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Lipases are increasingly attracting attention in green and sustainable biodiesel production. Currently, the research emphasis lies in immobilizing unstable lipase onto carriers to enhance its performance. Polyacrylonitrile fiber (PANF) is considered to be a promising material for lipase immobilization due to its excellent properties. In this study, functional carriers with regulated surface hydrophobicity were obtained by loading functional groups on PANF via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerized modification, and Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was covalently immobilized on the carrier with glutaraldehyde as a linker. By employing this optimized biocatalyst PANF@BMA&2VImBr-NH2-CRL in the transesterification process, the yield of biodiesel derived from soybean oil reached an impressive 92.7 %. The outstanding performance can be attributed to the activation of lipase interface induced by hydrophobic microenvironment derived from alkyl ester on the carrier skeleton. Moreover, the stability and storage performance of immobilized lipase were significantly improved. The immobilized lipase exhibited facile recovery and maintained a consistent biodiesel yield of 80.9 % even after undergoing 5 cycles of reuse, thereby highlighting its potential for sustainable production. To sum up, our research demonstrates that the designed and prepared process of PANF-supported lipase offers a promising approach for enzyme immobilization, thereby presenting extensive potential applications in the field of biotechnology.
Asunto(s)
Resinas Acrílicas , Enzimas Inmovilizadas , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lipasa , Lipasa/química , Lipasa/metabolismo , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Biocatálisis , Polimerizacion , Esterificación , Biocombustibles , Saccharomycetales/enzimología , Estabilidad de EnzimasRESUMEN
A straightforward methodology for the assembly of polysubstituted naphthalenes from ortho-alkynyl benzyl alcohols, enabled by using catalytic amounts of Tf2O, has been developed. This transformation not only features transition-metal free and without using other bases and additives but also provides a new synthetic application for ortho-alkynyl benzyl alcohols, i.e., as C6 synthons for the construction of PAHs.
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Myo-inositol, referred to as vitamin B8, is an essential nutrient for maintaining human physiological functions. However, the morphology of myo-inositol products is predominantly powder or needle shaped, leading to poor food properties. In this work, three edible sugar additives, i.e. d-glucose, l-arabinose and d-fructose, are adopted in the crystallization of myo-inositol to improve its food properties. The results show that these additives change the morphology of myo-inositol crystals. d-glucose and l-arabinose reduced the aspect ratio of myo-inositol crystals, and d-glucose transformed elongated lamellar myo-inositol crystals into diamond-shaped lamellar crystals. The diamond-shaped lamellar myo-inositol products exhibited outstanding functional food properties. It offered a smoother texture and more pleasant mouthfeel when the products were added to infant formulas and nutraceuticals. When they were applied to functional beverages, the dissolution rate was increased by 35 %. This work provides a theoretical guidance for improving food properties through crystallization and possesses considerable potential for industrialization.
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Arabinosa , Azúcares , Humanos , Cristalización , Inositol , GlucosaRESUMEN
A visible-light-driven desaturative ß-alkoxyoxalyation of N-aryl cyclic amines with difluoromethyl bromides and H2O has been reported. This tandem reaction is triggered by homolysis of the C-Br bond to produce the difuoroalkyl radical, which undergoes the subsequent defluorinated ß-alkoxyoxalylation cascades to afford a wide range of ß-ketoester/ketoamides substituted enamines. The prominent feature of this reaction contains photocatalyst-free, transition-metal free, and mild conditions. The 18O labeling experiment disclosed that H2O is the oxygen source of the carbonyl unit.
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The abilities of improving phosphorus (P) resources sustainability and reducing water eutrophication make struvite crystallization technology attract increasing interest in wastewater treatment, but struvite crystallization process may be affected by various impurities in wastewater. In this study, the effects of nine representative ionic surfactants including three types (anionic, cationic and zwitterionic) on crystallization kinetics and product quality of struvite were investigated, and the influencing mechanism was further probed. The results demonstrated that anionic surfactants significantly inhibit crystal growth so as to reduce crystal size especially in a-axis direction, change crystal morphology and decrease P recovery efficiency, and also lead to a slight decline in product purity. In contrast, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants have no obvious influence on the formation of struvite. A series of experimental characterizations and molecular simulations collectively revealed that the inhibition of crystal growth by anionic surfactants is attributed to the adsorption of anionic surfactant molecules on struvite crystal surface and subsequent blockage of active growth sites. The binding ability of surfactant molecules with the Mg2+ exposed on struvite crystal surface was highlighted to be the most essential factor determining the adsorption behavior and adsorption capacity. Anionic surfactants with stronger binding ability with Mg2+ have more intense inhibitory effect, but a large molecular volume of anionic surfactants will weaken the adsorption capacity on crystal surface so as to reduce the inhibitory effect. Contrastively, cationic and zwitterion surfactants without binding ability with Mg2+ have no inhibitory effect. These findings enable us to have a clearer understanding of the impact of organic pollutants on struvite crystallization and make a preliminary judgment on the organic pollutants that may have the ability to inhibit the crystal growth of struvite.
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Kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary pathway of L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in mammals, contains several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Its imbalance involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has attracted much interest in therapeutically targeting KP enzymes and KP metabolite-associated receptors, especially kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). Currently, many agents have been discovered with significant improvement in animal models but only one aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 30 (laquinimod) has entered clinical trials for treating Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we describe neuroactive KP metabolites, discuss the dysregulation of KP in aging and NDs and summarize the development of KP regulators in preclinical and clinical studies, offering an outlook of targeting KP for NDs treatment in future.
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Enfermedad de Huntington , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Animales , Quinurenina/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Huntington/tratamiento farmacológico , Envejecimiento , Modelos Animales , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), the largest member of PDE family, is highly expressed in mammalian brain. It selectively hydrolyzes the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a correlate of brain functions including learning, memory and cognitive abilities. Its inhibition is beneficial to counteract cognitive deficits. Thus, targeting PDE4 may be a viable strategy for cognitive improvement. Currently, many PDE4 inhibitors have been discovered but with a great hurdle in clinical development due to adverse effects such as emesis. Analysis of PDE4 subtypes and discovery of subtype specific regulators indicate therapeutic benefits with improved safety in preclinical and clinical models. Herein, we summarize PDE4 structure, describe PDE4 mediated signaling pathways, review the role of individual PDE4 subtypes and discuss the development of PDE4 inhibitors for cognitive improvement, trying to give an insight into the strategy for cognitive improvement with PDE4 inhibitors in future.
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Disfunción Cognitiva , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4 , Animales , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 4 , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa 4/uso terapéutico , Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , AMP Cíclico , MamíferosRESUMEN
Establishing three-dimensional chemicals by using the C2-C3 π bond of indoles has always been a research hotspot in organic synthesis; however, employing the oxidative C2-C3 π bond of indoles to generate imine which would lead to the N1-C2 π bond cyclization under metal-free conditions is still rare. Here, we report a bio-inspired synthesis of triazolo[1,2-a]indolines by the oxidative cyclization between NH-indoles and azomethine imines with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane as the sole oxidant under metal-free and mild conditions. This finding represents an elegant instance of tri-functionalization of NH-indoles, which provides rapid access to a broad range of triazolo[1,2-a]indolines with tetrahydroisoquinolines in one single step. Up to 86% yield and above 20:1 dr value are observed. The radical mechanism and proton migration process have been speculated.
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Iminas , Indoles , Ciclización , Indoles/química , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo , CatálisisRESUMEN
A new synthetic methodology for the synthesis of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenes from ortho-aryl alkynyl benzyl alcohols and arenes via a Tf2O-mediated formal [5 + 2] annulation reaction has been achieved. From this transformation, structurally diverse 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenes were achieved in moderate to good yields. This transformation probably involves an intermolecular Friedel-Crafts-type alkylation and a subsequent intramolecular 7-endo-dig cyclization in one pot, highlighting the high efficiency, regioselectivity, and step-economy of this protocol.
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A rhodium/chiral diene catalytic system is reported for the reaction of enone-diones and arylboronic acids that allows the switchable synthesis of chiral bicyclic products and acyclic products in a controlled manner. The production of bicyclic products containing four contiguous stereocenters is assumed to proceed through the enantioselective arylrhodation of enone-diones with Cs2CO3, forming a rhodium-enolate intermediate, followed by desymmetrization of the diastereotopic diones via aldol cyclization with quantitative diastereoselection and excellent enantiomeric excess. The production of acyclic products is assumed to proceed through the enantioselective hydroarylation of enone-diones with excellent enantiomeric excess in which the aldol cyclization is significantly inhibited by the choice of Et3N as a base. The selectivity for bicyclic products (via tandem arylation-aldol cyclization) and acyclic products (via hydroarylation) is rationalized by the proposed model.
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A facile and efficient oxidative functionalization of vinyl azides with aldehydes furnishing a diverse array of ß-acylated enaminones was developed. The cross coupling was accomplished in the presence of CuCl2·2H2O/TBHP and produced the desired ß-acylated enaminones in a (Z)-stereo-selective and atom-economic manner, which make this protocol particularly attractive. In the transformation, the new C-C and C-N bonds were formed via a one-pot strategy including the process of radical addition and recombination.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the greatest threats to human health, is characterized by declined cognition and changed behavior. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) that play an important role in learning and memory are hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Most PDE isoforms are highly expressed in the brain, and the inhibition of PDEs is beneficial to counteract AD. Thus, targeting PDEs represents a therapeutic potential for this disease. So far, a variety of PDE inhibitors have been discovered with significant cognitive enhancement effects in animal models and more than ten agents have entered into clinical trials. In this review, we summarize PDE mediated cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways, PDE family members involved in AD and recent advance of PDE inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies, trying to provide an outlook of PDE inhibitors for the treatment of AD in future.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa , 3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterasas/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Cognición , GMP Cíclico/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de Fosfodiesterasa/uso terapéutico , Hidrolasas Diéster Fosfóricas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) is recently regarded as a biomarker in progressed Alzheimer's disease (AD). Development of selective BuChE inhibitors has attracted a great deal of interest and may be a viable therapeutic strategy for AD. Recently, we reported the N-isobutyl-N-((2-(p-tolyloxymethyl)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carboxamide (1) as a selective BuChE inhibitor. Subsequently, 33 analogs were synthesized and assessed by AChE/BuChE activities, indicating an optimal compound 23. Further kinetic tests suggested a competitive manner. Molecular docking and Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that it interacted with several residues in active site gorge of BuChE, possibly contributing to its selectivity and competitive pattern. Moreover, it showed low cytotoxicity and high blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Taken together, 23 was a promising BuChE inhibitor for the treatment of AD.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Diseño de Fármacos , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
An environmentally benign, cost-efficient and practical methodology for the room temperature synthesis of 2-arylacetophenones in water has been discovered. The facile and efficient transformation involves the oxidative radical addition of arylhydrazines with α-aryl vinyl azides in the presence of H2O2 (as a radical initiator) and PEG-800 (as a phase-transfer catalyst). From the viewpoint of green chemistry and organic synthesis, the present protocol is of great significance because of using cheap, non-toxic and readily available starting materials and reagents as well as amenability to gram-scale synthesis, which provides an attractive strategy to access 2-arylacetophenones.
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Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is known as an important potential biomarker for liver malignancy and it is urgent to develop an intuitive and effective method to monitor the activity of LAP in liver cancer. Although, numerous LAP fluorescent probes had been developed, it is still a challenge to detect LAP activity in liver cancer. Herein, combained with the DFT, we reported a novel galactose-appended hepatoma-specific ratiometric fluorescent probe (Gal-QL-Leu) based on quinoline group for imaging and tracing LAP in liver tumor cells. Probe Gal-QL-Leu demonstrated a obvious ratiometric characteristics, better selectivity, good biocompatibility and high sensitivity. Moreover, the selective imaging of LAP in HepG2, HCT116, A549 and HeLa cells had been achieved with probe Gal-QL-Leu, demonstrating good application prospect in the detection of LAP activity in liver tumor cells.
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Neoplasias Hepáticas , Quinolinas , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Células HeLa , Humanos , Leucil Aminopeptidasa , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen ÓpticaRESUMEN
An efficient method for the direct preparation of 3-aceto(cyano)methyl-substituted benzothio(seleno)phenes has been achieved through C(sp3)-H bond activation of easily available acetone or acetonitrile and cascade radical cyclization reaction. In this cascade radical cyclization reaction, C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-S bonds, as well as benzenethio(seleno)phene skeletons, can be built along with the cleavage of the C(sp3)-S bond, demonstrating the high step-economics and efficiency of this approach.
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Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival via releasing intramolecular autoinhibition and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mutations and aberrant expression of SHP2 are implicated in human developmental disorders, leukemias and several solid tumors. As an oncoprotein in some cancers, SHP2 represents a rational target for inhibitors to interfere. Nevertheless, its tumor suppressive effect has also been uncovered, indicating the context-specificity. Even so, two types of SHP2 inhibitors including targeting catalytic pocket and allosteric sites have been developed associated with resolved cocrystal complexes. Herein, we describe its structure, biological function, deregulation in human diseases and summarize recent advance in development of SHP2 inhibitors, trying to give an insight into the therapeutic potential in future.
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Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Síndrome LEOPARD/genética , Mutación , Neoplasias/genética , Síndrome de Noonan/genética , Unión Proteica , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 11/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismoRESUMEN
A new method for the direct synthesis of 3-phosphinoylbenzothio(seleno)phenes has been achieved through an Ag-mediated radical addition-cyclization of 2-alkynylthio(seleno)anisoles with secondary phosphine oxides in good yields under mild conditions. In this single reaction, benzenethiophene or benzeneselenophene skeleton, C(sp2)-P and C(sp2)-S bonds can be constructed with the cleavage of the C(sp3)-S bond, highlighting the efficiency and step-economics of this protocol.
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Inhibitors and nucleic acid based techniques were two main approaches to interfere with protein signaling and respective cascade in the past. Until recently, a new class of small molecules named proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged. Each contains a target warhead, a linker and an E3 ligand. These bifunctional molecules recruit E3 ligases and target specific proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS). The degradation provides several advantages over inhibition in potency, selectivity and drug resistance. Thus, a variety of small molecule PROTACs have been discovered so far. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanism, advantages and recent progress of PROTACs, trying to offer an outlook in development of drugs targeting degradation in future.
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Oligopéptidos/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Ligandos , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Proteínas/química , Proteolisis/efectos de los fármacos , Ubiquitinación/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Design and synthesis of new fluorescence probes with good water-solubility is of great importance to better understanding the significant role of ions which are related to biology and the environment. As important ions, zinc ion (Zn2+ ) and dihydrogen phosphate ion (H2 PO4 - ) display essential roles in living systems, and quantitative detection of these ions in water is still a challenge. In order to consider the significant role of the galactose moiety in the design of a water-soluble fluorescence sensor, herein, we have developed a novel probe, Gal-AQTF, for the cascade detection of Zn2+ and H2 PO4 - with excellent selectivity in water. Through the introduction of the galactose moiety onto the sensor AQTF, which has been reported earlier by us, the water-solubility, cell compatibility and targeting ability were enhanced. Gal-AQTF has been successfully applied in the imaging of the living cells of HepG2 and A549, and illustrated good selectivity for the HepG2 cells which overly express the asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor.