[The value of monitoring of qualitative content of onco-antigens in serum in diagnostics of malignant tumors].

The results of monitoring of qualitative content of 8 onco-antigens (CK, CA-242, CA-19-9, CA-125, REA, AFP, SCC, NSE) in serum of 414 patients are presented. The examination of 62 patients with tumors of different localization was carried our in dynamics before and after treatment. The monitoring of concentration of onco-antigens in serum permitted to apply early diagnostics of malignant process to 9 out of 28 patients with unclear clinical symptomatic. The technique informativeness is demonstrated in pre-clinical diagnostic and prognosis of course of oncological diseases. The possibility of transitory increase of concentration of certain onco-antigens under non-oncologic diseases returning to normal values after application of corresponding pharmaceutical treatment is revealed. The broader implementation of this technique into practice of public health is recommended.

[Modern approach to pathogenetic therapy of the oral mucosa lichen].

Study of humoral immunity, morphofunctional status of cell factors of immunologic reactivity (T-lymphocytes, neutrophils) and intestinal microecology allowed design of comprehensive pathogenetic therapy of oral lichen.

New data on the effect of helicobacter pylori on oxygen metabolism in human neutrophils.

A new phenomenon is discovered: Helicobacter pylori suppressed production of superoxide radical by neutrophils, while intracellular production of oxygen radicals is considerably activated. This phenomenon seems to play an important role in Helicobacter modulation of the inflammatory process in the stomach and persistence of the bacterium in the inflammatory focus.

[Effect of lysozyme on the growth of murine lymphoma and antineoplastic activity of cyclophosphamide]. / Vliianie lizotsima na rost myshinoi limfomy i protivoopukholevuiu aktivnost' tsiklofosfamida.

It was shown that hen egg-white lysozyme (LM) in the dose 100 mg/kg under the daily intragastral use slightly inhibited tumor grown or did not influence significantly upon it and did not change antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide. When used at mice C57Bl/6J with the transplanted ascitic or solid T-cell lymphoma EL4 (syngeneic system). On model of the same tumors in ascitic form at mice-hybrids (C57Bl/6J x DBA2)F1 (semisingeneic system) LM significantly potentiates antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide, though it had no effect on the rate of tumor growth. Potentiation of the effect of cyclophosphamide revealed itself in more slow development of ascite, increased mean life-span and the overall survival, appearance of completely cured animals. Our clinic-laboratory studies have revealed a sharp deficit of endogenic lysozyme in the blood serum of leukemic patients and extremely low lysozyme content in lavage liquid, from leukemic patients, with pneumonia. These data suggest that LM can be useful as a food additive in the complex treatment of oncological patients for enhancing antineoplastic chemotherapy efficacy.

[Certain biochemical features of leukocytes in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia]. / Nekotorye biokhimicheskie osobennosti leikotsitov pri blastnom krize khronicheskogo mieloleikoza.

The content of nuclear high mobility group (HMG) proteins, activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and also glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and composition were studied in leukocytes of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the phase of blast crisis (BC CML). Myeloid and lymphoid cytochemical variants of BC CML differ by biochemical parameters. It is suggested, that the content of HMG-proteins, activities of ODC and PNP, and electrophoretic patterns of GAGs could be used in diagnostics of two main variants of BC CML.

[Activation of kallikrein-kinin system, degranulating activity of neutrophils and blood-brain barrier in schizophrenia]. / Aktivatsiia kallikrein-kininovoi sistemy, degranuliatsionnaia aktivnost' neitrofilov i gematoéntsefalicheskii bar'er pri shizofrenii.

To evaluate permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) some immunological and biochemical indices were used. The levels of the activity of serum kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), compliment system, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, blood inhibitory potential, metabolic and degranulating activities of neutrophils, as well as functional activity of leukocytic elastase were investigated in 30 patients. Acute schizophrenic attack was accompanied by both activation of KKS and by the increase of functional activity of alfa-1-proteinase inhibitor. The increase of CRP levels, high hemolytic activity of complement as well as considerable degranulating activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes may be the causes of the damage of BBB permeability during acute schizophrenic attack.

[Effectiveness of various chemotherapy regimens for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis]. / Effektivnost' razlichnykh programm polikhimioterapii pri lechenii bol'nykh khronicheskim mieloleikozom v faze blastnogo kriza.

The evidence on the treatment of 146 cases of blastic (myeloid-101, lymphoblastic-45) crisis (BC) have been analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of different schemes of polychemotherapy (PCT) administered for blastic crisis myeloid leukemia (CML). The study of the 7 + 3, 7 + 3 + B. RP, VRP, RAP, VAP, CROMP. COP + Rub schemes as well as large doses of cytosar showed the 7 + 3 and RAP to be the most effective for myeloid BC and COP + Rub and VAP-for lymphoblastic one. Complete clinico-hematologic remission was 55 and 56%, respectively, in myeloid BC and 50 and 57%, respectively, in lymphoblastic BC. Relatively lower antitumor effect was recorded for the CROMP and RP in myeloid and the VRP in lymphoblastic crisis. Actuarial survival was assessed both for the entire CML group and each type of crisis and PCT scheme, and it was shown that more cases of lymphoblastic BC survived while fewer of them survive 3-5 years. However, 6-year survival rates were identical in both groups. Survival in the 7 + 3 group appeared to be higher than that in the VRP group suffering from lymphoblastic. BC. To summarize, the 7 + 3 and RAP schemes proved the most effective treatment for myeloid BC, while the COP + Rub and VAP for lymphoblastic BC.

[Is the cytogenetic verification of chronic myeloleukemia always obligatory?]. / Vsegda li obiazatel'na tsitogeneticheskaia verifikatsiia khronicheskogo mieloleikoza?

To elucidate feasibility of accurate diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) without cytogenetic and molecular-genetic investigations as well as to specify CML diagnostic criteria, clinicohematological parameters were compared in two groups of patients: with Ph'-chromosome and/or rearrangement of fragment bcr (group 1), with unknown karyotype in whom detection of bcr fragment rearrangement was not made. Clinicohematological parameters in both groups were close in absolute value and underwent parallel changes in the course of leukemia progression. In group 1, patients in progressive and blastic phase compared to patients in chronic phase had a 14-fold increase in the number of additional cytogenetic anomalies. In patients with tumor transformation fragment bcr underwent rearrangement according to type B2A2. Thus, the diagnosis of typical CML variants is feasible without detection of Ph'-chromosome and/or rearrangement of bcr fragment. It is especially true and essential for patients in the chronic phase. The data obtained provide more accurate diagnostic criteria of CML.

[Experience with the use of reaferon (alfa 2-interferon) for treating patients with chronic myeloleukemia]. / Opyt primeneniia reaferona (al'fa 2-interferona) dlia lecheniia bol'nykh khronicheskim mieloleikozom.

The effectiveness of domestic alpha 2-interferon preparation reaferon was studied in vivo and in vitro for eradication of pathological hemopoietic clone in chronic myeloid leukemia. Reaferon administration for 1-30 months produced cytogenetic remission in 7%, hematological remission in 21%, partial hematological remission in 36% of the patients. Reaferon is indicated in chronic myeloid leukemia without splenomegaly. In the disease progression reaferon is uneffective. Mechanism of reaferon therapeutic action comprises three components: a direct antiproliferative effect on hemopoietic precursor cells, activation of cellular immunity, an effect on stem cell microenvironment.

[Thymidine kinase activity in leukocytes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia at various periods in the disease]. / Aktivnost' timidinkinazy v leikotsitakh bol'nykh khronicheskim mieloleikozom v razlichnye periody zabolevaniia.

The level of thymidine kinase activity in the premature leukocytes of patients with chronic myeloleukemia during the stable phase was shown to serve as a measure of the disease development. Considerable variations in thymidine kinase activity in blast cells in myeloid and lymphoid blast crises demonstrated that analysis of the enzyme activity might be used in the biochemical diagnosis of blast crisis in chronic myeloleukemia simultaneously with the enzymes of purine metabolism--ADA and PNP. During cell differentiation, the activity of thymidine kinase was decreased and in the myeloid cells the enzymatic activity was much higher of that in lymphoid cells as shown by investigations using blast cells of patients with blast crisis in chronic myeloleukemia, cells K-562, thymocytes, spleen and peripheric blood lymphocytes. Isozyme thymidine kinase I was mainly responsible for the rate of enzymatic activity in premature leukocytes of patients with chronic myeloleukemia regardless of the disease stage.

[The chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy of opportunistic infections]. / Khimioprofilaktika i khimioterapiia opportunisticheskikh infektsii.

Actual problems of organization and performance of chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy of surgical opportunistic infections are discussed with an account of the main principles of and new approaches to the use of antibacterial drugs. The analysis of the authors' observations showed that the pre- and postoperative use of parenteral antibacterial drugs such as cephalosporins (cefazolin and ceftriaxone) and their combinations with aminoglycosides, the simultaneous use of beta-lactams and lysozyme, the local application of new ointments based on polyethylenglycol, foaming agents and gentacycol were prophylactically efficient in patients with high risk of surgical infections. Endolymphatic administration of gentamicin and cefotaxime was highly efficient in the treatment and prophylaxis of severe surgical infections with lymphogenous dissemination of the pathogen or its risk. In the prophylaxis of endogenous infections special attention should be paid to the suppression of the opportunistic intestinal microflora by the use of fluorquinolones and selective decontamination followed by the correction of the intestinal microbiocenosis with probiotics (bifidobacteria), lysozyme and immunological lactoglobulins as dosage forms or dry milk biologically active additives to children diet and dietotherapy.

[The prognostic role of determining spontaneous leukocyte DNA damage and that occurring during chemotherapy in leukemia patients]. / Prognosticheskaia rol' opredeleniia spontannykh i voznikaiushchikh v protsesse khimioterapii povrezhdenii DNK leikotsitov bol'nykh leikozami.

The authors studied spontaneous DNA damages and the extra plan synthesis of DNA in various leukemias (chronic lympholeukemia, chronic myeloleukemia, acute leukemia) to predict the natural course of leukemias and the efficiency of chemotherapy. The level of genuine DNA breaks, which had been determined by the nic-translation test, was lower in peripheral blood cell DNA in all leukemias than that in the lymphocytes and granulocytes from donors. On the contrary, the levels of alkaline-labile DNA sites and nuclear matrix protein-bound DNA in the mature and maturing leukemia cells are high and decrease with progression of chronic lympholeukemia and chronic myeloleukemia. The extra plan DNA synthesis largely reflects the cellular levels of genuine DNA breaks, and the ultraviolet-induced DNA repair capacity is the highest in the lymphocytes in chronic lympholeukemia and particularly in the blasts in acute leukemia. The efficiency of chemotherapy was predicted during chemotherapy from the intensity of formation of genuine blast cell DNA breaks.

[Status of the kallikrein-kinin system, proteinase inhibitors and nonspecific resistance factors in patients with chronic kidney failure on hemodialysis as well as in kidney transplant recipients]. / Sostoianie kallikrein-kininovoi sistemy, ingibitorov proteinaz i faktorov nespetsificheskoi rezistentnosti u bol'nykh s khronicheskoi pochechnoi nedostatochnostiu, nakhodiashchikhsiia na gemodialize, i uretsipientov pochechnogo transplantata.

A state of the kallikrein-kinin system, activity of proteolysis inhibitors were studied simultaneously with the functional activity of neutrophils and content of lysozyme in blood serum of 21 patients with chronic kidney insufficiency. Two types of alterations in the kallikrein-kinin system were found in 13 patients maintained on hemodialysis: in four patients content of kallikrein was increased 8-fold as compared with normal level with a decrease in content of prekallikrein, while in nine patients activity of kallikrein was similar to control values but content of prekallikrein was still further decreased. Content of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (PI) was distinctly decreased (2-2.5-fold) in these patients, however, the decrease of the inhibitor was not observed in four patients; activity of alpha 2-macroglobulin tended to decrease. The ratio of active neutrophils and content of lysozyme were increased in blood serum of the majority of the patients. Hemodialysis, activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and stimulation of neutrophils appear to be responsible for a decrease in PI activity. The decrease in the PI activity and stimulation of the kallikrein-kinin system suggest that impairments in regulation of proteolysis could be corrected by means of exogenous proteinase inhibitors. In crisis of allogenic kidney rejection activities of PI and prekallikrein were decreased. Drastic, uneven alterations of the patterns studied were detected in pyo-inflammatory complications not related to the rejection crisis.

[Morphofunctional changes in the lymph nodes and microcirculatory bed of small-intestinal mesentery of dogs in septic peritonitis after endolymphatic administration of ampicillin]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniia limfaticheskikh uzlov i gemomikro- tsirkuliarnogo rusla bryzheiki tonkoi kishki sobak na fone septicheskogo peritonita pri éndolimfaticheskom vvedenii ampitsillina.

With the aim to study effectiveness+ of endolymphatic (EL) administration of ampicillin (AC), using the model of an acute diffuse septic peritonitis in dogs, the morphological and morphometrical investigation has been performed concerning the state of the lymph nodes (LN), which are regional as regards the pathological focus (pelvic) and remote (tracheobronchial, mesenteric) and hemomicrocirculatory bed (HMCB) of the small intestine mesentery. All LN groups studied are involved in the pathological process, that produces certain increasing disturbances in the structure and cell composition in LN. In 6 h the changes are especially manifested in the pelvic LN, and in 18 h--in the animals without application of AC, or at its intramuscular injection LN lose their typical structure. Their dimensions and number of lymphoid nodules++ and medullary cords decrease, a sharp impoverishment of lymphocytes in LN is observed. By this time critical disturbances in the HMCB structure develop; they are characterized as presence of great amount of avascular areas in the mesentery, extended capillary loops, plasmatic saturation of interstitium. When AC is injected endolymphatically, simultaneously with peritonitis modelling T- and B-dependent zones in LN are preserved, a high volumetric part of lymphocytes is kept in all groups of LN, structure and function of HMCB are normalized. The pronounced delay in development and decreasing manifestation of infective-toxic disorder in LN and HMCB depend on effective concentrations of the antibiotic, produces in the lymphatic system.

[Increasing the effectiveness of ampicillin in combination with lysozyme]. / Povyshenie éffektivnosti ampitsillina pri ego sochetanii s lizotsimom.

The effect of lysozyme (2 mg/kg) on pharmacokinetics of ampicillin (60 mg/kg) and the lymph nodes was studied in a model of experimental diffuse peritonitis in 52 dogs. The drugs were administered intramuscularly in single doses simultaneously with simulation of the pathological process. Under such conditions, lysozyme promoted an increase in the ampicillin concentration in the lymphatic system, blood and tissues and prolonged the antibacterial activity to 18 hours of the experiment. This resulted in retarding lympho- and hematogenic dissemination of the infection from the primary focus and lowered the infectious and toxic affection of the regional lymph nodes, thus securing their barrier and immunological function. With lysozyme used in combination with the antibiotic the immunomorphological zones of the lymph nodes appeared to be preserved and the volumetric proportion of macrophages increased. Then the volumetric proportion of the blast cells and the frequency of macrophagal and lymphocytic interactions also increased. The most pronounced cell interactions were observed in the distal (tracheobronchial) lymph nodes whose functions before the infection generalization were mainly immunological.

[Enzymatic markers in chronic myeloleukemia and their importance for identifying a blast crisis]. / Enzimaticheskie markery pri khronicheskom mieloleikoze i ikh znachenie dlia identifikatsii blastnogo kriza.

The paper summarizes data on the activity of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase which contribute to purine nucleotide degradation. The enzyme activity was studied in leukocytes of varying degree of differentiation obtained from 29 cases with chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 19 patients with acute phase of the disease and from blasts of 32 cases with CML-associated blast crisis. In CML patients, lymphocytes of leukemic clones showed various levels of activity of the enzymes. Myeloid and lymphoid blast crises proved biochemically heterogeneous. The possibility to establish the nature of blast crisis in CML on the basis of profile of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in blasts is discussed.

[Effect of lysozyme on hepatocyte resistance]. / Vliianie lizotsima na rezistentnost' gepatotsitov.

Antitoxic effect of lysozyme was shown on a model of experimental acute toxic hepatitis of rats and mice. Administration of lysozyme to the animals in a dose of 5 mg/kg 24 hours before administration of carbon tetrachloride markedly decreased the level of morphological damages in the liver tissue and promoted a decrease in increased levels of alanine aminotransferase in blood serum. Higher levels of lysozyme in blood serum and cells of mouse peritoneal exudate 3 hours after administration of lysozyme were observed. The role of lysozyme as one of the main products secreted by activated macrophages in providing the general and antitoxic resistance of hepatocytes is discussed. Possible use of lysozyme as a hepatoprotective agent is suggested.

[Morphocytochemical reaction of the lymph nodes in dogs to the administration of lysozyme]. / Morfotsitokhimicheskaia reaktsiia limfaticheskikh uzlov sobak na vvedenie lizotsima.

By means of morphological, morphometrical and histochemical methods pelvic and tracheobronchial lymph nodes have been studied in dogs and concentration of lysozyme has been estimated in blood serum, in lymph and the lymph nodes after a single intramuscular injection of lysozyme (2 mg/kg of body mass). In the material investigated total concentration of lysozyme reaches its maximal values in 6 h after injection, then it gradually decreases and in 48 h reaches its control level. Morphometrically changes in cell composition are revealed predominantly of immune-competent cells in T- and B-dependent zones of the lymph nodes. Thus, the volumetric part of lymphoblasts in the germinative centers of the lymphoid nodules reaches its maximal indices by 48 h after lysozyme injection, while plasmatization of the paracortical zone and of medullary cords increases up to the 7th day. By the 14th day the volumetric part of lymphoblasts, immunoblasts and plasmocytes decreases gradually, and in 21 days after injection of the drug contents of the blast forms of the cells in the structural-functional zones of the lymph nodes does not differ from that in the control. The data obtained demonstrate the immunomorphological rearrangement of the lymph nodes in response to the exogenic lysozyme administration.