Association between body mass and hypotension in dogs under general anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between body mass and hypotension during general anaesthesia in dogs undergoing surgical and diagnostic procedures within a referral hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the anaesthetic records of 1789 dogs was performed. Data on signalment, anaesthetic protocol and physiological variables, including mean arterial pressure, were collected. A multivariable generalised linear model was used to identify associations between explanatory variables, including body mass, and hypotension. RESULTS: In the population studied, increasing body mass (per 10 kg) was significantly associated with decreasing odds of hypotension (odds ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval: 0.60 to 0.77). Additional variables associated with a decreased odds of hypotension were pre-anaesthetic medication with alpha-2 agonists (odds ratio 0.63; 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 0.82) and increased body temperature (per 1°C) during general anaesthesia (odds ratio 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.88). Brachycephaly (odds ratio 1.72; 95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.38), ASA physical status classification >3 (odds ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval 1.16 to 3.56), undergoing a surgical procedure (versus diagnostic) (odds ratio 1.57; 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 2.23) and bradycardia (odds ratio 1.37; 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.80) were independently associated with increased odds of hypotension. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dogs of lower body mass and brachycephalic breeds may be at higher risk of hypotension during general anaesthesia or alternatively represent subpopulations in which accurate blood pressure measurement presents a greater challenge. Monitoring blood pressure accurately in these groups requires particular attention and provisions for treating hypotension should be readily accessible.

The interacting brain: Dynamic functional connectivity among canonical brain networks dissociates cooperative from competitive social interactions.

We spend much our lives interacting with others in various social contexts. Although we deal with this myriad of interpersonal exchanges with apparent ease, each one relies upon a broad array of sophisticated cognitive processes. Recent research suggests that the cognitive operations supporting interactive behaviour are themselves underpinned by several canonical functional brain networks (CFNs) that integrate dynamically with one another in response to changing situational demands. Dynamic integrations among these CFNs should therefore play a pivotal role in coordinating interpersonal behaviour. Further, different types of interaction should present different demands on cognitive systems, thereby eliciting distinct patterns of dynamism among these CFNs. To investigate this, the present study performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on 30 individuals while they interacted with one another cooperatively or competitively. By applying a novel combination of analytical techniques to these brain imaging data, we identify six states of dynamic functional connectivity characterised by distinct patterns of integration and segregation among specific CFNs that differ systematically between these opposing types of interaction. Moreover, applying these same states to fMRI data acquired from an independent sample engaged in the same kinds of interaction, we were able to classify interpersonal exchanges as cooperative or competitive. These results provide the first direct evidence for the systematic involvement of CFNs during social interactions, which should guide neurocognitive models of interactive behaviour and investigations into biomarkers for the interpersonal dysfunction characterizing many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Precision worm control in grazing lambs by targeting group treatment based on performance of sentinels.

Given the economic impact of gastrointestinal nematode infection on livestock farming worldwide, and increasing anthelmintic resistance, it is imperative to develop practical, efficient and sustainable control strategies. Targeted selective treatment (TST), whereby anthelmintic treatments are administered to animals individually, based on selection criteria such as weight gain, has been shown to successfully maintain animal productivity whilst reducing the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance and the economic cost of treatment in experimental and commercial settings. Despite the benefits of the TST approach, the equipment and time required to monitor animals individually make this strategy unsuitable for some farming enterprises. The sentinel group approach aims to maintain the benefits observed using TST whilst reducing these requirements. The study involved two experiments, each following a group of 80 lambs through their first grazing season. Anthelmintic treatment of the whole group was determined by monitoring the weight gain of identified sentinel lambs within it every 2 weeks: when 40% of the sentinel lambs failed to reach their weight gain targets, the whole group was treated. The sentinel lambs consisted of 45% of the group (n = 36) in experiment one and 20% (n = 16) in experiment two. A control group of 20 lambs was co-grazed with the main group during both experiments; in experiment one, the sentinel approach was compared with a TST approach, in which control lambs were treated on an individual basis in response to weight gain. In experiment two, the sentinel approach was compared with conventional prophylaxis, where all lambs in the control group were treated at strategic time points throughout the season (= strategic prophylactic treatment). The sentinel lambs were found to be representative of overall group performance regardless of the proportion of sentinels within the group: they recorded similar growth rates and reached weight gain targets simultaneously at each time point and overall. Live-weight gain was also similar between sentinel and control animals in both experiments. The findings of the current study suggest that monitoring sentinel lambs comprising 20% of a group of grazing lambs is sufficient to determine the need for anthelmintic treatment within the whole group, and that this approach maintains production in line with conventional or TST treatment regimes.

You took the words right out of my mouth: Dual-fMRI reveals intra- and inter-personal neural processes supporting verbal interaction.

Verbal communication relies heavily upon mutual understanding, or common ground. Inferring the intentional states of our interaction partners is crucial in achieving this, and social neuroscience has begun elucidating the intra- and inter-personal neural processes supporting such inferences. Typically, however, neuroscientific paradigms lack the reciprocal to-and-fro characteristic of social communication, offering little insight into the way these processes operate online during real-world interaction. In the present study, we overcame this by developing a "hyperscanning" paradigm in which pairs of interactants could communicate verbally with one another in a joint-action task whilst both undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging simultaneously. Successful performance on this task required both interlocutors to predict their partner's upcoming utterance in order to converge on the same word as each other over recursive exchanges, based only on one another's prior verbal expressions. By applying various levels of analysis to behavioural and neuroimaging data acquired from 20 dyads, three principal findings emerged: First, interlocutors converged frequently within the same semantic space, suggesting that mutual understanding had been established. Second, assessing the brain responses of each interlocutor as they planned their upcoming utterances on the basis of their co-player's previous word revealed the engagement of the temporo-parietal junctional (TPJ), precuneus and dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex. Moreover, responses in the precuneus were modulated positively by the degree of semantic convergence achieved on each round. Second, effective connectivity among these regions indicates the crucial role of the right TPJ in this process, consistent with the Nexus model. Third, neural signals within certain nodes of this network became aligned between interacting interlocutors. We suggest this reflects an interpersonal neural process through which interactants infer and align to one another's intentional states whilst they establish a common ground.

The behavior of dairy cattle in the transition period: Effects of blood calcium status.

The aim of this study was to use an automated behavior-monitoring system to objectively assess the association between lying and activity behavior in the precalving, calving, and postcalving periods between multiparous and primiparous cows with (1) normocalcemia, (2) subclinical hypocalcemia, or (3) clinical hypocalcemia at calving. Behavioral data and blood serum samples were collected from 51 multiparous and 21 primiparous Holstein dairy cattle. Blood samples from the coccygeal vein were taken within 24 h of calving, and serum was analyzed to measure total calcium concentration. Cows were classified into one of 3 categories: normocalcemia (serum calcium concentration ≥ 2.0 mmol/L), subclinical hypocalcemia (serum calcium concentration < 2.0 mmol/L, absence of clinical signs), and clinical hypocalcemia (clinical signs and successful treatment). An activity sensor was fitted to the right hind leg of cows 3 wk before their expected calving date. Data for lying time, standing time, number of steps, and the total number of standing and lying bouts (postural transitions) were automatically collected and summed into 15-min blocks. Behavioral variables were summarized into 2-h and 24-h periods before analyses. Mixed effect models were used to analyze cow behavior in the entire 14 d before calving (d -14 to -1), on the day of calving, and the entire 21 d postcalving (d 1 to 21). In the precalving period, multiparous cows with normocalcemia had fewer postural transitions (18.5 ± 6.9 no./d) compared with cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (23.5 ± 8.0 no./d) and clinical hypocalcemia (23.5 ± 8.6 no./d). However, there was no association between blood calcium status on lying time (min/d) or step count (no./d) for multiparous cows. For primiparous cows, the step count of cows with subclinical hypocalcemia remained constant across the period, and the step count of cows with normocalcemia decreased from 842.8 steps/d on d -14 to 427.5 steps/d on d -1. Postpartum cows with clinical hypocalcemia were less active (fewer steps) and spent 88 min/d (1.5 h) and 125 min/d (2.1 h) more time lying down compared with cows with subclinical hypocalcemia and normocalcemia, respectively. This shows that clinical hypocalcemia is associated with significant long-lasting behavioral effects on cows during the critical postpartum period.

GLOWORM-PARA: a flexible framework to simulate the population dynamics of the parasitic phase of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting grazing livestock.

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a significant threat to the economic and environmental sustainability of keeping livestock, as adequate control becomes increasingly difficult due to the development of anthelmintic resistance in some systems and climate-driven changes to infection dynamics. To mitigate any negative impacts of climate on gastrointestinal nematode epidemiology and slow anthelmintic resistance development, there is a need to develop effective, targeted control strategies that minimise the unnecessary use of anthelmintic drugs and incorporate alternative strategies such as vaccination and evasive grazing. However, the impacts climate and gastrointestinal nematode epidemiology may have on the optimal control strategy are generally not considered, due to lack of available evidence to drive recommendations. Parasite transmission models can support control strategy evaluation to target field trials, thus reducing the resources and lead-time required to develop evidence-based control recommendations incorporating climate stochasticity. Gastrointestinal nematode population dynamics arising from natural infections have been difficult to replicate and model applications have often focussed on the free-living stages. A flexible framework is presented for the parasitic phase of gastrointestinal nematodes, GLOWORM-PARA, which complements an existing model of the free-living stages, GLOWORM-FL. Longitudinal parasitological data for two species that are of major economic importance in cattle, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, were obtained from seven cattle farms in Belgium for model validation. The framework replicated the observed seasonal dynamics of infection in cattle on these farms and overall, there was no evidence of systematic under- or over-prediction of faecal egg counts. However, the model under-predicted the faecal egg counts observed on one farm with very young calves, highlighting potential areas of uncertainty that may need further investigation if the model is to be applied to young livestock. The model could be used to drive further research into alternative parasite control strategies such as vaccine development and novel treatment approaches, and to understand gastrointestinal nematode epidemiology under changing climate and host management.

You ≠ me: individual differences in the structure of social cognition.

This study investigated the structure of social cognition, and how it is influenced by personality; specifically, how various socio-cognitive capabilities, and the pattern of inter-relationships and co-dependencies among them differ between divergent personality styles. To measure social cognition, a large non-clinical sample (n = 290) undertook an extensive battery of self-report and performance-based measures of visual perspective taking, imitative tendencies, affective empathy, interoceptive accuracy, emotion regulation, and state affectivity. These same individuals then completed the Personality Styles and Disorders Inventory. Latent Profile Analysis revealed two dissociable personality profiles that exhibited contrasting cognitive and affective dispositions, and multivariate analyses indicated further that these profiles differed on measures of social cognition; individuals characterised by a flexible and adaptive personality profile expressed higher action orientation (emotion regulation) compared to those showing more inflexible tendencies, along with better visual perspective taking, superior interoceptive accuracy, less imitative tendencies, and lower personal distress and negativity. These characteristics point towards more efficient self-other distinction, and to higher cognitive control more generally. Moreover, low-level cognitive mechanisms served to mediate other higher level socio-emotional capabilities. Together, these findings elucidate the cognitive and affective underpinnings of individual differences in social behaviour, providing a data-driven model that should guide future research in this area.

The behavior of dairy cattle in late gestation: Effects of parity and dystocia.

The aim of this study was to objectively assess, using an automated behavioral monitoring system, any behavioral differences between primiparous and multiparous cows before calving, and to quantify any behavioral differences between assisted (dystocic) and unassisted (eutocic) calvings. Data were collected from 32 multiparous and 12 primiparous Holstein dairy cattle to describe normal calving behavior and parity differences. To quantify behavior related to calving difficulty, the data from 14 animals that had dystocia at calving were matched to cows that had an eutocic calving based on parity, locomotion score, calf breed, calf sex, month, and year of calving. An IceQube (IceRobotics Ltd., South Queensferry, United Kingdom) was fitted to the right hind leg of cows 4 wk before their expected calving date. Data for lying time, standing time, number of steps, motion index (total motion), and the total number of standing and lying bouts (postural transitions) were automatically collected and summed into 15-min blocks. Behavioral variables were summarized into 2-h periods and 24-h periods before analyses. Mixed-effect models were used to analyze cow behavior in the last 4 d before calving (d -4 to -1), and on the day of calving. In the 4 d before calving, compared with multiparous cows, primiparous cows lay down an average 2.8 h/d less, had 9.1 more postural transitions/d (37.7 ± 1.2 vs. 27.6 ± 0.7), walked 172 more steps/d, and had a higher motion index (2,673.2 vs. 1,981.5 units/d). There was an effect of 2-h period on all behavioral variables on the day of calving. No indicator of calving difficulty was found on the day of calving, nor the days leading up to calving. These findings suggest that parity should be considered when predicting the day of calving, and changes in cow behavior on the day of calving could be used to identify calving cows, and to predict the time of calving.

Race-day performance of horses with epiglottic entrapment, and following surgical correction using intra-oral curved bistoury hook in anaesthetised horses.

Epiglottic entrapment is a condition in racing horses, associated with abnormal respiratory noises and exercise intolerance. Epiglottic entrapment has been linked to both poor and superior athletic performance, leading to concerns regarding whether surgery is indicated, and whether surgical correction may have a deleterious effect on future race performance. The objective of the current study was to assess the race-day performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment and the effect of surgical correction on performance outcomes using an intra-oral technique in anaesthetised horses. A case-control study was conducted at the Singapore Turf Club from 2008 to 2011. Controls were selected 1:1 to cases, based on Malaysian Racing Authority number. The performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment was recorded and post-surgery race performance was described. Further, post-surgery race performance was compared between cases and with non-case controls. Twenty horses raced with epiglottic entrapment were retrospectively enrolled. There was a significant difference in racing performance in case horses racing with and without epiglottic entrapment (P < 0.001). Fourteen horses finished in the top three post-surgery, compared to one horse finishing in the top three when running with epiglottic entrapment present. There was no significant difference between the performance of case horses (n = 33) post-surgery and controls (number of wins P = 0.20; and places P = 0.62). The intra-oral release of epiglottic entrapment is a suitable technique to resolve epiglottic entrapment. This study may assist veterinarians advising clients in the decision-making process when epiglottic entrapment is diagnosed in a racehorse.

Risk factors associated with excessive negative energy balance in commercial United Kingdom dairy herds.

This study assessed risk factors associated with excessive negative energy balance (eNEB) in UK dairy cows between April 2006 and March 2015. Blood samples were analysed for ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. Following removal of all potential duplicate cows, a final dataset of 69,161 unique individual cows was obtained including biochemical results, individual cow and feed data. Generalised linear mixed-effect models and multivariable classification tree-based models showed that individual cow risk factors for eNEB included: (1) days relative to predicted calving date (dry cows); (2) days in milk (lactating cows); (3) body condition score (BCS; lactating cows ≥ BCS 4; OR 2.1); (4) milk yield (around 40 L per day); (5) parity (first lactation heifers; odds ratio [OR] 0.46 compared to older cows during lactation); and (6) chronic inflammatory conditions as assessed by globulin concentrations ≥ 50 g/L (OR 0.79 for cows with evidence of chronic inflammation). There was a higher prevalence during April to October (OR 1.19), and the lowest prevalence was in November. Feeding grass silage and wholecrop (silage made from cereal crops) to dry cows was associated with a reduced prevalence of eNEB, whereas access to grazed grass was associated with a higher prevalence in both the dry period (OR 1.32) and lactation (OR 1.33). Knowledge of the risk factors associated with eNEB in commercial dairy herds assists in both the implementation of herd monitoring programs and reduction of eNEB in dairy herds, with associated reductions in the risk of periparturient diseases and improved dairy cow performance.

Prevalence of excessive negative energy balance in commercial United Kingdom dairy herds.

The objectives of this study were to determine the individual animal and herd level prevalence of excessive negative energy balance (eNEB) in commercial UK dairy herds. Between April 2006 and March 2015, blood samples from 84,369 individual cows from 1748 different UK farms were received by a commercial laboratory service specializing in dairy cow nutritional monitoring. Following removal of all potential duplicate cows, the final dataset comprised 69,161 unique individual cows. The prevalence of eNEB was determined using plasma thresholds of ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. Overall prevalence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in the first 20 days of lactation was 28.5%, 17.3% and 11.7% using BHB thresholds of 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 mmol/L respectively. Prevalence of NEFA values ≥0.5 mmol/L in the last 10 days prior to calving was 26.0%, and 40.3% of cows had NEFA values ≥0.7 mmol/L in the first 20 days in milk (DIM). Combining BHB, NEFA and glucose showed that 52.0% of cows had one or more of the three biochemical measures of energy balance outside the respective threshold value in the last 10 days pre-calving, and 75.2% of cows showed a similar biochemical pattern in the first 20 DIM. The median herd prevalence of elevated BHB and/or NEFA was 37.5% in late pregnancy and 59.8% in the first 20 DIM, with substantial herd variation. Using multiple measures for the assessment of energy balance, this study has shown that eNEB affects substantial numbers of UK dairy cows.

Immunohistochemical differentiation of reactive from malignant mesothelium as a diagnostic aid in canine pericardial disease.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a provisional immunohistochemistry panel for distinguishing reactive pericardium, atypical mesothelial proliferation and mesothelioma in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archived pericardial biopsies were subject to haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin, vimentin, insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3, glucose transporter 1 and desmin. Samples were scored for intensity and number of cells stained. RESULTS: Ten biopsies of reactive mesothelium, 17 of atypical mesothelial proliferation, 26 of mesothelioma and five of normal pericardium were identified on the basis of haematoxylin and eosin staining. Cytokeratin and vimentin were expressed in all biopsies, confirming mesothelial origin. Normal pericardial samples had the lowest scores for insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3, glucose transporter 1 and desmin. Mesothelioma and atypical proliferative samples were similar to each other, with higher scores for insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 and glucose transporter 1 than the reactive samples. Desmin staining was variable. Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 was the best to distinguish between disease groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: An immunohistochemistry panel of cytokeratin, vimentin, insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 and glucose transporter 1 could provide superior information compared with haematoxylin and eosin staining alone in the diagnosis of cases of mesothelial proliferation in canine pericardium, but further validation is warranted.

A 100 kHz Pulse Shaping 2D-IR Spectrometer Based on Dual Yb:KGW Amplifiers.

A high-speed, high-sensitivity and compact two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectrometer based on 100 kHz Yb:KGW regenerative amplifier technology is described and demonstrated. The setup is three color, using an independent pump OPA and two separately tunable probe OPAs. The spectrometer uses 100 kHz acousto-optic pulse shaping on the pump beam for rapid 2D-IR acquisitions. The shot-to-shot stability of the laser system yields excellent signal-to-noise figures (∼10 µOD noise on 5000 laser shots). We show that the reduced bandwidth of the Yb:KGW amplifiers in comparison with conventional Ti:sapphire systems does not compromise the ability of the setup to generate high-quality 2D-IR data. Instrument responses of <300 fs are demonstrated and 2D-IR data presented for several systems of interest to physical chemists, showing spectral diffusion in NaSCN, amide I and II bands of a ß sheet protein and DNA base-pair-backbone couplings. Overall, the increased data acquisition speed, intrinsic stability, and robustness of the Yb:KGW lasers are a significant step forward for 2D-IR spectroscopy.

Poincaré plots as a measure of heart rate variability in healthy dogs.

INTRODUCTION: Poincaré plots remain largely unused for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in dogs. The aims of this study were to describe, qualitatively and quantitatively, Poincaré plots in healthy dogs, to compare them with other methods of HRV analysis, to assess their day-to-day variability and to investigate the effect of activity on the plots. ANIMALS: Twenty-five healthy dogs. METHODS: Poincaré plots, their standard descriptors, and other measures of HRV were generated from 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings and 6 hours of rest and activity. RESULTS: The 24-hour Poincaré plot demonstrated a 'Y' pattern. The arms of the 'Y' were derived mostly from periods of rest and activity populated the stalk. The quantitative descriptors of the plot had strong correlations in the time-domain, with weaker correlations in the frequency-domain. Individuals showed low day-to-day variability of the plot pattern and of the standard deviation of points along the major axis of the plot (SD2), which measures overall HRV. Day-to-day variability was higher for the standard deviation of points perpendicular to the major axis of the plot (SD1), which is a measure of short-term HRV, and for the SD1/SD2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-four-hour Poincaré plots in healthy dogs show a 'Y' pattern with subtle variations unique to the individual. The amount of activity and rest within the recording has a significant effect on the plot. Quantitative analysis of the plot can be used as a surrogate for time-domain analysis of HRV but visual analysis of the pattern provides additional information.

Effect of yeast supplementation on performance, rumination time, and rumen pH of dairy cows in commercial farm environments.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation (Vistacell MUCL 39855, AB Vista, Marlborough, UK) on performance, rumination time, and rumen pH on dairy cows in commercial farm environments. Three trials were carried out, the trials lasted 12 (trial 1), 15 (trial 2), and 19 wk (trial 3). In each trial, 14 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were allocated to 2 groups that received (trial 1) a standard diet plus yeast, (trial 2) an acidogenic diet plus yeast, and (trial 3) grazing pasture plus yeast. Milk production, milk chemical characteristics, body weight and body condition score, rumination time, and rumen pH were monitored for each group throughout the 3 trials. No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the 3 trials for any of the recorded variables. In contrast, an effect of time (period or days in milk) on rumen pH was observed in all 3 of the trials, as time spent under the acidotic thresholds increased across the experimental periods; however the differences were not associated with live yeast supplementation. No effect of live yeast supplementation was observed in any of the 3 trials reported. Further research should include studies on animals at different stages of lactation (with emphasis on transition period and early lactation), consuming more challenging diets (higher level of inclusion of concentrates or starch), or under different environments such as grazing of succulent forages. Such studies might be required to elucidate any possible effect of live yeast supplementation of dairy cows when the rumen environment is under challenge.

Decision-tree analysis of clinical data to aid diagnostic reasoning for equine laminitis: a cross-sectional study.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of selected clinical signs in laminitis cases and non-laminitic but lame controls to evaluate their capability to discriminate laminitis from other causes of lameness. Participating veterinary practitioners completed a checklist of laminitis-associated clinical signs identified by literature review. Cases were defined as horses/ponies with veterinary-diagnosed, clinically apparent laminitis; controls were horses/ponies with any lameness other than laminitis. Associations were tested by logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals, with veterinary practice as an a priori fixed effect. Multivariable analysis using graphical classification tree-based statistical models linked laminitis prevalence with specific combinations of clinical signs. Data were collected for 588 cases and 201 controls. Five clinical signs had a difference in prevalence of greater than +50 per cent: 'reluctance to walk' (OR 4.4), 'short, stilted gait at walk' (OR 9.4), 'difficulty turning' (OR 16.9), 'shifting weight' (OR 17.7) and 'increased digital pulse' (OR 13.2) (all P<0.001). 'Bilateral forelimb lameness' was the best discriminator; 92 per cent of animals with this clinical sign had laminitis (OR 40.5, P<0.001). If, in addition, horses/ponies had an 'increased digital pulse', 99 per cent were identified as laminitis. 'Presence of a flat/convex sole' also significantly enhanced clinical diagnosis discrimination (OR 15.5, P<0.001). This is the first epidemiological laminitis study to use decision-tree analysis, providing the first evidence base for evaluating clinical signs to differentially diagnose laminitis from other causes of lameness. Improved evaluation of the clinical signs displayed by laminitic animals examined by first-opinion practitioners will lead to equine welfare improvements.

Equine grass sickness in Scotland: A case-control study of environmental geochemical risk factors.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: We hypothesised that the apparent geographical distribution of equine grass sickness (EGS) is partly attributable to suboptimal levels of soil macro- and trace elements in fields where EGS occurs. If proven, altering levels of particular elements could be used to reduce the risk of EGS. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the geographical distribution of EGS cases in eastern Scotland is associated with the presence or absence of particular environmental chemical elements. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective time-matched case-control study. METHODS: This study used data for 455 geo-referenced EGS cases and 910 time-matched controls in eastern Scotland, and geo-referenced environmental geochemical data from the British Geological Survey Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment stream sediment (G-BASE) and the James Hutton Institute, National Soil Inventory of Scotland (NSIS) datasets. RESULTS: Multivariable statistical analyses identified clusters of three main elements associated with cases from (i) the G-BASE dataset - higher environmental Ti and lower Zn, and (ii) the NSIS dataset - higher environmental Ti and lower Cr. There was also some evidence from univariable analyses for lower Al, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb and higher Ca, K, Mo, Na and Se environmental concentrations being associated with a case. Results were complicated by a high degree of correlation between most geochemical elements. CONCLUSIONS: The work presented here would appear to reflect soil- not horse-level risk factors for EGS, but due to the complexity of the correlations between elements, further work is required to determine whether these associations reflect causality, and consequently whether interventions to alter concentrations of particular elements in soil, or in grazing horses, could potentially reduce the risk of EGS. The effect of chemical elements on the growth of those soil microorganisms implicated in EGS aetiology also warrants further study.

Influence of age and body mass on the response of adolescent male pigs to anaesthesia.

Age and body mass affect a human's response to drugs, including anaesthetics. In pigs, such effects, if they occur, are likely to be pronounced: commercial breeds have been selected for rapid growth, meaning rapid body composition and mass change with age. Thirty-six male pigs were anaesthetised for CT scanning on three occasions (S1-3) when aged 105, 137 and 166 days and when mean (±sd) masses were 57.2±4.4, 88.4±6.2 and 114.7±7.6 kg, respectively. Medetomidine (5 µg/kg), azaperone (1 mg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg) were combined and injected intramuscularly. The times when pigs became recumbent (R1) and remained so (RP) were recorded. If venous cannulation was not possible five minutes after recumbency, 2-3 per cent isoflurane in a 1:2 O2/N2O mixture was delivered by mask until cannulation was possible and then discontinued. If anaesthetic depth was inadequate for CT scanning, a full dose (midazolam 0.25 mg/kg, ketamine 2 mg/kg) or half dose of induction agents was administered intravenously. During recovery from anaesthesia, the times at first movement (M1), first standing attempt (S1) and successful sustained standing (SP) were recorded. The relationship between mass and time (minutes) from injection to each end point was assessed using regression analysis and linear mixed-effect models (LMEM); LMEM were used to assess isoflurane and intravenous anaesthetic effects. Analysis using LMEM showed no significant relationships between mass and the times from injection to the five end points. Isoflurane reduced the time to M1, S1 and SP (P<0.037); intravenous agents had no effect on S1 or SP (P>0.585) but increased the time from injection to M1 (P<0.001). In conclusion, age and mass do not influence the response of commercially bred pigs to the intravenous anaesthetic combination described.

Impact of diet on incisor growth and attrition and the development of dental disease in pet rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of four rabbit diets (hay only; extruded diet with hay; muesli with hay; muesli only) on length and curvature of cheek teeth and eruption and attrition rates of incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two Dutch rabbits, randomly divided into four diet groups, had length and saggital plane curvature of the first cheek teeth measured radiographically at 1, 9 and 17 months. Eruption/attrition of the left upper incisor was directly measured at weeks 30, 32 and 35. RESULTS: Eruption rates matched attrition rates in all groups, but were higher in the hay only group than in both groups fed muesli. By month 9, a greater degree of tooth curvature was present in rabbits fed muesli only than in those fed hay only and extruded diet with hay. After 17 months, rabbits fed muesli only and muesli with hay had longer lower first cheek teeth and larger interdental spaces between the first two molars than rabbits fed extruded diet and hay and hay only. Three rabbits fed muesli only developed evidence of dental disease. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Presence of increased tooth length, curvature and interdental spaces indicated early dental pathology in rabbits fed muesli. Muesli diets cannot be recommended for pet rabbits.