the nVarIBDV IBDVs. The nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'-UTR region and the vp5/vp2 overlapping region of the segment A sequences of IBDV were used to establish a one-step real-time TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in this study. The results showed that the method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (especially live vaccine strains), and there were no cross-reactions with the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), fowlpox virus (FPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum), Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae), and IBDV-negative field samples. The method showed a linear dynamic range between 102 and 107 DNA copies/reaction, with an average R2 of 0.99 and an efficiency of 93% for nVarIBDV and an average R2 of 1.00 and an efficiency of 94% for non-nVarIBDV. The method was also used for the detection of 84 clinical bursae of chickens vaccinated with the live vaccine. The results showed that this method accurately distinguished the nVarIBDV and non-nVarIBDV strains (vaccine strains), compared with a strategy based on the sequence analysis of HVRs at the vp2 gene or the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the vp5 gene. These findings showed that this one-step real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method provides a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple approach for detection of infections caused by nVarIBDV and is a useful clinical diagnostic tool for identifying and distinguishing nVarIBDV from non-nVarIBDV, especially live vaccine strains.

Apigenin suppresses mycoplasma-induced alveolar macrophages necroptosis via enhancing the methylation of TNF-α promoter by PPARγ-Uhrf1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma-associated pneumonia is characterized by severe lung inflammation and immunological dysfunction. However, current anti-mycoplasma agents used in clinical practice do not prevent dysfunction of alveolar macrophages caused by the high level of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after mycoplasma infection. Apigenin inhibits the production of TNF-α in variet inflammation associated disease. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate apigenin's effect on mycoplasma-induced alveolar immune cell injury and the mechanism by which it inhibits TNF-α transcription. METHODS: In this study, we performed a mouse model of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection to evaluate the effect of apigenin on reducing mycoplasma-induced alveolar immune cell injury. Furthermore, we carried out transcriptome analysis, RNA interference assay, methylated DNA bisulfite sequencing assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to explore the mechanism of action for apigenin in reducing TNF-α. RESULTS: We discovered that M. hyopneumoniae infection-induced necroptosis in alveolar macrophages MH-S cells and primary mouse alveolar macrophages, which was activated by TNF-α autocrine. Apigenin inhibited M. hyopneumoniae-induced elevation of TNF-α and necroptosis in alveolar macrophages. Apigenin inhibited TNF-a mRNA production via increasing ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (Uhrf1)-dependent DNA methylation of the TNF-a promotor. Finally, we demonstrated that apigenin regulated Uhrf1 transcription via peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation, which acts as a transcription factor binding to the Uhrf1 promoter and protected infected mice's lungs, and promoted alveolar macrophage survival. CONCLUTSION: This study identified a novel mechanism of action for apigenin in reducing alveolar macrophage necroptosis via the PPARγ/ Uhrf1/TNF-α pathway, which may have implications for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia.

Identification of the multiple roles of enolase as an plasminogen receptor and adhesin in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent underlying porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease worldwide. The recruitment of plasminogen to the surface and subsequently promotion of plasmin conversion by the surface-located receptor, have been reported to assist the adhesion and invasion of Mycoplasmas. The surface localization and plasminogen-binding ability of M. hyopneumoniae enolase were previously confirmed; however, the biological functions were not be determined, especially the role as a plasminogen receptor. Here, using ELISA and SPR analyses, we confirmed the stable binding of M. hyopneumoniae enolase to plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the activation of plasminogen in the presence of tPA and direct activation of plasminogen at low efficiency without tPA addition by M. hyopneumoniae enolase were also determined using a plasmin-specific chromogenic substrate. Notably, the C-terminal and N-terminal regions located in M. hyopneumoniae enolase play an important role in plasminogen binding and activation. Additionally, we demonstrate that M. hyopneumoniae enolase can competitively inhibit the adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to PK15 cells. These results provide insight into the role of enolase in M. hyopneumoniae infection, a mechanism that manipulates the proteolytic system of the host.

Predictive machine learning model for microvascular invasion identification in hepatocellular carcinoma based on the LI-RADS system.

Purposes: This study aimed to establish a predictive model of microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), which relied on a combination of machine learning approach and imaging features covering Liver Imaging and Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) features. Methods: The retrospective study included 279 patients with surgery who underwent preoperative enhanced CT. They were randomly allocated to training set, validation set, and test set (167 patients vs. 56 patients vs. 56 patients, respectively). Significant imaging findings for predicting MVI were identified through the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression method. Predictive models were performed by machine learning algorithm, support vector machine (SVM), in the training set and validation set, and evaluated in the test set. Further, a combined model adding clinical findings to the radiologic model was developed. Based on the LI-RADS category, subgroup analyses were conducted. Results: We included 116 patients with MVI which were diagnosed through pathological confirmation. Six imaging features were selected about MVI prediction: four LI-RADS features (corona enhancement, enhancing capsule, non-rim aterial phase hyperehancement, tumor size) and two non-LI-RADS features (internal arteries, non-smooth tumor margin). The radiological feature with the best accuracy was corona enhancement followed by internal arteries and tumor size. The accuracies of the radiological model and combined model were 0.725-0.714 and 0.802-0.732 in the training set, validation set, and test set, respectively. In the LR-4/5 subgroup, a sensitivity of 100% and an NPV of 100% were obtained by the high-sensitivity threshold. A specificity of 100% and a PPV of 100% were acquired through the high specificity threshold in the LR-M subgroup. Conclusion: A combination of LI-RADS features and non-LI-RADS features and serum alpha-fetoprotein value could be applied as a preoperative biomarker for predicting MVI by the machine learning approach. Furthermore, its good performance in the subgroup by LI-RADS category may help optimize the management of HCC patients.

Genotyping and biofilm formation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and their association with virulence.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of swine respiratory disease, demonstrates differences in virulence. However, factors associated with this variation remain unknown. We herein evaluated the association between differences in virulence and genotypes as well as phenotype (i.e., biofilm formation ability). Strains 168 L, RM48, XLW-2, and J show low virulence and strains 232, 7448, 7422, 168, NJ, and LH show high virulence, as determined through animal challenge experiments, complemented with in vitro tracheal mucosa infection tests. These 10 strains with known virulence were then subjected to classification via multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with three housekeeping genes, P146-based genotyping, and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) of 13 loci. MLST and P146-based genotyping identified 168, 168 L, NJ, and RM48 as the same type and clustered them in a single branch. MLVA assigned a different sequence type to each strain. Simpson's index of diversity indicates a higher discriminatory ability for MLVA. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between genotypes and virulence. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between virulence and biofilm formation ability. The strains showing high virulence demonstrate strong biofilm formation ability, while attenuated strains show low biofilm formation ability. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between biofilm formation ability and virulence. To conclude, there was no association between virulence and our genotyping data, but virulence was found to be significantly associated with the biofilm formation ability of M. hyopneumoniae.

Th1 and Th17 mucosal immune responses elicited by nasally inoculation in mice with virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent (NADH) flavin oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase (NOX) are important virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), which are devoted to the function of adhesion, oxidative stress damage and apoptosis to host cells in our previous studies. Here, immune responses of NADH flavin oxidoreductase (NFOR) and NOX in mice and immune efficacy inoculated with intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN), intramuscular unite intranasal (IM + IN) approaches were evaluated and compared. Cellular immunity levels, systemic immune and local mucosal immune responses were investigated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Mice inoculated with NFOR and NOX by IM and IN or IM + IN could induce obvious secretion of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies (sIgA) compared to those in negative control group. IM + IN inoculation resulted in systemic and local mucosal immune responses that were strongly produced. Moreover, Mhp NFOR and NOX could activate local mucosal immune responses mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells by IN. Our finding supported the notion that IM + IN was an effective immunization route for Mhp, which lays a foundation for more effective prevention of Mhp, and provides theoretical basis for the development of new subunit vaccines of Mhp.

Commercial vaccines used in China do not protect against a novel infectious bursal disease virus variant isolated in Fujian.

BACKGROUND: Since 2018, atrophy of the bursa has been found among vaccinated chickens with high antibody titres against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in Fujian, China, suggesting poor vaccine efficacy against circulating IBDV strains. METHODS: Novel IBDV strains were isolated, and vp2 and vp1 genes were sequenced and used to carry out phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity was investigated using 21-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. In addition, the effectiveness of current commercial vaccines used in China was evaluated against the isolated novel IBDV strains. RESULTS: Six IBDV isolates were successfully obtained, which formed an independent cluster and belonged to genotype A2dB1, based on phylogenetic analysis of the vp2 and vp1 genes. The pathogenicity of the novel IBDV FJ2019-01 isolate in 21-day-old SPF chickens was characterised by severe atrophy of the bursa and a largely decreased number of lymphocytes, atrophy of the follicle and broadening of mesenchyme in the bursa 3-23 days after infection. Unfortunately, all vaccinated chickens with high antibody titres against IBDV also developed atrophy and largely decreased lymphocytes in the bursa, as in the unvaccinated birds challenged with FJ2019-01. Furthermore, high viral loads of FJ2019-01 were detected in the bursa of all vaccinated chickens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that current commercial IBDV vaccines used in China did not provide protection against novel IBDV variants.

Phenotypic characteristics and protective efficacy of an attenuated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine by aerosol administration.

With the improvement of large-scale breeding in pig farms, conventional head-by-head immunization has disadvantages with low efficiency and high cost. Considering that most pathogens leading to pulmonary diseases circulate from the respiratory mucosa, immunization through the respiratory tract route has been a highly attractive vaccine delivery strategy. In this study, to develop an effective Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) aerosol vaccine, a customized ultrasonic atomizer was developed. The aerodynamic diameter, activity, and content of the Mhp aerosol vaccine were measured. In addition, piglets were immunized with the Mhp aerosol vaccine, and the immunity of the animal challenge protection test was evaluated. At the end of nebulization, the mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of the aerosol were 2.98 ± 0.02 µm and 1.51 ± 0.02, respectively. Moreover, 10 min after nebulization, the MMAD and GSD of the aerosol were 2.76 ± 0.02 µm and 1.51 ± 0.01, respectively, which were hardly changed. Compared with theoretical value, the actual titer of aerosol vaccines presented in 50% color changing unit (CCU50) after nebulization decreased 0.6. The shape, size, and uniformity of collected aerosols are relatively stable. The proportion of Mhp in aerosol produced by vaccine stock solution and 10 times diluted vaccine solution was 76.52% and 58.82%, respectively, and the average number of Mhp in a single aerosol was 3.06 and 1.51, respectively. In addition, the aerosol vaccine antigen particles could be transported to the lower respiratory tract, a local mucosal immune response was induced in piglets. The vaccine colonized the respiratory tract and significantly decline the lung lesion index after aerosol vaccination. In conclusion, an effective aerosol vaccine against Mhp infection was developed. And this is the first effective assessment for Mhp live vaccine with aerosolization against infection in piglets.

Applications of Magnetic Particle Imaging in Biomedicine: Advancements and Prospects.

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel emerging noninvasive and radiation-free imaging modality that can quantify superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles tracers. The zero endogenous tissue background signal and short image scanning times ensure high spatial and temporal resolution of MPI. In the context of precision medicine, the advantages of MPI provide a new strategy for the integration of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this review, after a brief explanation of the simplified theory and imaging system, we focus on recent advances in the biomedical application of MPI, including vascular structure and perfusion imaging, cancer imaging, the MPI guidance of magnetic fluid hyperthermia, the visual monitoring of cell and drug treatments, and intraoperative navigation. We finally optimize MPI in terms of the system and tracers, and present future potential biomedical applications of MPI.

Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV in Field Strains and In Vitro Selected Quinolone-Resistant Mycoplasma hyorhinis Mutants.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis is ubiquitous in swine, and it is a common pathogen of swine that causes polyserositis, arthritis, and maybe pneumonia. Fluoroquinolones are effective antimicrobials used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infection. However, a decrease in fluoroquinolones susceptibility in mycoplasma was observed. The molecular mechanisms have been studied in many mycoplasma species, while the mechanism in M. hyorhinis is still unknown. This study aimed to illustrate the in vitro development of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis and unveil the resistance mechanisms in both in vitro selected mutants and field strains. Seven ciprofloxacin-sensitive M. hyorhinis isolates were chosen to induce the fluoroquinolone resistance in vitro, and the point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were characterized. The substitutions first occurred in ParC, resulting in a 2- to 8-fold increase in resistance, followed by additional mutations in GyrA and/or ParE to achieve a 32-fold increase. The mutations occurred in hot spots of QRDRs, and they were diverse and variable, including five in ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser80Tyr, Phe80Tyr, Glu84Gly, and Glu84Lys), four in GyrA (Ala83Val, Ser84Pro, Asp87Tyr, and Asp87Asn) and one in ParE (Glu470Lys). Target mutations in field strains were observed in the ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser81Pro, and Glu84Gln) of isolates with MICCIP = 2 µg/mL. This study characterized the point mutations in the QRDRs of M. hyorhinis and could be useful for the rapid detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis field isolates.

Virulence and Inoculation Route Influence the Consequences of Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection in Bama Miniature Pigs.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a widespread pathogen in pig farms worldwide. Although the majority of M. hyorhinis-colonized pigs have no apparent clinical disease, the pathogen can induce diseases such as polyserositis, arthritis, and eustachitis in some cases. To explore the mechanisms for the occurrence of these diseases, we challenged 4 groups of Bama miniature pigs with M. hyorhinis isolated from pigs without clinical symptoms (non-clinical origin [NCO] strain) or with typical clinical symptoms (clinical origin [CO] strain) and investigated the impacts of different strains and inoculation routes (intranasal [IN], intravenous [IV] + intraperitoneal [IP], and IV+IP+IN) on disease induction. Another group of pigs was set as a negative control. Pigs inoculated with the CO strain through a combined intravenous and intraperitoneal (IV+IP) route showed a significant decrease in average daily weight gain (ADWG), serious joint swelling, and lameness compared with the pigs in the negative-control group. Furthermore, this group developed moderate-to-severe pericarditis, pleuritis, peritonitis, and arthritis, as well as high levels of IgG and IgM antibodies. Pigs inoculated IV+IP with the NCO strain developed less marked clinical, pathological changes and a weaker specific antibody response compared with the pigs inoculated with the CO strain. The challenging results of the NCO strain via different routes (IV+IP, IV+IP+IN, and IN) indicated that the combined route (IV+IP) induced the most serious disease compared to the other inoculation routes. Intranasal inoculation induced a smaller decrease in ADWG without obvious polyserositis or arthritis. These data suggest that differences in both strain virulence and inoculation route affect the consequences of M. hyorhinis infection. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a widespread pathogen in pig farms worldwide. The mechanisms or conditions that lead to the occurrence of disease in M. hyorhinis-infected pigs are still unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of differences in the virulence of strain and the inoculation route on the consequences of M. hyorhinis infection.