Breaking Barriers in Alzheimer's Disease: the Role of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive impairment, brain plaques, and tangles, is a global health concern affecting millions. It involves the build-up of amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau proteins, the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, cholinergic system dysfunction, genetic variations, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways and metabolic processes are implicated in AD, along with numerous biomarkers used for diagnosis, risk assessment, and research. Despite these, there is no cure or effective treatment for AD. It is critically important to address this immediately to develop novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) capable of targeting the brain and delivering therapeutic agents to modulate the pathological processes of AD. This review summarizes AD, its pathogenesis, related signaling pathways, biomarkers, conventional treatments, the need for NDDS, and their application in AD treatment. It also covers preclinical, clinical, and ongoing trials, patents, and marketed AD formulations.

Polypharmacy in Psychiatry: An In-depth Examination of Drug-drug Interactions and Treatment Challenges.

Polypharmacy in psychiatry is an in-depth examination of drug-drug interactions and treatment challenges that explores the intricate landscape of psychiatric polypharmacy, a practice involving the prescription of multiple medications to individuals with mental health disorders. This review is based on the critical aspects of drug-drug interactions and the associated treatment challenges. Psychiatric polypharmacy is motivated by the complexity of mental health conditions, where monotherapy may be insufficient. While it offers potential benefits, the practice raises concerns related to drug interactions that can compromise safety and efficacy. The review delves into the prevalence and clinical indications for psychiatric polypharmacy, thoroughly analyzing drug interactions, treatment challenges, and strategies for mitigation. Real-world case studies illustrate the complexities and outcomes of managing complex medication regimens, while emerging trends in personalized medicine, advancements in psychopharmacology, multidisciplinary approaches, and digital health solutions offer a glimpse into the future of psychiatric polypharmacy. This examination underscores the importance of a patient-centered, evidence-based approach in optimizing psychiatric polypharmacy to achieve therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks.

A Comprehensive Guide to the Development, Evaluation, and Future Prospects of Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Poorly Water-soluble Drugs.

Self-nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) are novel formulations that can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. SNEDDS are composed of lipids, surfactants, co-solvents, and drugs and can spontaneously form nanoemulsions when mixed with water under mild agitation. SNEDDS can be formulated as liquid or solid dosage forms and can improve drug absorption by increasing the interfacial area, protecting the drug from degradation, and facilitating lymphatic transport. SNEDDS is characterized by various parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, droplet morphology, emulsification efficiency, drug solubility, and stability. SNEDDS offers several advantages over conventional dosage forms, such as dose reduction, faster onset of action, reduced variability, versatility, and ease of formulation. However, SNEDDS also face some limitations and challenges, such as drug precipitation, cost-effectiveness, compatibility with capsule shells, and lack of predictive in vitro models. SNEDDS has a promising future in the field of pharmaceuticals, especially for personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery.