Image- and Impression-Based Technology in Scleral Lens Fitting for Keratoconus: Availability and Utilization.

OBJECTIVE: Scleral lenses (SLs) can be customized using traditional diagnostic lens fitting or by using image- and/or impression-based technologies. This study describes the availability and usage of SL fitting technology in patients with keratoconus. METHODS: An online survey queried practitioners on the mode of practice, country of residence, and estimated number of SL fits completed for keratoconus. Practitioners were asked whether they had access to image- and/or impression-based technology and to estimate the percentage of fits completed using diagnostic fitting, image-based technology, and impression-based technology. Access and usage of technology was compared between academic and community practices, United States and non-United States, and high-volume (≥60 SLs) and low-volume fitters. RESULTS: 423 practitioners who fit SL for keratoconus participated. Image- and impression-based technologies were more frequently available in academic practices compared with community practices and high-volume compared with low-volume practitioners ( P <0.005). Practitioners with image-based technology used it for a median [interquartile range] 5 [25]% of SL fittings; those with impression-based technology used it for 8 [9]% of fittings, and those with both types of technology used image-based devices for 12 [23]% of fittings and impression-based for 5 [8]% of fittings. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, most participants report using diagnostic lenses to fit SLs for patients with keratoconus.

Image- and impression-based technology for scleral lens fitting for keratoconus: Efficiency of the fitting process.

PURPOSE: This study describes efficiency of diagnostic, image-based, and impression-based fitting methods by eye care providers who prescribe scleral lenses (SL) for patients with keratoconus. METHODS: An electronic survey was distributed to eye care providers with an interest in SL fitting. Demographic data including practice modality, country of residence, and fitting volume were collected. Efficiency of each fitting method (diagnostic, image, and impression-guided) was queried including time required for initial evaluation, number of lenses ordered, and number of office visits required. Practitioners with access to image and impression-based technology were also asked time required to acquire data and to estimate the percentage of time a lens could be manufactured from the initial images or impressions. RESULTS: 423 practitioners who prescribe SL for patients with keratoconus reported completing a median [IQR] 100 [280] SL fittings. There was no difference in the median time required for initial evaluation (30 min; p = 0.5) or median number of lenses ordered during the fitting process (2 lenses; p = 0.2) between diagnostic, image-based, or impression-based SL fitting methods. Median time to acquire initial images was 10 [7] minutes and 15 [10] minutes to obtain impressions. Images obtained were adequate to order an initial lens 80 [45]% of the time while initial impressions were adequate 90 [40]%. CONCLUSION: In this study, practitioner-reported efficiency of SL fitting was similar between diagnostic, image-based and impression-based methods for patients with keratoconus.

Patient-Reported Dry Eye Treatment and Burden of Care.

OBJECTIVES: Dry eye is a common condition that can decrease the quality of life. This survey-based study of persons with dry eye investigated self-reported treatments (initial, current), out-of-pocket expenses, time spent on self-management, sources of care, and sources of information about their condition. METHODS: Online dry eye newsletters and support groups were emailed a link to an electronic survey asking members to participate. Survey respondents were not required to answer every question. RESULTS: In total, 639 persons with self-reported dry eye responded (86% women, 14% men [n=623]; mean ± SD age, 55 ± 14 years [n=595]). Artificial tears were the most reported intervention (76% initially, 71% currently). The median (interquartile range) out-of-pocket treatment cost annually was $500 ($200-$1,320 [n=506]). In addition, 55% (n=544) estimated 5 to 20 min daily on self-management; 22% spent an hour or more. Ophthalmologists provided most dry eye care (67%, n=520). Only 48% (n=524) reported that their primary source of dry eye information came from their eye care clinician. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial tears are the primary treatment for dry eye. Ophthalmologists provide most dry eye care, but half of patients report that their eye care provider is not their primary source of information. Almost one fourth of patients spend an hour or more daily on treatments.

Lens and solution properties in patients with and without midday fogging.

INTRODUCTION: Midday fogging is a complication of scleral lens (SL) wear that interrupts clear vision during the course of wear. SLs can be made with a variety of gas permeable materials, sizes and surface treatments, and various solutions are available for storing the lenses and for filling them before application on the eye. Many of these factors have been implicated as possible contributors to midday fogging. This study explored the lens and solution properties in habitual SL wearers with and without midday fogging. METHODS: In this prospective study, 48 habitual SL wearers were evaluated and asked to report whether they experienced midday fogging and if they removed their lenses during the day. They completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), which is a validated tool for dry eye assessment. Lens parameters (material, coatings and diameter) and lens storage and filling solutions were documented. Backward elimination of regression terms evaluated the lens and solution properties in those with and without fogging. OSDI scores were compared using the Mann-Whitney analysis. RESULTS: Collectively, the lens properties and solutions accounted for 27.7% of the variance related to midday fogging. None of the factors alone had a significant impact upon midday fogging. The median (interquartile range) OSDI score for those with fogging [37 (35)] was significantly different from those without fogging [10 (15)], with the scores corresponding to severe dry eye and normal eyes, respectively. CONCLUSION: SL wearers with midday fogging exhibited similar symptoms to patients with severe dry eye. Lens and solution characteristics may play a small role in patients with midday fogging, although changing just a single factor is not likely to impact its presence.

Process and Outcomes of Fitting Corneoscleral Profilometry-Driven Scleral Lenses for Patients With Ocular Surface Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of obtaining cornea scleral profile (CSP) measurements using Scheimpflug imaging and report on the fitting process of free-form custom scleral lenses (SLs) for patients with ocular surface disease (OSD). METHODS: This prospective study of patients fit with free-form SLs collected data on the following: demographics, indications for wear, corneal and scleral tomography, scan acquisition process, and SL fitting process. RESULTS: Cornea scleral profile scans were acquired on 15 eyes of nine patients. Mean scan time for right eyes was 10.7, and 9.7 min for left eyes. A mean of 2.9 follow-up visits were required to complete SL fitting, with a mean of 2.1 lenses ordered. One eye did not tolerate lens wear, and one eye could not be fit using the CSP scan because of insufficient data. The initial lens ordered was dispensed at the first follow-up visit for seven of the remaining 13 eyes, all of which were ultimately fit successfully in free-form lenses. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of profilometry-guided SL fitting for eyes with OSD and low magnitude corneal astigmatism, the number of lenses and follow-up visits required were similar to outcomes of previous studies that described the diagnostic approach to SL fitting. In addition, imaging technology does not negate the need for skilled clinical observation while fitting SLs.

Novel Management of Ocular Surface Inflammation in Patients With Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease in the Setting of Cataract Surgery.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) using a novel preoperative immunomodulatory regimen in a collaborative subspecialty care setting. METHODS: Retrospective case series of patients with oGVHD who underwent cataract surgery using a novel preoperative immunomodulatory regimen in a collaborative care setting. A preoperative regimen consisting of pooled human immune globulin 1%, autologous serum 50%, and methylprednisolone 1% eye drops was prescribed. Outcome measures included visual acuity (VA), ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, lissamine green staining, and complications with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-five eyes from 20 patients with oGVHD were studied. The mean age was 59 years (range 30-70 years). A healthy comparison group included 35 eyes from 24 patients with a mean age of 63 years (range 44-74 years). At the 2-year follow-up, the mean corneal staining score was 2.3/15, the mean OSDI score was 37.5, and the mean VA was 20/30 (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution 0.17). The global complication rate was 2.8% at the last follow-up with no difference versus a healthy comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: A collaborative care model improving ocular surface health before cataract surgery with dry eye and cataract subspecialists can optimize outcomes in patients with oGVHD.

Natural history of adenoviral conjunctivitis in a US-based population: Viral load, signs, and symptoms.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical signs, symptoms, and viral clearance in individuals in the United States with adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). METHODS: Individuals ≥ 18 years presenting within 4 days of symptoms of Ad-Cs who met eligibility criteria and tested positive with both point-of-care immunoassay antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing were enrolled. Patient-reported symptoms, clinician-graded signs, and qPCR viral titers were collected at baseline, days 1-2, 4 (days 3-5), 7 (days 6-10), 14 (days 11-17) and 21 (days 18-21). RESULTS: There was no detectable viral titers by the day 14 visit in 6/8 patients. By day 21, there was no detectable viral titers in the 7 participants who completed the visit; however, signs and symptoms persisted including: blurry vision (5/7), discomfort (2/7) or redness (1/7). Masked clinicians also noted conjunctival redness (4/7), follicular conjunctivitis (4/7) and bulbar edema (3/7). CONCLUSION: Many patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs persist after viral titers are no longer detectable by qPCR. Using clinical signs and symptoms to determine quarantine duration may result in patients being furloughed longer than the time that the patient is infectious.

Patient Experiences With Therapeutic Contact Lenses and Dry Eye Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To report patient-reported experiences with dry eye disease and therapeutic contact lenses. METHODS: A survey was distributed to patients with dry eye disease. Demographics, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), systemic disease, contact lens history, and burden of care information were collected. Descriptive statistics are presented and categorized by nonlens, soft lens, and scleral lens (SL) wearers. RESULTS: Of 639 respondents, 15% (94/639) were currently using therapeutic soft or SLs (47 soft and 69 SL). Mid-day fogging or clouding of vision was reported by SL (75%, 50/67) and soft lens (62%, 29/47) wearers. Seventy-two percent of SL wearers spent more than 20 min daily on dry eye treatment while 43% of soft lens wearers spent more than 20 min. Median annual expenditure was higher for SL ($1,500, n=63) than nonlens ($500, n=371) or soft lens wearers ($700, n=43). Mean OSDI scores in all groups were in the severe category (51±22 years, n=401 nonlens wearers; mean age; 45±22 years, n=47 soft lens wearers; 60±24 years, n=69 SL wearers). CONCLUSIONS: Mid-day fogging and blurring of vision was reported by most of the individuals using therapeutic lenses for dry eye disease. SL wearers allocate the most resources for dry eye care.

Graduating optometry student perceptions of their scleral lens fitting knowledge.

Although optometric programs have incorporated scleral lens (SL) education into their curricula, actual student experiences with SL fitting varies widely. This survey study describes the SL fitting and training experiences of graduating optometry students in US schools and colleges. Participants (323) were fourth-year students preparing to graduate in 2020 (19% response rate). Students appeared to have insufficient SL fitting practice, the median number of SL evaluations completed before graduation was 5 (range 0-110) and 63% reported less than 10 fits. Students with an interest in fitting SLs may wish to pursue additional training opportunities, such as residency, to acquire further experience before achieving sufficient proficiency with SLs.

Correlation of Adenoviral Titers with Severity of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis and Time to Viral Clearance for 21 Days.

SIGNIFICANCE: This investigation reports the correlation of conjunctival viral titers in adenoviral conjunctivitis with patient-reported symptoms and clinician-graded signs for 21 days of follow-up. PURPOSE: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious viral eye infection with significant morbidity and economic impact. This study investigates whether severity of signs and symptoms and time to viral clearance are correlated with conjunctival viral titers at baseline and during 21 days of follow-up. METHODS: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days study was a pilot study of the efficacy of a single in-office administration of ophthalmic 5% povidone-iodine. This article outlines longitudinal analyses after the primary outcome report. Of 212 participants screened, 28 participants with quantitative polymerase chain reaction-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis were randomized and had follow-up visits on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21. At each visit, clinician-graded signs, participant-reported symptoms, and a conjunctival swab for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were obtained. The correlation of viral titers with symptoms and signs was calculated: (1) cross-sectionally at each visit and (2) longitudinally for 21 days using a repeated-measures mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 28 participants had sufficient data for this report. Higher viral titers for 21 days were correlated with greater severity of symptoms (tearing, matting, and redness, r ≥ 0.70; P < .02) and greater severity of clinical signs (bulbar redness and serous discharge, r ≥ 0.60; P < .01). Eyes with highest baseline viral titers required longer time to viral clearance ( r = 0.59, P = .008). Signs and symptoms persisted in approximately half of the eyes even after viral clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher conjunctival viral titers across 21 days were strongly correlated with more severe signs and symptoms and longer time to viral clearance. Our results also indicate that symptoms and signs can persist after viral clearance.

Survey-Based Estimation of Corneal Complications Associated with Scleral Lens Wear.

ABSTRACT: The benefits of scleral lens (SL) wear have been described in cross-sectional and retrospective studies; however, the frequency of complications associated with SL wear has not, to the best of our knowledge, been determined. From a survey of SL practitioners, we estimated the period prevalence over 1 year of corneal complications that required SL wearers to discontinue lens wear. In a sample of 72,605 wearers, SL wear was discontinued for the following complications: corneal edema, 1.2%; corneal neovascularization, 0.53%; microbial keratitis, 0.45%; and limbal stem cell deficiency, 0.20%. This study design allowed for calculation of period prevalence of these complications rather than complication incidence rates. Information presented in this report may be useful in clinical decision-making and for future study design.

Current Trends in Scleral Lens Prescription, Management, and Evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: To report current trends in scleral contact lens prescription and management, including lens designs prescribed, care products recommended, and procedures performed during routine scleral lens (SL) evaluation. METHODS: An online survey was designed by the Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice Evaluation study team and administered to eye care practitioners attending a specialty contact lens meeting. The survey was available from November 8, 2019, through March 31, 2020. Participants' demographic data were collected, along with information on lens diameters, landing zone (LZ) designs, recommended care products, and components of routine SL evaluation. RESULTS: In total, 715 participants responded to at least one of the survey items of interest. Most lenses prescribed (63%) were 16 mm or more in diameter. Lenses with toric LZs were the most frequently prescribed (48%), followed by spherical (40%), quadrant-specific (8%), and impression-based or image-based designs (3%). Most participants (61%) recommended hydrogen peroxide products for lens care. Nonpreserved saline in a single-use vial was most frequently recommended to fill the bowl of the lens before application. Intraocular pressure was measured during SL evaluation by 45% of participants; 38% of participants routinely measured corneal thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners increasingly are prescribing SLs with advanced LZ designs. Most practitioners recommend hydrogen peroxide-based disinfection systems and single-use vials of nonpreserved saline for lens care and application. Because differences in components of routine SL evaluations were reported, clinicians may benefit from reaching a consensus on essential components of SL evaluation.

Scleral lens prescription and management practices: Emerging consensus.

PURPOSE: To describe international scleral lens prescription and management practices across multiple practice types. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, scleral lens practitioners were asked to complete an electronic survey that requested information about a single scleral lens patient. Data collected included practitioner demographics (practice type, country, years of experience) and patient indications for scleral lens wear, fitting process, lens design, and care products. RESULTS: Data were collected for 259 patients (419 eyes). Most participants (60%) practiced in the US, 75% worked primarily in community practice, and 58% claimed more than 5 years' experience fitting scleral lenses. Indications for scleral lens wear were corneal irregularity (87%), ocular surface disease (9%), and uncomplicated refractive error (4%). During the fitting process, the mean (SD) number of lenses ordered was 2.4 (1.6) (range, 1-16 lenses) during 3.8 (2.4) visits (range, 1-18 visits). Of patients, 62% used a daily surfactant cleaner, 47% used hydrogen peroxide disinfection, and 67% used single-use vials of nonpreserved saline. Mean lens diameter was 16.2 (1.1) mm (range, 11.8-23.0 mm). The landing zones were spherical (64%), toric (26%), quadrant-specific (7%), and custom (3%) designs. Optical power was spherical in 70%, toric in 27%, and higher-order aberration correcting in 3% of lenses. Only 5 lenses had multifocal optics. CONCLUSIONS: General consensus regarding prescribing patterns (lens design, wearing schedules, care products) between US vs non-US, community vs academic, and new vs established providers is reported in this study. Relatively low percentages of patients wearing lenses with advanced landing zones or optical designs suggest that these new options have not been widely adopted.

Trends in Scleral Lens Fitting Practices: 2020 Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice Evaluation Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To explore trends in demographic characteristics of scleral lens (SL) practitioners and primary indications for SL fitting over 5 years. METHODS: An online survey similar to the 2015 Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice Evaluation (SCOPE) study was designed and administered from November 8, 2019, through March 31, 2020, to attendees at two international contact lens meetings, members of the Scleral Lens Education Society, and participants in the 2015 SCOPE study. Practitioners reporting at least five completed SL fits were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of 922 respondents, 777 had fit at least five SLs: 63% from the United States (59 other countries were represented), findings similar to the 2015 survey, in which 799 respondents (72%) were US-based and 49 from other countries. Most practitioners were in community practice (76%) than academic practice (24%). In 2015, 64% were in community practice and 36% in academic practice. A median of 84% of SLs were fit for corneal irregularity, 10% for ocular surface disease, and 2% for uncomplicated refractive error. In comparison, the 2015 indications were 74%, 16%, and 10%, respectively. The median number of fits completed per practitioner was 100 (range, 5-10,000; mean [SD] 284 [717]; n=752). In 2015, the median was 36 (range, 5-3,600; mean [SD] 125 [299]; n=678). CONCLUSIONS: The number of experienced SL practitioners is increasing, as is international representation. Most practitioners practice in community rather than academic settings. SLs continue to be primarily prescribed for corneal irregularity and are rarely used solely for correction of refractive error.

Prescription Habits of Scleral Lenses for the Management of Corneal Irregularity and Ocular Surface Disease Among Scleral Lens Practitioners.

OBJECTIVES: To describe prescribing patterns of therapeutic scleral lenses (SLs) in the management of corneal irregularity and ocular surface disease among practitioners who prescribe SLs. METHODS: Participants ranked treatment options for corneal irregularity and ocular surface disease in the order they would generally consider using them in an electronic survey. Median rank score for each option is reported, along with the percentage of participants assigning first place ranking to each option. The percentage of participants assigning first, second, or third place ranking to each option is also reported. RESULTS: Seven hundred and seventy-eight practitioners participated. Scleral lenses are most frequently considered as the first choice for the management of corneal irregularity based on overall median rank, followed by corneal rigid lenses (rigid gas-permeable [RGPs]). Scleral lenses were the first choice of 42% of participants, followed by RGPs (20%). For ocular surface disease, lubricant drops are most frequently used first, followed by meibomian gland expression, topical cyclosporine or lifitegrast, topical steroids, punctal plugs, and SLs, respectively. Lubricant drops were the first therapeutic option considered for ocular surface disease by 63% of participants and 45% ranked SLs as their sixth, seventh or eighth treatment based on median overall rank. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral lenses were identified as the first option for management of corneal irregularity more frequently than RGPs. Scleral lenses are considered for management of ocular surface disease before surgical intervention but after meibomian gland expression, punctal occlusion, and topical medical therapy are attempted.

Optometrist's perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in eye care.

PURPOSE: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosing and managing ocular disease has gained popularity as research highlights the utilization of AI to improve personalized medicine and healthcare outcomes. The objective of this study is to describe current optometric perspectives of AI in eye care. METHODS: Members of the American Academy of Optometry were sent an electronic invitation to complete a 17-item survey. Survey items assessed perceived advantages and concerns regarding AI using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." RESULTS: A total of 400 optometrists completed the survey. The mean number of years since optometry school completion was 25 ± 15.1. Most respondents reported familiarity with AI (66.8%). Though half of optometrists had concerns about the diagnostic accuracy of AI (53.0%), most believed it would improve the practice of optometry (72.0%). Optometrists reported their willingness to incorporate AI into practice increased from 53.3% before the COVID-19 pandemic to 65.5% after onset of the pandemic (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this study, optometrists are optimistic about the use of AI in eye care, and willingness to incorporate AI in clinical practice also increased after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Open globe injuries from projectile impact: Initial presentation and outcomes.

PURPOSE: To describe the characteristics and correlates of open globe injuries secondary to projectile injury and outcomes following surgical open globe repair at an urban tertiary referral center. METHODS: Records of all patients with a history of open globe injury secondary to projectile injury and surgical open globe at a tertiary referral hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016 were reviewed. Demographics, type of trauma, wound extent, presence of foreign body, and presenting clinical findings are reported. Outcomes for patients with greater than 6 months of follow-up included additional surgeries, final visual acuity, and clinical findings. RESULTS: Of 214 patients who underwent open globe repair, 73 (34.1%) were due to projectile impact. Mean age was 37.9 years and patients were primarily male (n = 66, P < 0.001). Most injuries resulted in globe laceration (68.5%, P < 0.001), and wound extent was zone 1 (45.2%), zone 2 (20.5%), zone 3 (27.4%), or unknown (6.8%). Associated findings included foreign body (35.6%) and orbital fracture (15%). Of 41 patients with at least 6 months of follow-up, 70% had additional surgeries following their initial surgical repair. Laceration injuries tended to be more anterior (P = 0.002) with better visual outcomes (P = 0.045) than those with globe rupture, and concomitant orbital fracture associated with poor visual outcomes. Overall, 58.5% of patients had 20/40 or better final best-corrected visual acuity. CONCLUSION: This is the largest report of open globe injury due to projectile impact. Visual prognosis in this population is very good, with most patients achieving better than 20/40 vision in our study.

Contact Lens Prescribing Trends for Keratoconus at an Academic Medical Center: Increased Utilization of Scleral Lenses for Severe Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To describe contact lens prescription trends for patients with keratoconus. METHODS: Demographics, corneal curvature, visual acuity, and type of contact lens prescribed were reviewed for all patients with keratoconus evaluated in the contact lens service in 2010 and 2020. RESULTS: There were 292 patients in 2010 and 217 in 2020. In 2010, 69% were using corneal gas-permeable lenses (GP), 16% soft toric, 13% hybrid, and 2% soft sphere with no scleral lens (SL). In 2020, 60% were using corneal GP, 22% SL, 12% soft toric, 5% hybrid, and 1% soft sphere. Mean log of minimum angle of resolution visual acuities with manifest refraction were (represented in mean [SD, range]) 0.42 (0.33, 0-1.3) in 2010 and 0.35 (0.33, 0-1.6) in 2020 improving to 0.19 (0.18, 0-1.3; P≤0.01) and 0.13 (0.14, 0-0.60; P<0.01) with contact lenses. Mean keratometry measurement in patients using SLs was 53.0 diopters (D) (9.9, 42.1-84.5), which was steeper than 46.6 D in patient's using all other lens types in 2010 and 2020 (3.9, 40.9-57.9; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Scleral lens prescription increased during the past decade; however, corneal GP lenses remain the most frequent lens prescribed for patients with keratoconus in this cohort. Despite being prescribed for patients with the most advanced disease, SLs provide good visual acuity.

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs, symptoms and point-of-care testing for early adenoviral conjunctivitis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study identifies key signs and symptoms of acute conjunctivitis, that when combined with a point-of-care test, can improve clinician accuracy of diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. BACKGROUND: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection with the potential for high economic impact due to widespread outbreaks and subsequent furloughs from work and school. In this report, we describe clinical signs and participant-reported symptoms that most accurately identify polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: Adults with 'red eye' symptoms of four days or less were enrolled. Participants rated 10 ocular symptoms from 0 (not bothersome) to 10 (very bothersome), and indicated the presence or absence of systemic flu-like symptoms. Clinicians determined the presence or absence of swollen lymph nodes and rated the severity of eight ocular signs using a 5-point scale. An immunoassay targeting adenovirus antigen was utilised for the point-of-care test, and conjunctival swab samples were obtained for subsequent adenovirus detection by PCR analyses. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify symptoms and signs associated with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. The diagnostic accuracy of these clinical findings, and the potential benefit of incorporating point-of-care test results, was assessed by calculating areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: Clinician-rated bulbar conjunctival redness, participant-rated eyelid swelling and overall ocular discomfort had the best predictive value in the multivariate logistic regression model with an AUC of 0.83. The addition of the point-of-care test results to these three clinical sign/symptom scores improved diagnostic accuracy, increasing the AUC to 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival redness severity and participant-reported eyelid swelling and overall discomfort, along with adenoviral point-of-care test results, were highly predictive in identifying individuals with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. Improved diagnostic accuracy by clinicians at the initial presenting visit could prevent unnecessary work furloughs and facilitate earlier treatment decisions.