Insights of biopolymeric blended formulations for diabetic wound healing.

Diabetic wounds (DWs) pose a significant health burden worldwide, with their management presenting numerous challenges. Biopolymeric formulations have recently gained attention as promising therapeutic approaches for diabetic wound healing. These formulations, composed of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, offer unique properties such as controlled drug release, enhanced wound closure, and reduced scarring. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and future prospects regarding the application of biopolymeric formulations for diabetic wound healing. The review begins by highlighting the underlying pathophysiology of DWs, including impaired angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and compromised extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. It further explores the key characteristics of biopolymeric materials, such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable physicochemical properties, which make them suitable for diabetic wound healing applications. The discussion further delves into the types of biopolymeric formulations utilized in the treatment of DWs. These include hydrogels, nanoparticles (NP), scaffolds, films, and dressings. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges associated with biopolymeric formulations for diabetic wound healing. In conclusion, biopolymeric formulations present a promising avenue for diabetic wound healing. Their unique properties and versatility allow for tailored approaches to address the specific challenges associated with DWs. However, further research and developments are required to optimize their therapeutic efficacy, stability, manufacturing processes, and regulatory considerations. With continued advancements in biopolymeric formulations, the future holds great promise for improving the management and outcomes of DWs.

Nanomaterials in the Wound Healing Process: New Insights and Advancements.

Wounds, which are becoming more common as a result of traumas, surgery, burns, and chronic illnesses like diabetes, remain a critical medical problem. Infectious bacteria impact the healing process, particularly if its biofilm (biological films) leads to a prolonged effect. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates in the field of wound healing due to their unique properties and versatile applications. New insights into the interactions between nanomaterials and wound microenvironments have shed light on the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. However, a significantly minimal amount of research has been carried out to see if these nanomaterials significantly promote the wound healing process. In this review, we provided an outline of the various types of nanomaterials that have been studied for healing wounds and infection prevention. Overall, the utilization of nanomaterials in wound healing holds great promise and continues to evolve, providing new opportunities for the development of effective and efficient wound care therapies.

Chitosan in Oral Drug Delivery Formulations: A Review.

Nanoformulations have become increasingly useful as drug delivery technologies in recent decades. As therapeutics, oral administration is the most common delivery method, although it is not always the most effective route because of challenges with swallowing, gastrointestinal discomfort, low solubility, and poor absorption. One of the most significant barriers that medications must overcome to exert a therapeutic effect is the impact of the first hepatic transit. Studies have shown that controlled-release systems using nanoparticles composed of biodegradable natural polymers significantly improve oral administration, which is why these materials have attracted significant attention. Chitosan possesses a wide variety of properties and functions in the pharmaceutical as well as healthcare industries. Drug encapsulation and transport within the body are two of its most important features. Moreover, chitosan can enhance drug efficacy by facilitating drug interaction with target cells. Based on its physicochemical properties, chitosan can potentially be synthesized into nanoparticles, and this review summarizes recent advances and applications of orally delivered chitosan nanoparticle interventions.

Chitosan-Based Polymer Blends for Drug Delivery Systems.

Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the adjustable release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nowadays, polymer blends are increasingly employed in drug development as they generate more promising results when compared to those of homopolymers. This review article describes the recent research efforts focusing on the utilization of chitosan blends with other polymers in an attempt to enhance the properties of chitosan. Furthermore, the various applications of chitosan blends in drug delivery are thoroughly discussed herein. The literature from the past ten years was collected using various search engines such as ScienceDirect, J-Gate, Google Scholar, PubMed, and research data were compiled according to the various novel carrier systems. Nanocarriers made from chitosan and chitosan derivatives have a positive surface charge, which allows for control of the rate, duration, and location of drug release in the body, and can increase the safety and efficacy of the delivery system. Recently developed nanocarriers using chitosan blends have been shown to be cost-effective, more efficacious, and prolonged release carriers that can be incorporated into suitable dosage forms.

Phytoconstituent-Loaded Nanofibrous Meshes as Wound Dressings: A Concise Review.

In the past, wounds were treated with natural materials, but modern wound dressings include functional elements to expedite the process of healing and to improve skin recovery. Due to their exceptional properties, nanofibrous wound dressings are now the most cutting-edge and desirable option. Similar in structure to the skin's own extracellular matrix (ECM), these dressings can promote tissue regeneration, wound fluid transportation, and air ductility for cellular proliferation and regeneration owing to their nanostructured fibrous meshes or scaffolds. Many academic search engines and databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Sciencedirect, were used to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the literature for the purposes of this investigation. Using the term "nanofibrous meshes" as a keyword, this paper focuses on the importance of phytoconstituents. This review article summarizes the most recent developments and conclusions from studies on bioactive nanofibrous wound dressings infused with medicinal plants. Several wound-healing methods, wound-dressing materials, and wound-healing components derived from medicinal plants were also discussed.

A propitious role of marine sourced polysaccharides: Drug delivery and biomedical applications.

Numerous compounds, with extensive applications in biomedical and biotechnological fields, are present in the oceans, which serve as a prime renewable source of natural substances, further promoting the development of novel medical systems and devices. Polysaccharides are present in the marine ecosystem in abundance, promoting minimal extraction costs, in addition to their solubility in extraction media, and an aqueous solvent, along with their interactions with biological compounds. Certain algae-derived polysaccharides include fucoidan, alginate, and carrageenan, while animal-derived polysaccharides comprise hyaluronan, chitosan and many others. Furthermore, these compounds can be modified to facilitate their processing into multiple shapes and sizes, as well as exhibit response dependence to external conditions like temperature and pH. All these properties have promoted the use of these biomaterials as raw materials for the development of drug delivery carrier systems (hydrogels, particles, capsules). The present review enlightens marine polysaccharides providing its sources, structures, biological properties, and its biomedical applications. In addition to this, their role as nanomaterials is also portrayed by the authors, along with the methods employed to develop them and associated biological and physicochemical properties designed to develop suitable drug delivery systems.

Natural product-based pharmacological studies for neurological disorders.

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and diseases are expected to rise sharply in the coming years, partly because of the world's aging population. Medicines for the treatment of the CNS have not been successfully made. Inadequate knowledge about the brain, pharmacokinetic and dynamic errors in preclinical studies, challenges with clinical trial design, complexity and variety of human brain illnesses, and variations in species are some potential scenarios. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifaceted and lack identifiable etiological components, and the drugs developed to treat them did not meet the requirements of those who anticipated treatments. Therefore, there is a great demand for safe and effective natural therapeutic adjuvants. For the treatment of NDDs and other memory-related problems, many herbal and natural items have been used in the Ayurvedic medical system. Anxiety, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), as well as a plethora of other neuropsychiatric disorders, may benefit from the use of plant and food-derived chemicals that have antidepressant or antiepileptic properties. We have summarized the present level of knowledge about natural products based on topological evidence, bioinformatics analysis, and translational research in this review. We have also highlighted some clinical research or investigation that will help us select natural products for the treatment of neurological conditions. In the present review, we have explored the potential efficacy of phytoconstituents against neurological diseases. Various evidence-based studies and extensive recent investigations have been included, which will help pharmacologists reduce the progression of neuronal disease.

A Comprehensive Review on Nutraceuticals: Therapy Support and Formulation Challenges.

Nutraceuticals are the nourishing components (hybrid of nutrition and pharmaceuticals) that are biologically active and possess capability for maintaining optimal health and benefits. These products play a significant role in human health care and its endurance, most importantly for the future therapeutic development. Nutraceuticals have received recognition due to their nutritional benefits along with therapeutic effects and safety profile. Nutraceuticals are globally growing in the field of services such as health care promotion, disease reduction, etc. Various drug nutraceutical interactions have also been elaborated with various examples in this review. Several patents on nutraceuticals in agricultural applications and in various diseases have been stated in the last section of review, which confirms the exponential growth of nutraceuticals' market value. Nutraceuticals have been used not only for nutrition but also as a support therapy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as to reduce side effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Diverse novel nanoformulation approaches tend to overcome challenges involved in formulation development of nutraceuticals. Prior information on various interactions with drugs may help in preventing any deleterious effects of nutraceuticals products. Nanotechnology also leads to the generation of micronized dietary products and other nutraceutical supplements with improved health benefits. In this review article, the latest key findings (clinical studies) on nutraceuticals that show the therapeutic action of nutraceutical's bioactive molecules on various diseases have also been discussed.

Assessment of Acute Oral Toxicity of Thiolated Gum Ghatti in Rats.

Various drug delivery systems were developed using a modified form of gum ghatti. Modifying gum ghatti using thioglycolic acid improves its mucoadhesive property, and hence, it is a suitable approach for the fabrication and development of controlled drug delivery systems. In accordance with regulatory guidelines, namely, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) 423 guidelines, an acute oral dose toxicity study was performed to examine the toxicological effects of gum ghattiin an animal (Wistar rat) after a single oral dose administration of pure gum ghatti and thiolated gum ghatti. Orally administered pure and thiolated gum ghatti do not reveal any considerable change in the behavioral pattern, food intake, body weight, hematology, or clinical symptoms of treated animals. Furthermore, histopathological studies showed no pathological mutations in the vital organs of Wistar rats after the oral administration of single doses of both types of gumghatti (i.e., 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg body weight). Whole blood clotting studies showed the low absorbance value of the modified gum (thiolated gum ghatti) in contrast to the pure gum and control, hence demonstrating its excellent clotting capability. The aforementioned toxicological study suggested that the oral administration of a single dose of pure and thiolated gum ghatti did not produce any toxicological effects in Wistar rats. Consequently, it could be a suitable and safe candidate for formulating various drug delivery systems.

Systemic Overview of Microstrip Patch Antenna's for Different Biomedical Applications.

Timely diagnosis is the most important parameter for the detection and hindrance with tissues (infected). Many conventional techniques are used for the determination of the chronic disease like MRI, X-ray, mammography, ultrasound and other diagnosing methods. Nevertheless, they have some limitations. We epitomize between 4 and 34 % of all carcinogenic tissues are lacking because of weak, in adequate malignant/benign cancer tissue on the contrary. So, an effective alternative method is the valid concern in the field of medical right now. Imaging with the help of patch antenna to detect chronic disease like breast cancer, oxidative stress syndrome etc. it has been proved to be a suitable potential method, and there are many works in this area. All materials have different conductivity and permittivity. With the help of these antennas, a 3D tissue structure which has different conductivity and permittivity is modelled in high-frequency structure simulator through finite element method which resolves electromagnetic field values and a microstrip patch antenna operation process. As compared with conventional antennas, micro strip patch antennas have enhanced benefits and better prospects. An integrated Antenna plays an important or crucial role for supporting many applications in biomedical, commercial and in military fields. The Antenna designed for these applications should be wideband, not sensitive to the human body. In this present review, the precise application of the Antenna in different biomedical aspects is considered. Furthermore, the author has also discussed the analytical results using simulation models and experimental results for some of the significantdisease.

Development and Evaluation of Rifampicin Loaded Alginate-Gelatin Biocomposite Microfibers.

Various systematic phases such as inflammation, tissue proliferation, and phases of remodeling characterize the process of wound healing. The natural matrix system is suggested to maintain and escalate these phases, and for that, microfibers were fabricated employing naturally occurring polymers (biopolymers) such as sodium alginate, gelatin and xanthan gum, and reinforcing material such as nanoclay was selected. The fabrication of fibers was executed with the aid of extrusion-gelation method. Rifampicin, an antibiotic, has been incorporated into a biopolymeric solution. RF1, RF2, RF3, RF4 and RF5 were coded as various formulation batches of microfibers. The microfibers were further characterized by different techniques such as SEM, DSC, XRD, and FTIR. Mechanical properties and physical evaluations such as entrapment efficiency, water uptake and in vitro release were also carried out to explain the comparative understanding of the formulation developed. The antimicrobial activity and whole blood clotting of fabricated fibers were additionally executed, hence they showed significant results, having excellent antimicrobial properties; they could be prominent carriers for wound healing applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolated Gum Ghatti as a Novel Excipient: Development of Compression-Coated Mucoadhesive Tablets of Domperidone.

Mucoadhesive polymers represent a major part of site-specific and localized retention strategies in oral drug delivery. The present research was designed to synthesize and characterize a novel mucoadhesive carbohydrate polymer (thiolated gum ghatti; TGG), which was employed to formulate mucoadhesive tablets of domperidone using an industrially viable compression coating technique. Thiolation of gum ghatti was achieved by the ester formation (esterification) between the hydroxyl group and the carboxyl group of gum ghatti and thioglycolic acid. TGG was characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DSC. In rheological studies, the observed viscosities of pure gum mucin were 45.45 and 71.75 mPa·s and those of the thiolated gum were 78.7 and 112.58 mPa·s, respectively, in water and simulated gastric fluid. A significant increase in viscosity for thiolated gum may be attributed to increased macromolecular interactions responsible for enhanced mucoadhesive potential of thiolated gum. In silico studies corroborate the role of mucin gum interaction and energetic stabilization for enhanced mucoadhesion properties of thiolated gum. Ex vivo mucoadhesion strength of gum ghatti- and TGG-coated tablets was found to be ranging between 45.77 ± 1.49 and 88.16 ± 1.75 and 115.32 ± 2.36 and 184.65 ± 2.07 mN, respectively. In an acute oral toxicity study, TGG did not show any toxicity on the vital organs of the Wistar rat and proved to be a safe polymer. TGG may be regarded as a promising polymer for developing different mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

Upcoming Drifts in Bio-similars.

BACKGROUND: Biopharmaceuticals such as biological, medicinal products have been in clinical use over the past three decades and have benefited the therapy of degenerative and critical metabolic diseases. It is forecasted that the market of biologics will be going to increase at a rate of ˃ 20% per year, and by 2025, more than 50% of new drug approvals might be biological products. The increasing utilization of the biologics necessitates cost control, especially for innovator products that have a lengthy period of exclusive usage. As the first wave of biopharmaceuticals is expired or set to expire, it has led to various opportunities for the expansion of bio-similars i.e. copied versions of original biologics with same the biological activity. Development of biosimilars is expected to promote market competition, meet worldwide demand, sustain the healthcare systems and maintain the incentives for innovation. METHODS: Appraisal of published articles from peer-reviewed journals, PubMed literature, latest news and guidelines from European Medicine Agency, US Food Drug Administration (FDA) and India were used to identify data for review. RESULTS: Main insights into the quality requirements concerning biologics, the current status of regulation of bio-similars and upcoming challenges lying for the upgrading of the marketing authorization of biosimilars have been incorporated. Compiled literature on the therapeutic status, regulatory guidelines and the emerging trends and opportunities of biosimilars has been thoroughly stated. CONCLUSION: Updates on biosimilars will support to investigate the possible impact of bio-similars on the healthcare market.

Rifampicin-Loaded Alginate-Gelatin Fibers Incorporated within Transdermal Films as a Fiber-in-Film System for Wound Healing Applications.

The various biological and molecular cascades including different stages or phases such as inflammation, tissue proliferation, and remodeling phases, which significantly define the wound healing process. The natural matrix system is suggested to increase and sustain these cascades. Biocompatible biopolymers, sodium alginate and gelatin, and a drug (Rifampicin) were used for the preparation of fibers into a physical crosslinking solution using extrusion-gelation. The formed fibers were then loaded in transdermal films for wound healing applications. Rifampicin, an antibiotic, antibacterial agent was incorporated into fibers and afterwards the fibers were loaded into transdermal films. Initially, rifampicin fibers were developed using biopolymers including alginate and gelatin, and were further loaded into polymeric matrix which led to the formation of transdermal films. The transdermal films were coded as TF1, TF2, TF3 and TF4.The characterization technique, FTIR, was used to describe molecular transitions within fibers, transdermal films, and was further corroborated using SEM and XRD. In mechanical properties, the parameters, such as tensile strength and elongation-at-break (extensibility), were found to be ranged between 2.32 ± 0.45 N/mm2 to 14.32 ± 0.98 N/mm2 and 15.2% ± 0.98% to 30.54% ± 1.08%. The morphological analysis firmed the development of fibers and fiber-loaded transdermal films. Additionally, physical evaluation such as water uptake study, water transmission rate, swelling index, moisture content, and moisture uptake study were executed to describe comparative interpretation of the formulations developed. In vivo studies were executed using a full thickness cutaneous wound healing model, the transdermal films developed showed higher degree of contraction, i.e., 98.85% ± 4.04% as compared to marketed formulation (Povidone). The fiber-in-film is a promising delivery system for loading therapeutic agents for effective wound care management.

Curcumin-loaded, alginate-gelatin composite fibers for wound healing applications.

The wound healing process is characterized by varied biological and molecular cascades including inflammation, tissue proliferation, and remodeling phase. To augment and maintain these cascades, an all-natural matrix system is proposed. Biocompatible biopolymers, sodium alginate and gelatin, were employed to prepare microfibers via extrusion-gelation into a physical crosslinking solution. Curcumin, an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and wound healing agent, was loaded into the fibers as a natural bioactive compound. Curcumin-loaded composite microfibers and blank microfibers were fabricated using biopolymers such as sodium alginate and gelatin. The formulation batches were coded as A1G9-A10G0 according to the varied concentrations of sodium alginate and gelatin. The molecular transitions within the composite microfibers were characterized using FTIR and were further corroborated using molecular mechanics analysis. In mechanical properties tensile strength and elongation-at-break (extensibility) were ranging between 1.08 ± 0.01 to 3.53 ± 0.41 N/mm2 and 3.89 ± 0.18 to 0.61 ± 0.03%. The morphological analysis confirmed the formation and fabrication of the microfibers. In addition, physical evaluation including matrix degradation and entrapment efficiency was performed to give a comparative account of various formulations. The water uptake capacity of the blank and curcumin-loaded composite fibers was found to be in the range of 30.77 ± 2.17 to 100.00 ± 5.99 and 22.34 ± 1.11 to 56.34 ± 4.68, respectively. Composite microfibers presented a cumulative release of 85% in 72 h, confirming the prolonged release potential of the composite fibers. The drug release followed an anomalous (non-Fickian) release behavior asserting the role of degradation and diffusion. In an in vivo full-thickness cutaneous wound model, the composite microfibers provided higher degree of contraction 96.89 ± 3.76% as compared to the marketed formulation (Vicco turmeric cream). In conclusion, this all-natural, alginate-gelatin-curcumin composite has the potential to be explored as a cost-effective wound healing platform.

Development of binary dispersions and nanocomposites of irbesartan with enhanced antihypertensive activity.

Introduction: Irbesartan (IBS), an angiotensin II receptor (AT1 subtype) antagonist which blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selective binding to AT1 angiotensin II receptor. It belongs to BCS class II drug (low aqueous solubility and high permeability). Improvement of dissolution characteristics of the drug by formulating is being investigated in the current study. Methods: Solid dispersions (SD) formulations were prepared by the melting fusion technique and nanocomposites (NC) were prepared by a single emulsion technique. Eight batches of SD and three batches of NC were formulated in three ratios of drug to polymer (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). The batches were evaluated for equilibrium solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission SEM (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: Solubility studies revealed maximum solubility at a 1:2 ratio of solid dispersions and a 1:1 ratio of nanocomposites. No drug-polymer interaction was observed in FTIR results. DSC, SEM, and XRD analysis revealed changes in drug crystallinity i.e. conversion to the amorphous state of drugs. Nanosize of particles in the NC1 batch was confirmed in TEM studies. Solid dispersions and nanocomposites showed significant enhancement of dissolution in comparison to that of the pure drug (100% drug release in approximately 1 hour). Conclusion: Nanocomposites proved superior carriers to solid dispersions in terms of the dissolution enhancement. Further, in vivo studies indicated that the induction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the optimized formulation (NC1) was significantly decreased in comparison to the disease control group (P <0.01) at all time intervals along with pure drug (P <0.05).

Thiolation of Biopolymers for Developing Drug Delivery Systems with Enhanced Mechanical and Mucoadhesive Properties: A Review.

Biopolymers are extensively used for developing drug delivery systems as they are easily available, economical, readily modified, nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. Thiolation is a well reported approach for enhancing mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of polymers. In the present review article, for the modification of biopolymers different thiolation methods and evaluation/characterization techniques have been discussed in detail. Reported literature on thiolated biopolymers with enhanced mechanical and mucoadhesive properties has been presented conspicuously in text as well as in tabular form. Patents filed by researchers on thiolated polymers have also been presented. In conclusion, thiolation is an easily reproducible and efficient method for customization of mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of biopolymers for drug delivery applications.

Biopolymeric, Nanopatterned, Fibrous Carriers for Wound Healing Applications.

BACKGROUND: Any sort of wound injury leads to skin integrity and further leads to wound formation. Millions of deaths are reported every year, which contributes to an economical hamper world widely, this accounts for 10% of death rate that insight into various diseases. Current Methodology: Rapid wound healing plays an important role in effective health care. Wound healing is a multi-factorial physiological process, which helps in the growth of new tissue to render the body with the imperative barrier from the external environment. The complexity of this phenomenon makes it prone to several abnormalities. Wound healing, as a normal biological inherent process occurs in the body, which is reaped through four highly defined programmed phases, such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling and these phases occur in the proper progression. An overview, types, and classification of wounds along with the stages of wound healing and various factors affecting wound healing have been discussed systematically. Various biopolymers are reported for developing nanofibers and microfibers in wound healing, which can be used as a therapeutic drug delivery for wound healing applications. Biopolymers are relevant for biomedical purposes owing to biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non- toxicity. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins and various gums are used for wound healing applications. Patents and future perspectives have been given in the concluding part of the manuscript. Overall, applications of biopolymers in the development of fibers and their applications in wound healing are gaining interest in researchers to develop modified biopolymers and tunable delivery systems for effective management and care of different types of wounds.

Preparation and characterization of biocomposite films of carrageenan/locust bean gum/montmorrillonite for transdermal delivery of curcumin.

Introduction: Skin can be used as a site for local and systemic drug administration. Diffusion of drugs through the skin has led to the development of different transdermal drug delivery systems. Curcumin is a wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent. Curcumin was incorporated into biocomposite films of carrageenan (κC)/locust bean gum (LBG)/ montmorillonite (MMT) prepared by a solvent casting method. Methods: Film-forming solutions were prepared by adding and 2.5% v/v of propylene glycol and MMT (30% w/w). The curcumin loaded polymer composite transdermal films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and extensibility were studied. Films were also evaluated for moisture content, moisture uptake, thickness, folding endurance, swelling ratio and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Results: κC and κC/L40 showed the highest percent cumulative release of 80.42±1.61% and 69.38±1.26% among all of the polymer composite transdermal films in 8 hours and 24 hours respectively. Conclusion: In vitro release profiles showed that increasing concentration of LBG and MMT sustained the release of the drug from the polymer composite transdermal films. Decreased percent cumulative release as the concentration of LBG and MMT increases in polymer composite transdermal film.

Formulation and Evaluation of Silymarin-Loaded Chitosan-Montmorilloite Microbeads for the Potential Treatment of Gastric Ulcers.

Silymarin-loaded mucoadhesive microbeads of Chitosan-MMT were developed using the ionotropic gelation technique. Characterization of the microbeads was performed by DSC, XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques. In vitro mucoadhesion and drug release studies; gastroprotective studies including the measurement of ulcerative index; the determination of gastric wall mucus; and the determination of percentage protection, biochemical, and histopathological studies were also performed. Microbeads batches were evaluated for particle size (120⁻140 µm), actual drug content, (49.36⁻58.18%) and entrapment efficiency (72.52⁻92.39%).Biochemical estimation of myeloperoxidase was found to be 0.10⁻0.75 µmoles/g/tissue. Significant reduction in the ulcerative index showed the gastroprotective effect of the formulation. Silymarin-loaded beads of Chitosan-MMT were found to exhibit good mucoadhesion and efficient release of the drug, and were found to be a promising drug carrier system for the treatment of gastric ulcers.