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In this study, a novel fresh-keeping edible film was prepared using egg yolk (EY) and chitosan (CS) with varying concentrations of curcumin (Cur) for food packaging. The addition of Cur notably enhanced tensile strength, elongation at break, and water resistance from 15.70 MPa to 24.24 MPa, 43.79 % to 63.69 %, and 1.599 g·mm·(m2·h·kPa)-1 to 1.541 g·mm·(m2·h·kPa)-1, respectively. Cur also impacted moisture content, swelling degree, and film color. SEM revealed a uniform distribution of Cur, creating a smooth and dense film surface. FT-IR analysis suggested that hydrogen bonding facilitated Cur integration into the film network. The films demonstrated excellent UV-blocking and antioxidant properties attributed to Cur's chromogenic and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Consequently, they effectively inhibited lipid oxidation and weight loss in meat, thereby prolonging the shelf-life of chilled pork by at least 2 d. In conclusion, this study provided a simple and cost-effective idea to incorporate actives with EY as a natural emulsifier, presenting an effective solution for developing active packaging materials to enhance the safety and quality of meat products.
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Antioxidantes , Quitosano , Curcumina , Películas Comestibles , Yema de Huevo , Embalaje de Alimentos , Curcumina/química , Curcumina/farmacología , Quitosano/química , Yema de Huevo/química , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Porcinos , Carne de Cerdo/análisis , Conservación de Alimentos/métodosRESUMEN
Somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) is highly expressed in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas and is an important drug target for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Two cyclic SST analog peptides (pasireotide and octreotide) both can activate SSTR5 and SSTR2. Pasireotide is preferential binding to SSTR5 than octreotide, while octreotide is biased to SSTR2 than SSTR5. The lack of selectivity of both pasireotide and octreotide causes side effects, such as hyperglycemia, gastrointestinal disturbance, and abnormal glucose homeostasis. However, little is known about the binding and selectivity mechanisms of pasireotide and octreotide with SSTR5, limiting the development of subtype-selective SST analog drugs specifically targeting SSTR5. Here, we report two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of SSTR5-Gi complexes activated by pasireotide and octreoitde at resolutions of 3.09 Å and 3.24 Å, respectively. In combination with structural analysis and functional experiments, our results reveal the molecular mechanisms of ligand recognition and receptor activation. We also demonstrate that pasireotide preferentially binds to SSTR5 through the interactions between Tyr(Bzl)/DTrp of pasireotide and SSTR5. Moreover, we find that the Q2.63, N6.55, F7.35 and ECL2 of SSTR2 play a crucial role in octreotide biased binding of SSTR2. Our results will provide structural insights and offer new opportunities for the drug discovery of better selective pharmaceuticals targeting specific SSTR subtypes.
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Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS) is a common urological disease with complex etiology. The treatment effect of western medicine is not satisfactory, and the course of the disease is protracted, which brings great trouble to patients. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a variety of treatment methods based on syndrome differentiation and treatment, including internal treatment with TCM, acupuncture and massage, and other external treatment methods for comprehensive treatment, with significant effect. This study summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS and found that western medicine cannot fully explain the etiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS. It was believed that CP/CPPS was mainly related to many factors such as special pathogen infection, voiding dysfunction, mental and psychological abnormalities, neuroendocrine abnormalities, immune abnormalities, excessive oxidative stress, pelvic diseases, and heredity. TCM believed that CP/CPPS was caused by damp heat, blood stasis, Qi stagnation, and poisoning and was closely related to the organs of the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, stomach, bladder, and meridians of Chong and Ren channels and three yin channels of the foot. In the treatment of TCM, multiple comprehensive treatment plans are currently used, including internal treatment with TCM(decoction, proprietary Chinese medicine, and unique therapies of famous doctors), acupuncture and massage treatment, and other external treatment methods(rectal administration, topical application of TCM, and ear acupoint pressure). Comprehensive regulation has significant clinical efficacy and prominent characteristics of TCM, and it is worth clinical promotion. This study aims to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of CP/CPPS and points out potential directions for future research in this field.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Medicina Tradicional China , Dolor Pélvico , Prostatitis , Humanos , Prostatitis/terapia , Prostatitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Dolor Pélvico/terapia , Dolor Pélvico/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/administración & dosificación , Enfermedad Crónica , Terapia por AcupunturaRESUMEN
Phosphorus is one of the important factors to successfully establish the microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MABS) system. The migration and transformation of phosphorus can occur in various ways, and the effects of phosphate on the MABS system facing environmental impacts like heavy metal stress are often ignored. This study investigated the roles of phosphate on the response of the MABS system to zinc ion (Zn2+). The results showed that the pollutant removal effect in the MABS system was significantly reduced, and microbial growth and activity were inhibited with the presence of Zn2+. When phosphate and Zn2+ coexisted, the inhibition effects of pollutants removal and microbial growth rate were mitigated compared to that of only with the presence of Zn2+, with the increasing rates of 28.3% for total nitrogen removal, 48.9% for chemical oxygen demand removal, 78.3% for chlorophyll-a concentration, and 13.3% for volatile suspended solids concentration. When phosphate was subsequently supplemented in the MABS system after adding Zn2+, both pollutants removal efficiency and microbial growth and activity were not recovered. Thus, the inhibition effect of Zn2+ on the MABS system was irreversible. Further analysis showed that Zn2+ preferentially combined with phosphate could form chemical precipitate, which reduced the fixation of MABS system for Zn2+ through extracellular adsorption and intracellular uptake. Under Zn2+ stress, the succession of microbial communities occurred, and Parachlorella was more tolerant to Zn2+. This study revealed the comprehensive response mechanism of the co-effects of phosphate and Zn2+ on the MABS system, and provided some insights for the MABS system treating wastewater containing heavy metals, as well as migration and transformation of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems.
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Metales Pesados , Microalgas , Fosfatos , Simbiosis , Aguas Residuales , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Aguas Residuales/química , Fosfatos/farmacología , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , ZincRESUMEN
Intra-articular injection of drugs is an effective strategy for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. However, the complex microenvironment and limited joint space result in rapid clearance of drugs. Herein, a nanogel-based strategy is proposed for prolonged drug delivery and microenvironment remodeling. Nanogel is constructed through the functionalization of hyaluronic acid (HA) by amide reaction on the surface of Kartogenin (KGN)-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (denoted as KZIF@HA). Leveraging the inherent hydrophilicity of HA, KZIF@HA spontaneously forms nanogels, ensuring extended drug release in the OA microenvironment. KZIF@HA exhibits sustained drug release over one month, with low leakage risk from the joint cavity compared to KZIF, enhanced cartilage penetration, and reparative effects on chondrocytes. Notably, KGN released from KZIF@HA serves to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion for hyaline cartilage regeneration. Zn2+ release reverses OA progression by promoting M2 macrophage polarization to establish an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. Ultimately, KZIF@HA facilitates cartilage regeneration and OA alleviation within three months. Transcriptome sequencing validates that KZIF@HA stimulates the polarization of M2 macrophages and secretes IL-10 to inhibit the JNK and ERK pathways, promoting chondrocytes recovery and enhancing ECM remodeling. This pioneering nanogel system offers new therapeutic opportunities for sustained drug release, presenting a significant stride in OA treatment strategies.
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Pasteurization is necessary during the production of liquid egg whites (LEW), but the thermal effects in pasteurization could cause an unavoidable loss of foaming properties of LEW. This study intended to investigate the mechanism of pasteurization processing affects the foam performance of LEW. The foaming capacity (FC) of LEW deteriorated significantly (ΔFCmax = 72.33 %) and foaming stability (FS) increased slightly (ΔFSmax = 3.64 %) under different temperature-time combinations of pasteurization conditions (P < 0.05). The increased turbidity and the decreased solubility together with the decreased absolute value of Zeta potential indicated the generation of thermally induced aggregates and the instability of the protein particles, Rheological characterization demonstrated improved viscoelasticity in pasteurization liquid egg whites (PLEW), explaining enhanced FS. The study revealed that loss in foaming properties of PLEW resulted from thermal-induced protein structural changes and aggregation, particularly affecting FC. This provided a theoretical reference for the production and processing of LEW products.
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Clara de Huevo , Pasteurización , Pasteurización/métodos , Clara de Huevo/química , Agregado de Proteínas , Huevos , SolubilidadRESUMEN
An unparalleled copper(I)-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles from tertiary amines in one step has been described. The one-pot reactions involving (N-isocyanimine)triphenylphosphorane, tertiary amines, and carboxylic acids resulted in the formation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles in moderate to good yields through a consecutive oxidative Ugi/aza-Wittig reaction, enabling the direct functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen atom. This method offered several notable advantages, including ligands-free, exceptional productivity and a high functional group tolerance. The preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that compound 4f inhibited hepatoma cells efficiently, suggesting potentially broad applications of the approach for synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
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Cobre , Compuestos Organofosforados , Oxadiazoles , Cobre/química , Oxadiazoles/química , Aminas/química , Catálisis , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The overproliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) contributes to synovial hyperplasia, a pivotal pathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Shikonin (SKN), the active compound from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exerts anti-RA effects by diverse means. However, further research is needed to confirm SKN's in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative functions and reveal the underlying specific molecular mechanisms. PURPOSE: This study revealed SKN's anti-proliferative effects by inducing both apoptosis and autophagic cell death in RA FLS and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat synovium, with involvement of regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway. METHODS: SKN's influences on RA FLS were assessed for proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy with immunofluorescence staining (Ki67, LC3B, P62), EdU incorporation assay, staining assays of Hoechst, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and JC-1, transmission electron microscopy, mCherry-GFP-LC3B puncta assay, and western blot. In AIA rats, SKN's anti-arthritic effects were assessed, and its impacts on synovial proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy were studied using Ki67 immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and western blot. The involvement of AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway was examined via western blot. RESULTS: SKN suppressed RA FLS proliferation with reduced cell viability and decreased Ki67-positive and EdU-positive cells. SKN promoted RA FLS apoptosis, as evidenced by apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, increased Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells, reduced mitochondrial potential, elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and increased cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-PARP protein levels. SKN also enhanced RA FLS autophagy, featuring increased LC3B, reduced P62, autophagosome formation, and activated autophagic flux. Autophagy inhibition by 3-MA attenuated SKN's anti-proliferative roles, implying that SKN-induced autophagy contributes to cell death. In vivo, SKN mitigated the severity of rat AIA while also reducing Ki67 expression, inducing apoptosis, and enhancing autophagy within AIA rat synovium. Mechanistically, SKN modulated the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway in RA FLS and AIA rat synovium, as shown by elevated P-AMPK and P-ULK-1 expression and decreased P-mTOR expression. This regulation was supported by the reversal of SKN's in vitro and in vivo effects upon co-administration with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. CONCLUSION: SKN exerted in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative properties by inducing apoptosis and autophagic cell death via modulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway. Our study revealed novel molecular mechanisms underlying SKN's anti-RA effects.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Apoptosis , Artritis Experimental , Artritis Reumatoide , Homólogo de la Proteína 1 Relacionada con la Autofagia , Autofagia , Naftoquinonas , Transducción de Señal , Sinoviocitos , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR , Animales , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Naftoquinonas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Homólogo de la Proteína 1 Relacionada con la Autofagia/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Ratas , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Sinoviocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Sinoviocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Synovial angiogenesis is a key player in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti-angiogenic therapy is considered a promising approach for treating RA. CPD-002 has demonstrated efficacy in suppressing tumor angiogenesis as a VEGFR2 inhibitor, but its specific impacts on RA synovial angiogenesis and possible anti-RA effects need further study. We examined the influences of CPD-002 on the migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and its impacts on HUVECs' tube formation and vessel sprouting ex vivo. The therapeutic potential of CPD-002 in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats and its suppression of synovial angiogenesis were examined. The involvement of the VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT pathway was assessed both in HUVECs and AIA rat synovium. Here, CPD-002 inhibited the migration and invasion of VEGF-stimulated HUVECs, decreased their chemotactic response to RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte-released chemoattractants, and exhibited anti-angiogenic effects in vitro and ex vivo. CPD-002's targeting of VEGFR2 was confirmed with molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assays, supported by the abolishment of CPD-002's effects upon using VEGFR2 siRNA. CPD-002 relieved paw swelling, arthritis index, joint damage, and synovial angiogenesis, indicating its anti-arthritic and anti-angiogenic effects in AIA rats. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro of CPD-002 contributed to its anti-angiogenic effects. Mechanistically, CPD-002 hindered the activation of VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT pathway in VEGF-induced HUVECs and AIA rat synovium, as evidenced by reduced p-VEGFR2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT protein levels alongside elevated PTEN protein levels. Totally, CPD-002 showed anti-rheumatoid effects via attenuating angiogenesis through the inhibition of the VEGFR2/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Ratas , Humanos , Animales , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Angiogénesis , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Movimiento Celular , Transducción de Señal , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
To explore potential responses of ecosystem carbon density to changes of community structure during natural regeneration of woody plants, we analyzed the relationships between ecosystem carbon density and its components, tree species diversity, structural diversity (CVDBH) and spatial structure parameters (mingling, aggregation, dominance, crowding) of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests with different sprouting densities (1154, 847 and 465 individuals·hm-2) at the early stage of succession in Baishanzu National Park. The results showed that tree species diversity (species richness index and Shannon diversity index) increased with the decrease of sprouting density of C. lanceolata. Among the stand structural parameters, CVDBH, stand density, and mingling increased with the decrease of sprouting density of C. lanceolata. The stand distribution pattern of different C. lanceolata densities was uniform, with sub-dominant stand growth status and relatively dense status. The carbon density of tree layer under high, medium, and low sprouting densities of C. lanceolata were 57.56, 56.12 and 46.54 t·hm-2, soil carbon density were 104.35, 122.71 and 142.00 t·hm-2, and the total carbon density of ecosystem were 164.59, 182.41 and 190.13 t·hm-2, respectively. There was little variation in carbon density of understory layer and litter layer among different treatments. The carbon density distribution characteristics of different C. lanceolata densities were following the order of soil layer (63.4%-74.7%) > tree layer (24.5%-35.0%) > understory layer and litter layer (0.8%-2.0%). The results of variance partitioning analysis indicated that the change of tree layer carbon density was mainly influenced by stand structure diversity, soil layer carbon density was influenced by both tree species diversity and stand structure diversity, while ecosystem carbon density was mainly influenced by tree species diversity. Stand spatial structure parameters had a relatively little effect on ecosystem carbon density and its components. The sprouting density of C. lanceolata significantly affected ecosystem carbon accumulation during the conversion from C. lanceolata plantations to natural forests. A lower remaining density of C. lanceolata (about 500 individuals·hm-2) was more conducive to forest carbon sequestration.
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Cunninghamia , Ecosistema , Humanos , Carbono/química , Bosques , Árboles , Suelo/química , ChinaRESUMEN
Efferocytosis, an intrinsic regulatory mechanism to eliminate apoptotic cells, will be suppressed due to the delayed apoptosis process in aging-related diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, cartilage lesion-localized hydrogel microspheres are developed to remodel the in situ efferocytosis to reverse cartilage senescence and recruit endogenous stem cells to accelerate cartilage repair. Specifically, aldehyde- and methacrylic anhydride (MA)-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel microspheres (AHM), loaded with pro-apoptotic liposomes (liposomes encapsulating ABT263, A-Lipo) and PDGF-BB, namely A-Lipo/PAHM, are prepared by microfluidic and photo-cross-linking techniques. By a degraded porcine cartilage explant OA model, the in situ cartilage lesion location experiment illustrated that aldehyde-functionalized microspheres promote affinity for degraded cartilage. In vitro data showed that A-Lipo induced apoptosis of senescent chondrocytes (Sn-chondrocytes), which can then be phagocytosed by the efferocytosis of macrophages, and remodeling efferocytosis facilitated the protection of normal chondrocytes and maintained the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs. In vivo experiments confirmed that hydrogel microspheres localized to cartilage lesion reversed cartilage senescence and promoted cartilage repair in OA. It is believed this in situ efferocytosis remodeling strategy can be of great significance for tissue regeneration in aging-related diseases.
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Microesferas , Osteoartritis , Animales , Porcinos , Osteoartritis/patología , Osteoartritis/metabolismo , Senescencia Celular/fisiología , Senescencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Condrocitos/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Apoptosis , Hidrogeles , Cartílago Articular/metabolismo , Cartílago/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurónico/metabolismo , EferocitosisRESUMEN
The Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains (HHM), a renowned biodiversity hotspot of the world, harbors the most extensive habitats for alpine plants with extraordinary high levels of endemism. Although the general evolution pattern has been elucidated, the underlying processes driving spectacular radiations in many species-rich groups remain elusive. Corydalis DC. is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere containing more than 500 species, with high diversity in HHM and adjacent regions. Using 95 plastid genes, 3,258,640 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and eight single-copy nuclear genes (SCNs) generated from genome skimming data, we reconstructed a robust time-calibrated phylogeny of Corydalis comprising more than 100 species that represented all subgenera and most sections. Molecular dating indicated that all main clades of Corydalis began to diverge in the Eocene, with the majority of extant species in HHM emerged from a diversification burst after the middle Miocene. Global pattern of mean divergence times indicated that species distributed in HHM were considerably younger than those in other regions, particularly for the two most species-rich clades (V and VI) of Corydalis. The early divergence and the recent diversification of Corydalis were most likely promoted by the continuous orogenesis and climate change associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Our study demonstrates the effectivity of phylogenomic analyses with genome skimming data on the phylogeny of species-rich taxa, and sheds lights on how the uplift of QTP has triggered the evolutionary radiations of large plant genera in HHM and adjacent regions.
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Corydalis , Filogenia , Himalayas , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , PlantasRESUMEN
Petrocosmea qinlingensis is a protected wild plant endemic in China, inhabiting low-light limestone cliffs but the complete chloroplast genome has not been reported. In this study, we first sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of P. qinlingensis. The total size of this genome was 153,865 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region (84,737 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,244 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRs) regions (25,442 bp). This genome encoded 111 uniquegenes, consisted of 77 protein-coding genes, four ribosomal RNA genes, and 30 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenomic analysis based on the chloroplast protein-coding genes and showed that the genus Petrocosmea was the closest relative to Raphiocarpus. Our results will support further phylogeographic, population genetic studies of this species.
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Objective To explore the antimicrobial resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)isolated from blood and the related risk factors for infection in patients.Methods Clinical data of 383 KP-infected patients from whose blood Klebsiella pneumoniae(KP)were isolated during hospitalization period in a hos-pital from January 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into CRKP group(n=114)and non-CRKP group(n=269)based on antimicrobial resistance.According to the prognosis,114 patients in the CRKP group were subdivided into the death group(n=30)and the survival group(n=84).General informa-tion,underlying diseases,antimicrobial use,and infection outcomes of two groups of patients were compared,and risk factors for infection and death after infection were analyzed.Results The resistance rates of KP to tigecycline and compound sulfamethoxazole showed upward trends,with statistically significant differences(both P=0.008).The CRKP group had higher resistance rates to amikacin,aztreonam,compound sulfamethoxazole,ciprofloxacin,cefepime,cefoperazone/sulbactam,piperacillin/tazobactam,tigecycline,ceftazidime,tobramycin,and levofloxacin,as well as higher in-hospital mortality than the non-CRKP group,with statistically significant differences(all P<0.05).Acute pancreatitis prior to infection(OR=16.564,P<0.001),hypoalbuminemia(OR=8.588,P<0.001),stay in in-tensive care unit prior to infection(OR=2.733,P=0.017),blood transfusion(OR=3.968,P=0.001),broncho-scopy(OR=5.194,P=0.014),surgery within 30 days prior to infection(OR=2.603,P=0.010),and treatment with carbapenems(OR=2.663,P=0.011)were independent risk factors for the development of CRKP blood-stream infection(BSI).Cardiac insufficiency before infection(OR=11.094,P=0.001),combined with pulmonary infection(OR=20.801,P=0.010),septic shock(OR=9.783,P=0.002),disturbance of consciousness(OR=11.648,P=0.001),and receiving glucocorticoid treatment(OR=5.333,P=0.018)were independent risk factors for mortality in patients with CRKP BSI.Conclusion The resistance rate of KP from BSI to tigecycline and com-pound sulfamethoxazole presents upward trend.Underlying diseases,invasive procedures,and carbapenem treat-ment are closely related to CRKP BSI.Cardiac insufficiency,pulmonary infection,septic shock,disturbance of con-sciousness,and glucocorticoid treatment can lead to death of patients with CRKP BSI.
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IMPORTANCE: Alterations in the intestinal environment are associated with various diseases, and FFAR4 is abundantly enriched in the intestine, where it has been shown to have the ability to regulate intestinal hormone secretion and intestinal microbiota; here, we confirmed previous reports. Meanwhile, we found that intestinal FFAR4 regulates glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion by decreasing Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and show that such change is associated with the level of glucose utilization at ZT12 in mice. Intestinal FFAR4 deficiency leads to severely impaired glucose tolerance at the ZT12 moment in mice, and Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation ameliorates the abnormal glucose utilization at the ZT12 moment caused by FFAR4 deficiency, which is very similar to the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients. Collectively, our data suggest that intestinal Ffar4 deteriorates glucose tolerance at the daily light to dark transition by affecting Akkermansia muciniphila.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intolerancia a la Glucosa , Verrucomicrobia , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Suplementos Dietéticos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Intestinos , Ratones Noqueados , Verrucomicrobia/química , Verrucomicrobia/metabolismo , Luz , Oscuridad , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/genética , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can cause neurotoxicity but the mechanism is not clear. Blood brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most important tissues to protect the brain. However, whether DEHP can disrupt the BBB or not remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential effects of subchronic DEHP exposure on BBB integrity and discuss the role of BBB in DEHP inducible neurotoxicity with an emphasis on neuroinflammatory responses. Male adult C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with vehicle or 200 or 750 mg/kg/day DEHP for 90 days. Subchronic exposure to high-dose DEHP increased water intake but decreased body weight and brain weight. The concentrations of DEHP metabolites increased in serum from all DEHP-exposed groups while increased in brain only from the high-dose group. DEHP induced neurobehavioural alterations and damaged hippocampal neurons. DEHP increased BBB permeability by Evans blue (EB) extravasation and decreased tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5) while presenting a neuroinflammatory feature characterized by the upregulated inflammatory mediators TNF-α and the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1ß inflammasome pathway. Our data provide new insights into neurotoxicity caused by subchronic DEHP exposure, which is probably involved in BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammatory responses.
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Barrera Hematoencefálica , Dietilhexil Ftalato , Ratones , Animales , Masculino , Dietilhexil Ftalato/toxicidad , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Inflamación/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
Microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MABS) system performs synergistic effect on the reduction of nutrients and carbon emissions in the water treatment process. However, antimicrobial agents are frequently detected in water, which influence the performance of MABS system. In this study, triclosan (TCS) was selected to reveal the effects and mechanisms of antimicrobial agents on MABS system. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, NH4+-N and total phosphorus decreased by 3.0%, 24.0% and 14.3% under TCS stress. In contrast, there were no significant decrease on the removal effect of total nitrogen. Mechanism analysis showed that both the growth rate of microorganisms and the nutrients retention capacity of extracellular polymeric substances were decreased. The intracellular accumulation for nitrogen and phosphorus was promoted due to the increased cytomembrane permeability caused by lipid peroxidation. Moreover, microalgae were dominant in MABS system with ratio between microalgae and bacteria of more than 5.49. The main genus was Parachlorella, with abundance of more than 90%. Parachlorella was highly tolerant to TCS, which might be conductive to maintain its survival. This study revealed the nutrients pathways of MABS system under TCS stress, and helped to optimize the operation of MABS system.
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Antiinfecciosos , Microalgas , Triclosán , Triclosán/análisis , Microalgas/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/análisis , Fósforo/análisis , Simbiosis , Bacterias/metabolismo , BiomasaRESUMEN
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Escherichia larvae. It frequently involves the liver (70%-75%), followed by the lungs (15%-20%), and occasionally the brain, heart, spleen, bone, and other organs. The main pathogenic forms of human echinococcosis currently include cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). CE is globally distributed, while the distribution of AE is generally restricted to the northern hemisphere. In China, CE accounts for 75% of all echinococcosis cases. With rapid advances in surgical techniques in recent decades, the surgical strategy for CE has changed, especially with the continuous improvement of surgical methods and the expansion of surgical contraindications. To further understand the changes in surgical treatment strategies for hepatic CE, we interpreted and analyzed the existing literature addressing the surgical treatment of hepatic CE both domestically and abroad and briefly summarized them in chronological order. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the progress in the surgical treatment of hepatic CE to provide clearer avenues for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Lipid droplets (LDs) are important multifunctional organelles responsible for lipid metabolism of postmortem muscle. However, the dynamics in their building blocks (cores and layers) and phosphorylation of lipid droplet-related proteins (LDRPs) regulating meat lipolysis remain unknown at salt-stimulated conditions. RESULTS: LDRPs extracted from cured porcine biceps femoris (1% and 3% salt) were subjected to label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis and LDs morphological validation. Results indicated that 3% salt curing significantly decreased triglyceride (TG) content with increase in glycerol and decrease in LDs fluorescence compared to 1% salt curing. Comparative phosphoproteomics showed that there were significant changes in phosphorylation at 386 sites on 174 LDRPs between assayed groups (P < 0.05). These differential proteins were mainly involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Curing of 3% salt induced more site-specific phosphorylation of perilipin 1 (PLIN1, at Ser81) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, at Ser399) than 1%, whereas the phosphorylation (at Ser600) of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was up-regulated. Ultrastructure imaging showed that LDs were mostly associated with mitochondria, and the average diameter of LDs decreased from 2.34 µm (1% salt) to 1.73 µm (3% salt). CONCLUSION: Phosphoproteomics unraveled salt-stimulated LDRPs phosphorylation of cured porcine meat provoked intensified lipolysis. Curing of 3% salt allowed an enhanced lipolysis than 1% by up-regulating the phosphorylation sites of LDRPs and recruited lipases. The visible splitting of LDs, together with sarcoplasmic disorganization, supported the lipolysis robustness following 3% salt curing. The finding provides optimization ideas for high-quality production of cured meat products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Músculos Isquiosurales , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Animales , Porcinos , Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Asociadas a Gotas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Lipólisis , Cloruro de Sodio/metabolismo , Biología ComputacionalRESUMEN
The role of CD3+CD56+ natural killer T (NKT) cells and its co-signaling molecules in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is unknown. In this prospective observational cohort study, we initially recruited 260 septic patients and eventually analyzed 90 patients, of whom 57 were in the SAE group and 37 were in the non-SAE group. Compared to the non-SAE group, 28-day mortality was significantly increased in the SAE group (33.3% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.026), while the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD86 in CD3+CD56+ NKT cells was significantly lower (2065.8 (1625.5 ~ 3198.8) vs. 3117.8 (2278.1 ~ 5349), p = 0.007). Multivariate analysis showed that MFI of CD86 in NKT cells, APACHE II score, and serum albumin were independent risk factors for SAE. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the mortality rate was significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (χ2 = 14.779, p < 0.001). This study showed that the decreased expression of CD86 in CD3+CD56+ NKT cells is an independent risk factor of SAE; thus, a prediction model including MFI of CD86 in NKT cells, APACHE II score, and serum albumin can be constructed for diagnosing SAE and predicting prognosis.