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The phenomenon of multicellular compartmentation in biosynthetic pathways has been documented for only a limited subset of specialized metabolites, despite its hypothesized significance in facilitating plant survival and adaptation to environmental stress. Transporters that shuttle metabolic intermediates between cells are hypothesized to be integral components enabling compartmentalized biosynthesis. Nevertheless, our understanding of the multicellular compartmentation of plant specialized metabolism and the associated intermediate transporters remains incomplete. The emergence of single-cell and spatial multiomics techniques holds promise for shedding light on unresolved questions in this field, such as the prevalence of multicellular compartmentation across the plant kingdom and the specific types of specialized metabolites whose biosynthetic pathways are prone to compartmentation. Advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying multicellular compartmentation will contribute to improving the production of specialized target metabolites through metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
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Background: Inflammation and immune factors are the core of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), but the immune environment and epigenetic regulation process of IDD remain unclear. This study aims to identify immune-related diagnostic candidate genes for IDD, and search for potential pathogenesis and therapeutic targets for IDD. Methods: Gene expression datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differential expression immune genes (Imm-DEGs) were identified through weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and linear models for microarray data analysis (Limma). LASSO algorithm was used to identify feature genes related to IDD, which were compared with core node genes in PPI network to obtain hub genes. Based on the coefficients of hub genes, a risk model was constructed, and the diagnostic value of hub genes was further evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Xcell, an immunocyte analysis tool, was used to estimate the infiltration of immune cells. Finally, nucleus pulposus cells were co-cultured with macrophages to create an M1 macrophage immune inflammatory environment, and the changes of hub genes were verified. Results: Combined with the results of WGCNA and Limma gene differential analysis, a total of 30 Imm-DEGs were identified. Imm-DEGs enriched in multiple pathways related to immunity and inflammation. LASSO algorithm identified 10 feature genes from Imm-DEGs that significantly affected IDD, and after comparison with core node genes in the PPI network of Imm-DEGs, 6 hub genes (NR1H3, SORT1, PTGDS, AGT, IRF1, TGFB2) were determined. Results of ROC curves and external dataset validation showed that the risk model constructed with the 6 hub genes had high diagnostic value for IDD. Immunocyte infiltration analysis showed the presence of various dysregulated immune cells in the degenerative nucleus pulposus tissue. In vitro experimental results showed that the gene expression of NR1H3, SORT1, PTGDS, IRF1, and TGFB2 in nucleus pulposus cells in the immune inflammatory environment was up-regulated, but the change of AGT was not significant. Conclusions: The hub genes NR1H3, SORT1, PTGDS, IRF1, and TGFB2 can be used as immunorelated biomarkers for IDD, and may be potential targets for immune regulation therapy for IDD.
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Novel D-A1-A2-π-A organic sensitizers (FZ-sensitizer), utilizing spiro[fluorene-9,9'-phenanthren]-10'-one (A1) and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole(A2) moiety as two auxiliary acceptors, are synthesized and applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and hydrogen production. By incorporating a bulky A1 and A2 between the donor (D) and π-bridge moiety, structural modifications inhibit molecular aggregation, while the carbonyl group enhances the capture of Li+ ions, thereby delaying charge recombination. Furthermore, the extended π-conjugation broadens the light absorption range and enhances the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of FZ-2 under AM1.5 conditions, achieving up to 5.72%. Co-sensitization with N719 and FZ-2 shows PCE of 9.60% under one sun. Under TL84 indoor light conditions, the efficiency is 29.69% at 2500 lux. FZ-sensitizers also exhibit high efficiency in photocatalytic hydrogen production. The hydrogen production activities of FZ-2 are 9190 µmol/g (1 hour) and 76582 µmol/g (12 hours) respectively, while those of FZ-1 are 7430 µmol/g (1 hour) and 64004 µmol/g (12 hours), indicating that FZ-2 can inject charges into TiO2 more efficiently and utilize them for water splitting. Stability testing of photocatalytic water splitting after 12 hours shows a turnover number (TON) of 4249 for FZ-1 and 5378 for FZ-2.
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BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic progressive osteoarthropathy. Chrysin's anti-KOA action has been demonstrated, however more research is needed to understand how chrysin contributes to KOA. METHODS: LPS/ATP-induced macrophages transfected with or without HMGB1 overexpression underwent 5 µg/mL chrysin. The cell viability and macrophage pyroptosis were examined by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometer. In vivo experiments, rats were injected with 1 mg monosodium iodoacetate by the infrapatellar ligament of the bilateral knee joint to induce KOA. The histological damage was analyzed by Safranin O/Fast Green staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The PWT, PWL and inflammatory factors were analyzed via Von-Frey filaments, thermal radiometer and ELISA. Immunofluorescence assay examined the expressions of CGRP and iNOS. The levels of HMGB1/RAGE-, NLRP3-, PI3K/AKT- and neuronal ion channel-related markers were examined by qPCR and western blot. RESULTS: Chrysin alleviated macrophage pyroptosis by inhibiting HMGB1 and the repression of chrysin on HMGB1/RAGE pathway and ion channel activation was reversed by overexpressed HMGB1. HMGB1 facilitated neuronal ion channel activation through the RAGE/PI3K/AKT pathway. Chrysin could improve the pathological injury of knee joints in KOA rats. Chrysin suppressed the HMGB1-regulated RAGE/PI3K/AKT pathway, hence reducing KOA damage and peripheral sensitization. CONCLUSION: Chrysin mitigated neuropathic pain and peripheral sensitization in KOA rats by repressing the RAGE/PI3K/AKT pathway modulated by HMGB1.
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Flavonoides , Proteína HMGB1 , Neuralgia , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/metabolismo , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/patología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Ratas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Masculino , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Piroptosis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is an important producer of dammarene-type triterpenoid saponins. These saponins (gypenosides) exhibit diverse pharmacological benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects, and have major potential in the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the transcriptomes of more than 50,000 cells derived from G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves. Following cell clustering and annotation, we identified five major cell types in shoot apexes and four in leaves. Each cell type displayed substantial transcriptomic heterogeneity both within and between tissues. Examining gene expression patterns across various cell types revealed that gypenoside biosynthesis predominantly occurred in mesophyll cells, with heightened activity observed in shoot apexes compared to leaves. Furthermore, we explored the impact of transposable elements (TEs) on G. pentaphyllum transcriptomic landscapes. Our findings the highlighted the unbalanced expression of certain TE families across different cell types in shoot apexes and leaves, marking the first investigation of TE expression at the single-cell level in plants. Additionally, we observed dynamic expression of genes involved in gypenoside biosynthesis and specific TE families during epidermal and vascular cell development. The involvement of TE expression in regulating cell differentiation and gypenoside biosynthesis warrant further exploration. Overall, this study not only provides new insights into the spatiotemporal organization of gypenoside biosynthesis and TE activity in G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves but also offers valuable cellular and genetic resources for a deeper understanding of developmental and physiological processes at single-cell resolution in this species.
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Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a unique analytical technique with excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, non-destructive detection and resolution. However, due to the randomness and poor repeatability of hot spot distribution, SERS quantitative analysis is still challenging. Meanwhile, snus is a type of tobacco product that can release nicotine and other components in the mouth without burning, and the rapid detection technique based on SERS can reliably evaluate the amount of nicotine released from snus, which is of great significance for understanding its characteristics and regulating its components. Herein, the strategy was proposed to solve the feasibility of SERS quantitative detection based on self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards (EIS) due to EIS signal can effectively correct SERS signal fluctuations caused by different aggregation states and measurement conditions, thus allowing reliable quantitative SERS analysis of targets with different surface affinity. By means of process control, after the Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were modified with 4-Mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) as internal standard molecules, Ag shell with a certain thickness was grown on the surface of the AuNP@4-MBN, and then the Au@4-MBN@Ag NPs were used to regulate and control the assembly of liquid-liquid interface. The high-density nano-arrays assembled at the liquid-liquid interface ensure high reproducibility as SERS substrates, and which could be used for SERS detection of nicotine released from snus products. In addition, time-mapping research shows that this method can also be used to dynamically monitor the release of nicotine. Moreover, such destruction-free evaluation of the release of nicotine from snus products opens up new perspectives for further research about the impact of nicotinoids-related health programs.
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Background: Distal radius fractures are a common type of fracture. For patients treated with closed reduction with splinting, a period of rehabilitation is still required after the removal of the splint. However, there is a general lack of attention and low compliance to rehabilitation training during this period, so it is necessary to build a rehabilitation training monitoring system to improve the efficiency of patients' rehabilitation. Methods: A wearable rehabilitation training wristband was proposed, which could be used in the patient's daily rehabilitation training scenario and could recognize four common wrist rehabilitation actions in real-time by using three thin film pressure sensors to detect the pressure change curve at three points on the wrist. An algorithmic framework for classifying rehabilitation training actions was proposed. In our framework, an action pre-detection strategy was designed to exclude false detections caused by switching initial gestures during rehabilitation training and wait for the arrival of the complete signal. To classify the action signals into four categories, firstly an autoencoder was used to downscale the original signal. Six SVMs were then used for evaluation and voting, and the final action with the highest number of votes would be used as the prediction result. Results: Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithmic framework achieved an average recognition accuracy of 89.62%, an average recognition recall of 88.93%, and an f1 score of 89.27% on the four rehabilitation training actions. Conclusion: The developed device has the advantages of being small size and easy to wear, which can quickly and accurately identify and classify four common rehabilitation training actions. It can easily be combined with peripheral devices and technologies (e.g., cell phones, computers, Internet) to build different rehabilitation training scenarios, making it worthwhile to use and promote in clinical settings.
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Background: Chemonucleolysis is a minimally invasive treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the low specificity of the enzyme and the existence of serious adverse events limit the application of chemonucleolysis. Clinical studies in recent years have shown that Chondroitin sulfate ABC endolyase (condoliase) is a potential therapeutic enzyme for LDH. Aim. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of condoliase in LDH treatment. Methods: We searched Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The outcomes were the total effective rate, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score change, the proportion of lumbar surgery after condoliase treatment, herniated mass volume change, Pfirrmann grade change, and adverse events. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 were used for meta-, sensitivity, and bias analysis. Results: Ten studies were included. A single-arm meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate was 78% [95% confidence interval (CI) 75%-81%], the proportion of surgery was 9% (95% CI 7%-12%), the proportion of Pfirrmann grade change was 43% (95%CI 38%-47%), and the adverse events were 4% (95% CI 2%-6%) after condoliase treatment. The two-arm meta-analysis showed that the ODI score change [standardized mean difference (SMD) -2.46, 95% CI -3.30 to -1.63] and the herniated mass volume change (SMD -16.97, 95% CI -23.92 to -10.03) of the condoliase treatment group were greater than those of the placebo control group, and there was no difference in adverse events between the two groups (OR 1.52, 95% CI 0.60-3.85). The results of sensitivity and publication bias analyses showed that the results were robust. Conclusion: Condoliase intradiscal injection has excellent eutherapeutic and safety for LDH, thus, has considerable potential as a treatment option besides conservative treatment and surgical intervention for LDH. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022375492, PROSPERO (CRD42022375492).
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Tissue regeneration/fibrosis after injury is intricately regulated by the immune cascade reaction and extracellular matrix (ECM). Dysregulated cascade signal could jeopardize tissue homeostasis leading to fibrosis. Bioactive scaffolds mimicking natural ECM microstructure and chemistry could regulate the cascade reaction to achieve tissue regeneration. The current study constructed an ECM-engineered micro/nanofibrous scaffold using self-assembled nanofibrous collagen and decorin (DCN)-loaded microfibers to regulate the immune cascade reaction. The ECM-engineered scaffold promoted anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects, M2 polarization of macrophages, by nanofibrous collagen. The ECM-engineered scaffold could release DCN to inhibit inflammation-associated fibrous angiogenesis. Yet, to prevent excessive M2 activity leading to tissue fibrosis, controlled release of DCN was expected to elicit M1 activity and achieve M1/M2 balance in the repair process. Regulated cascade reaction guided favorable crosstalk between macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts by proximity. Additionally, decorin could also antagonize TGF-ß1 via TGF-ß/Smad3 pathway to suppress fibrotic activity of fibroblasts. Hence, ECM-engineered scaffolds could exert effective regulation of the immune cascade reaction by microstructure and DCN release and achieve the balance between tissue fibrosis and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With the incidence of up to 74.6%, failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) has been a lingering issue in spine surgery, which poses a heavy socio-economic burden to society. Epidural fibrosis is believed to be responsible for the onset of FBSS. Current biomaterial-based strategies treating epidural fibrosis mainly rely on physical barriers and unidirectional suppression of inflammation. Regulation of the immune cascade reaction for inhibiting fibrosis has not been widely studied. Based on the simultaneous regulation of M1/M2 polarization and intercellular crosstalk, the ECM-engineered micro/nanofibrous scaffolds constructed in the current study could exert an immune cascade effect to coordinate tissue regeneration and inhibit fibrosis. This finding makes a significant contribution in the development of a treatment for epidural fibrosis and FBSS.
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Ingeniería de Tejidos , Andamios del Tejido , Humanos , Andamios del Tejido/química , Células Endoteliales , Decorina/metabolismo , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Fibrosis , Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: The hierarchical architecture of chromatins affects the gene expression level of glandular secreting trichomes and the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway-related genes, consequently bringing on huge differences in the content of artemisinin and its derivatives of A. annua. The plant of traditional Chinese medicine "Qinghao" is called Artemisia annua L. in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. High content and the total amount of artemisinin is the main goal of A. annua breeding, nevertheless, the change of chromatin organization during the artemisinin synthesis process has not been discovered yet. This study intended to find the roles of chromatin structure in the production of artemisinin through bioinformatics and experimental validation. Chromosome conformation capture analysis was used to scrutinize the interactions among chromosomes and categorize various scales of chromatin during artemisinin synthesis in A. annua. To confirm the effect of the changes in chromatin structure, Hi-C and RNA-sequencing were performed on two different strains to find the correlation between chromatin structure and gene expression levels on artemisinin synthesis progress and regulation. Our results revealed that the frequency of intra-chromosomal interactions was higher in the inter-chromosomal interactions between the root and leaves on a high artemisinin production strain (HAP) compared to a low artemisinin production strain (LAP). We found that compartmental transition was connected with interactions among different chromatins. Interestingly, glandular secreting trichomes (GSTs) and the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway (ABP) related genes were enriched in the areas which have the compartmental transition, reflecting the regulation of artemisinin synthesis. Topologically associated domain boundaries were associated with various distributions of genes and expression levels. Genes associated with ABP and GST in the adjacent loop were highly expressed, suggesting that epigenetic regulation plays an important role during artemisinin synthesis and glandular secreting trichomes production process. Chromatin structure could show an important status in the mechanisms of artemisinin synthesis process in A. annua.
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Artemisia annua , Artemisininas , Cromatina/genética , Artemisia annua/genética , Epigénesis Genética , Fitomejoramiento , Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive analytical detection technique that provides unique chemical and structural information on target molecules. Snus is a type of tobacco product that can release nicotine and other components under certain humidity and temperature without burning, and the evaluation of its nicotine release under different storage conditions is very important for understanding its characteristics, regulating its components, and setting reasonable storage conditions. Herein, by means of an artificial climate box and suction extraction device, the volatile release evaluations of nicotine from snus products under different storage conditions were performed based on Fe3O4 microparticles coated with Au nanorods and Au nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNRsNPs) as SERS substrates combined with a capillary. The Fe3O4@AuNRsNPs assemblies can be fixed in the inner wall of the capillary with the aid of an external magnetic field, which improved the maneuverability of the SERS substrates. By comparing the intensities of the spectral peaks of the symmetrical breathing of the pyridine moiety of nicotine molecules with increasing temperature and humidity, which could significantly accelerate the volatile release of a small amount of nicotine, the nicotine release under different conditions could be evaluated. Based on this strategy, it was possible to obtain the storage or placement conditions of the product. The results of this study provide a reference to clarify the volatile release of nicotine under various storage conditions, which is helpful for better regulation of the levels of nicotine in snus. Moreover, such destruction-free evaluation of the volatile release of nicotine from snus products under different storage conditions opens up new perspectives for further research about the impact of nicotinoids on smokers' health and cessation programs.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Zhiqiao Gancao decoction (ZQGCD) on hyperalgesia in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and its mechanism. Methods: The potential mechanism of ZQGCD's therapeutic effect on LDH was investigated through network pharmacology, which involved screening the targets of eight components that were absorbed into the bloodstream. The effects of CCR2 inhibitors and ZQGCD-containing serum on the excitability of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGn) were investigated in vitro. The effects of CCR2 inhibitors and ZQGCD on the expression of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway and ASIC3 in the rat intervertebral disc and dorsal root ganglion (DRG), the degree of disc degeneration, the threshold of foot retreat, and the latency of foot retreat in LDH rats were examined in vivo. The binding affinities and interaction modes between CCR2 and the components absorbed into the blood were analyzed using the AutodockVina 1.2.2 software. Results: Network pharmacology revealed that ZQGCD could treat LDH through a mechanism involving the chemokine signaling pathway. It was observed that the CCR2 inhibitor and ZQGCD-containing serum downregulated CCR2 and ASIC3 expression and decreased cell excitability in DRGn. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway was activated in the degenerated intervertebral disc and DRG of LDH rats, increased the expression of ASIC3, and decreased the mechanical allodynia domain and thermal hyperalgesia domain. However, a CCR2 inhibitor or ZQGCD could ameliorate the above changes in LDH rats. The target proteins, CCL2 and CCR2, exhibited a robust affinity for the eight components that were absorbed into the bloodstream. Conclusion: The CCL2/CCR2 pathway was activated in the intervertebral disc and DRG of LDH rats. This was accompanied by upregulation of ASIC3 expression, increased excitability of DRGn, and the occurrence of hyperalgesia. ZQGCD improves hyperalgesia in LDH rats by inhibiting the CCL2/CCR2 pathway and downregulating ASIC3 expression.
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Hiperalgesia , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Ratas , Animales , Hiperalgesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/metabolismo , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Here, we report a new multi-optical maps scaffolder (MOMS) aiming at utilizing complementary information among optical maps labelled by distinct enzymes. This pipeline was designed for data structure organization, scaffolding by path traversal, gap-filling and molecule reuse of optical maps. Our testing showed that this pipeline has uncapped enzyme tolerance in scaffolding. This means that there are no inbuilt limits as to the number of maps generated by different enzymes that can be utilized by MOMS. For the genome assembly of the human GM12878 cell line, MOMS significantly improved the contiguity and completeness with an up to 144-fold increase of scaffold N50 compared with initial assemblies. Benchmarking on the genomes of human and O. sativa showed that MOMS is more effective and robust compared with other optical-map-based scaffolders. We believe this pipeline will contribute to high-fidelity chromosome assembly and chromosome-level evolutionary analysis.
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Genoma , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Camptotheca acuminata Decne., the main source of camptothecin (CPT), has received increasing attention for its remarkable antitumor activity. Many CPT derivatives are clinically used as effective anticancer agents worldwide. However, their biosynthesis mechanism remains unclear, and uncovering this pathway would greatly facilitate development of alternative CPT production methods to replace current inefficient plant-derived ones. The expression of >30,000 genes was accurately quantified using unique molecular identifier RNA sequencing in 10 C. acuminata tissues, and 7854 proteins from five tissues were quantified with label-free quantitative proteomics. Fifteen full-length transcriptomes were sequenced with long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and 5692 alternative splicing events were discovered among 4746 genes. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis provided novel insights into CPT biosynthesis and its hierarchical regulation. Five cytochrome P450s and three O-methyltransferases were considered as candidates involved in the biosynthesis of CPT and its derivatives, while 15 transcription factors potentially regulating CPT biosynthesis were screened. These findings provide important clues for elucidating the biosynthetic mechanisms of CPT and its derivatives and substantially contribute to the future production of these anticancer agents with synthetic biology. The generated large-scale multiomics data also provide valuable resources for investigating the functional genomics of the most important CPT-producing plant species-C. acuminata.
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Antineoplásicos , Camptotheca , Transcriptoma , Camptotecina/metabolismo , Camptotheca/genética , Camptotheca/metabolismo , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) is a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. ADS promotes the first step of artemisinin synthesis by cyclizing faresyl pyrophosphate to synthesize the sesquiterpene product amorpha-4,11-diene. Thanks to the continuous improvement of genomic information, its evolutionary trace can be analyzed in a genome view. METHODS: Phylogenetic analysis was used to identify ADS-like genes in other Asteraceae. Gene structure and motif analysis was used to analyze the structural similarity of these identified genes. Heterologous expression and GC-MS analysis were performed to determine whether the functions of ADS and Cna4666 are consistent. Validation of ADS genes evolutionary trajectories was achieved by selective pressure and synteny analysis. RESULT: In this study, we extracted 8 ADS genes from the Artemisia annua L. genome annotation and 121 ADS similar genes from the genomes of Artemisia annua L. and other plants in the Asteraceae, and further exploring their evolutionary relationship. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes most closely related to ADS genes were found in the genome of Chrysanthemum nankingense. Among them, the gene structure and motif composition of Cna4666 is very similar to ADS, we wondered whether it has the potential to synthesize amorpha-4,11-diene. Therefore, we extracted the products of recombinant p0_ADS.1 and Cna4666 proteins by HS-SPME combined with GC-MS analysis, the results indicate that Cna4666 is an α-bisabolol synthase, which cannot synthesize amorpha-4,11-diene. Through synteny analysis, we did not find collinear blocks of ADS genes in the Helianthus annuus and C. nankingense genomes. Furthermore, Ka/Ks ratios indicated that the evolution of ADS genes from their similar genes principally underwent purifying selection, and there was a strong positive selection between ADS genes. CONCLUSIONS: This study proved that ADS is a multi-copy gene in Artemisia annua L., and they are not widely distributed in Asteraceae. The data will increase our understanding of the evolutionary selection pressure on ADS genes. The results suggest that ADS genes are subject to strong positive selection internally, and it is possible that they are a recently evolved gene in the Artemisia.
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Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are among the most diverse specialized metabolites in plants and are of great pharmaceutical importance. We leveraged single-cell transcriptomics to explore the spatial organization of MIA metabolism in Catharanthus roseus leaves, and the transcripts of 20 MIA genes were first localized, updating the model of MIA biosynthesis. The MIA pathway was partitioned into three cell types, consistent with the results from RNA in situ hybridization experiments. Several candidate transporters were predicted to be essential players shuttling MIA intermediates between inter- and intracellular compartments, supplying potential targets to increase the overall yields of desirable MIAs in native plants or heterologous hosts through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. This work provides not only a universal roadmap for elucidating the spatiotemporal distribution of biological processes at single-cell resolution, but also abundant cellular and genetic resources for further investigation of the higher-order organization of MIA biosynthesis, transport and storage.
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Alcaloides de Triptamina Secologanina , Alcaloides de Triptamina Secologanina/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
The solvated structure of a highly concentrated hybrid tetraglyme (G4)-water electrolyte was studied for an increasing cycle stability and performance of a KS6 used dual-ion battery. Hybrid solvent of G4 and water with a weight ratio of 2 to 8 was able to dissolve 9LiFSI-1LiTFSI supporting salts up to 37â mol kg-1 (37â mol kg-1 G2W8). In spite of such high concentration of supporting salts, reasonable charge and discharge performance of dual-ion battery (discharge capacity of ≈40â mAh g-1 and coulombic efficiency of 90 %) were exhibited over 300 cycles. This was attributed to the decreased hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) potential to -1.05â V vs. Ag/AgCl by addition of G4. From Fourier-transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and Raman spectroscopies, G4 molecules were more strongly coordinated to Li+ to form ion pairs of [Li(G4)x (H2 O)y ]+ complex in hybrid G4-water electrolyte. Co-intercalation of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI- ) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI- ) into graphitic carbon KS6 cathode was confirmed in hybrid aqueous electrolyte.
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Background: Closed reduction is the preferred treatment for distal radius fractures. However, it requires a multiple experienced medical staff and manually maintaining stable traction is difficult. Additionally, doctors cannot assess the reduction status of a fracture in real-time through radiographic images, which may lead to improper reduction. Furthermore, post-fracture complications such as joint adhesion, stiffness, and impaired mobility pose a challenge for the doctors. So it is necessary to optimize the treatment process of the distal radius fracture through technological means. Methods: A robot-assisted closed reduction and rehabilitation system, which could assist doctors throughout the entire process of reduction, fixation, and rehabilitation of distal radius fractures, was developed. A mechanical system, composed of two grippers and a cooperative robotic arm, was used to grasp and tract the affected limb. A doctor controlled the robot through a joystick console and Windows application program. A biplane radiographic device was integrated into the system, which is not only convenient for doctors to view radiographic images of the fracture at any time but also for them to select the rotation axis of the wrist on the images before reduction and rehabilitation. Important information including the anteroposterior and lateral radiographic data and force and position parameters during the reduction and rehabilitation process were displayed on a graphic user interface. Results: Experimental results showed that the proposed robotic system can meet the technical requirements for the reduction and rehabilitation of distal radius fractures, all the rotation angles could be achieved, a maximum force of more than 50 N could be achieved in all traction directions, and the error in selecting the wrist joint rotation axis line using radiographic images was less than 5 mm. Conclusion: The developed robot-assisted system was shown to be suitable for closed reduction and rehabilitation of distal radius fractures, contributing a potential improvement in the quality of the procedures.
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The stepped-frequency (SF) waveform is highly sensitive to the target motion, which induces range shift and echo spread in a high-range-resolution profile (HRRP). This paper proposes a method based on a cross-transmitted double-stepped frequency (DSF) waveform and the phase-cancellation technique. The proposed method obtains the stationary HRRP of the moving targets according to the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) and complex multiplication. The results also show that the proposed method eliminates the generated false peaks from the existing methods. As a result, the obtained signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the HRRP using the proposed method is improved. Due to the cross-transmitted DSF waveform application, the proposed method adapts to higher speed targets. The analysis and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.