Copper deficiency is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with advanced liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Copper is an essential trace metal serving as a cofactor in innate immunity, metabolism, and iron transport. We hypothesize that copper deficiency may influence survival in patients with cirrhosis through these pathways. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study involving 183 consecutive patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension. Copper from blood and liver tissues was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Polar metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Copper deficiency was defined by serum or plasma copper below 80 µg/dL for women or 70 µg/dL for men. RESULTS: The prevalence of copper deficiency was 17% (N=31). Copper deficiency was associated with younger age, race, zinc and selenium deficiency, and higher infection rates (42% vs. 20%, p=0.01). Serum copper correlated positively with albumin, ceruloplasmin, hepatic copper, and negatively with IL-1ß. Levels of polar metabolites involved in amino acids catabolism, mitochondrial transport of fatty acids, and gut microbial metabolism differed significantly according to copper deficiency status. During a median follow-up of 396 days, mortality was 22.6% in patients with copper deficiency compared with 10.5% in patients without. Liver transplantation rates were similar (32% vs. 30%). Cause-specific competing risk analysis showed that copper deficiency was associated with a significantly higher risk of death before transplantation after adjusting for age, sex, MELD-Na, and Karnofsky score (HR: 3.40, 95% CI, 1.18-9.82, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: In advanced cirrhosis, copper deficiency is relatively common and is associated with an increased infection risk, a distinctive metabolic profile, and an increased risk of death before transplantation.

Genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of the Nlrp3 inflammasome did not ameliorate experimental NASH.

It has been postulated that inflammasomes, in particular the NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome, mediate the necroinflammation and fibrosis that characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by engaging innate immune responses. We aimed to investigate the impact of genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome on experimental steatohepatitis. Global Nlrp3 KO (expected to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome) or Casp1 KO (expected to inhibit all inflammasomes) mice were compared to wild type controls after 6 months on a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC, 1% cholesterol) diet known to induce fibrosing steatohepatitis. Additionally, wildtype mice on a HFHC diet (0.75% or 0.5% cholesterol) for 6 months were either treated or not treated with an oral, pharmacologic inhibitor of Nlrp3 (MCC950) that was delivered in the drinking water (0.3 mg/ml). We found that genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome did not ameliorate any of the histological components of fibrosing NASH in HFHC-fed mice. Collectively, these results do not support NLRP3 inhibition as a potential target for human NASH.

Positive Job Search Experience for New Pathologists Seeking First Employment Between 2017 and 2019.

CONTEXT.­: An aging population calls for an adequate response in the workforce of medical professionals. The field of pathology has seen a downward trend in numbers of graduating US allopathic medical students choosing the specialty. Concerns about the job market after residency and fellowship graduation may be a contributing factor. OBJECTIVE.­: To provide an update on the trends emerging from a survey of pathology graduates' job search experience for their first nonfellowship position. DESIGN.­: Data from an annual job search survey sent by the College of American Pathologists Graduate Medical Education Committee between 2017 and 2019 to College of American Pathologists junior members and fellows in practice 3 years or less actively looking for a nonfellowship position was analyzed. Various indicators of the job search experience were compared year to year and with the previously published 2012 to 2016 benchmark data. RESULTS.­: Analysis revealed positive trends between the 2017 to 2019 data and the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data, including participants' perceiving more ease in finding a position, improved availability of jobs in their subspecialty choice, and higher ratings of satisfaction with the position accepted, as well as a greater proportion of respondents finding a position within 6 months of initiating their job search. CONCLUSIONS.­: The job market for pathology residents and fellows looking for their first nonfellowship position has improved with respect to multiple indicators, such as ease of finding a position, length of job search, and satisfaction with the position accepted when comparing 2017 to 2019 data with the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data.

Factors Influencing US Allopathic Medical Students to Choose Pathology as a Specialty.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of pathologists in the health care system at a time of significant decline in the number of US medical students matching to pathology residency positions. To understand this decline, a national survey of fourth-year US allopathic medical students was conducted to assess experiences, knowledge, and attitudes of pathology and factors that impact specialty choice. Participating in a separate pathology course did not increase the probability of choosing pathology. Experiences significantly associated with choosing pathology included clinical or research opportunities in pathology during the last 2 years of medical school, autopsy observation/participation, and participation in pathology interest groups. Many respondents felt they were not sufficiently exposed to pathology to consider it as a specialty. Those who considered pathology but did not choose it were less likely to report understanding the activities of pathologists and being recruited by pathology faculty and more likely to express a preference for more direct patient contact as compared to those entering pathology. In general, respondents agreed that pathology has a good work-life balance and a satisfying degree of intellectual challenge. On the other hand, respondents generally agreed that information on social media and perception of the pathology job market do not seem to be positive and few agreed that pathology is a highly regarded specialty. We identify steps to address these issues and increase the number of US medical students choosing pathology as a specialty crucial to the future of medicine and public health.

Entry of Graduates of US Pathology Residency Programs Into the Workforce: Cohort Data Between 2008 and 2016 Remain Positive and Stable.

The pathologist workforce in the United States is a topic of interest to the health-care community as a whole and to institutions responsible for the training of new pathologists in particular. Although a pathologist shortage has been projected, there has been a pervasive belief by medical students and their advisors that there are "no jobs in pathology." In 2013 and again in 2017, the Program Directors Section of the Association of Pathology Chairs conducted surveys asking pathology residency directors to report the employment status of each of their residents graduating in the previous 5 years. The 2013 Program Directors Section survey indicated that 92% of those graduating in 2010 had obtained employment within 3 years, and 94% of residents graduating in 2008 obtained employment within 5 years. The 2017 survey indicated that 96% of those graduating in 2014 had obtained employment in 3 years, and 97% of residents graduating in 2012 obtained positions within 5 years. These findings are consistent with residents doing 1 or 2 years of fellowship before obtaining employment. Stratification of the data by regions of the country or by the size of the residency programs does not show large differences. The data also indicate a high percentage of employment for graduates of pathology residency programs and a stable job market over the years covered by the surveys.

Gender Parity in Gainful Employment and Other Gender Trends in the Job Market for Recent Pathology Graduates.

CONTEXT.­: Gender-based barriers to equal salary, career advancement, and leadership still exist in medicine. Herein we provide the first report of data comparing the experiences of men and women seeking their first nonfellowship position in pathology. OBJECTIVE.­: To identify gender trends regarding pathologists taking their first job after training and the relationship to various demographic factors, job search satisfaction, and outcome. DESIGN.­: Aggregate data from the College of American Pathologists Graduate Medical Education Committee Job Market surveys (2015-2018) were analyzed across multiple domains including residency focus, number and subspecialty of fellowships completed, and extent to which expectations were met in regard to work duties, geographic preference, benefits, and salary. These data were examined in the context of assessing gender-based differences. RESULTS.­: Comparable results were identified in all measured outcomes according to gender. There were no differences between gender and medical school type, relocation, residency training focus, number of fellowships completed, overall satisfaction with position accepted, salary, or extent to which the position met expectations. Similarly, there were also no discrepancies between gender and the geographic region in which positions were accepted, practice setting, practice subspecialty, partnership track, length of job search, or difficulty finding a position. CONCLUSIONS.­: Analysis from 4 years of job market survey data shows equivalent results between men and women looking for their first nonfellowship position in pathology. There were no significant differences with regard to difficulty finding a position, overall satisfaction with the position accepted, salary, benefits, or access to partnership track.

Will I Need to Move to Get My First Job?: Geographic Relocation and Other Trends in the Pathology Job Market.

CONTEXT.­: There is an ongoing perception that the pathology job market is poor, which may be discouraging medical students from pursuing the specialty. Academic pathologists believe that jobs are available but relocation may be necessary. OBJECTIVE.­: To identify trends regarding the geographic relocation of pathologists taking their first job after training. DESIGN.­: The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Graduate Medical Education Committee has sent an annual job search survey from 2012-2016 to CAP junior members and fellows in practice for 3 years or less and seeking their first job. Data were analyzed across demographics and geographic domains consisting of the following: stayed at same institution/city, relocated within the same region, or relocated to a different region. Standard statistical methods were used. RESULTS.­: Of 501 respondents, 421 reported completing combined anatomic pathology (AP)/clinical pathology (CP) training, while 80 reported AP- or CP-only training. Of the 421 AP/CP respondents, 109 (26%) stayed at the same institution or city, while of the 80 AP- or CP-only respondents, 36 (45%) stayed at the same institution or city. One hundred ninety-nine respondents completed surgical pathology fellowships with 124 (62%) general/oncologic surgical pathology and 75 (38%) subspecialty surgical pathology trainees. Job seekers who completed general surgical pathology/surgical oncologic pathology fellowship accounted for 34 of 52 (65%) of those remaining at the same institution or city, while those with subspecialty training accounted for 40 of 77 (52%) of those relocating to a different region. Relocation did not demonstrate any significant trends in regard to other demographics studied. CONCLUSIONS.­: The pathology job market appears stable with no precedent for geographic hardship.

Oculomotor Synkinesis (Aberrant Reinnervation of the Third Cranial Nerve) Associated with Atypical Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome.

A 70-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed a painful pupil-involving right third nerve palsy, ipsilateral fourth nerve palsy, and periorbital paraesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancement and thickening of the right third nerve, and she was diagnosed with presumed Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Repeated imaging seven months later showed resolution of the enhancing thickened oculomotor nerve, but the patient developed signs of oculomotor synkinesis. This presentation demonstrates a rare case of oculomotor synkinesis secondary to inflammation.

Clues to recognition of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: Findings from cytologic and limited biopsy samples.

BACKGROUND: Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare and highly aggressive and is believed to arise mostly in the setting of hereditary leiomyomatosis-RCC syndrome with a germline mutation of FH. Because of the aggressiveness of these tumors and a frequent lack of ascertainable family history, these tumors may first present as metastases and be sampled by cytology. The cytologic findings of FH-deficient RCC have not previously been reported. METHODS: Cytologic and limited biopsy samples from patients with FH-deficient RCC were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: In total, 24 cytologic and limited biopsy samples from 19 patients (6 women and 13 men; age range, 22-69 years) who had FH-deficient RCC and metastasis at presentation were evaluated. These included 21 cytology samples ranging from malignant effusions (n = 7) to metastases (n = 11), to samples of primary kidney tumors (n = 3). The samples exhibited cells, often in clusters and abortive papillae, with voluminous, finely vacuolated cytoplasm and large, pleomorphic nuclei with prominent, viral inclusion-like nucleoli. A distinctive finding of peripheral cytoplasmic clearing frequently was apparent, and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were less frequent. Of 7 cell block and biopsy samples, several of which represented sampling from the same patient, all demonstrated tissue fragments that had discernable morphologic patterns associated with FH-deficient RCC, including tubulocystic and intracystic papillary growth. CONCLUSIONS: Features characteristic and suggestive of FH-deficient RCC may be identified in cytologic and small biopsy samples. Although the current samples were identified retrospectively in well characterized cases of FH-deficient RCC, the authors argue that, with appropriate clinical correlation, these features are sufficiently distinctive to trigger recognition and confirmatory workup.

A rheumatoid factor paradox: inhibition of rituximab effector function.

INTRODUCTION: Rituximab (RTX) therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibits enhanced effectiveness in seropositive patients. Using patient sera, we tested if this improved efficacy was associated with enhanced RTX mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (RTX-CDC). METHODS: We developed an in vitro assay for RTX-CDC using patient sera and the Daudi human B cell line. Using propidium iodide uptake and flow cytometry, we compared RTX-CDC with rheumatoid factor (RF)+ sera relative to normal volunteer, non-RA and RF- sera. Additional studies examined mixing studies of RF+ and RF- sera, as well as the effect of monoclonal IgA or IgM RF. Finally, the effect of RF on RTX mediated trogocytosis of normal B cells was evaluated. RESULTS: Using human sera, addition of RTX resulted in rapid and profound (>50%) Daudi cell death that was complement dependent. Surprisingly, RF+ patient sera exhibited reduced RTX-CDC relative to RF- sera, with an inverse relationship of RTX-CDC and RF titer. Mixing studies indicated the presence of an inhibitor of RTX-CDC in RF+ sera. The addition of monoclonal IgM or IgA RF to RF- sera markedly inhibited RTX-CDC. This effect was specific for RF binding to the Fc portion of RTX as it was not apparent with the F(ab)' domains of RTX engineered onto IgG3 heavy chain. RF also modestly inhibited RTX mediated trogocytosis. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to expectations, RF+ sera exhibits reduced RTX-CDC due to the presence of RF. The enhanced efficacy of RTX in seropositive RA patients cannot be attributed to improved B cell depletion through CDC. This result indicates that high RF levels may potentially modulate the efficacy of any therapeutic monoclonal antibody dependent on Fc effector function.

Depression and suicidal ideation in college students.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in college students and is often associated with depression. The aim of this study was to assess the rates of suicidal ideation (SI) on college campuses and to identify its correlates. METHODS: On-campus depression screening sessions were conducted at 3 universities (n = 898; 55% female; mean age 20.07 ± 1.85 years). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; mean ± SD of total score = 6.27 ± 6.31) and other measures. Eighty-four students endorsed a '1' on the BDI suicidality item, suggesting thoughts of suicide. RESULTS: Results showed that students with greater depression severity, higher levels of hopelessness, and poorer quality of life were more likely to endorse SI. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with SI highlighted in this study may aid in the identification of college students at risk for suicide.

Examining the role of race and ethnicity in relapse rates of major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: We test the hypothesis that racial or ethnic differences exist in relapse rates to fluoxetine discontinuation in major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD: Data are from a prospective study examining the relapse rates secondary to fluoxetine discontinuation in MDD. Subjects in the discontinuation phase consisted of 255 adults aged 18 to 65: 214 subjects who self-identified as white, 22 as African American, 13 as Latino American, and 6 as Asian American. RESULTS: In both the fluoxetine and placebo groups, no statistically significant differences emerged when comparing time to relapse for minority groups as compared to the white population. Adjusting for statistically significant predictors of relapse (symptom severity, neurovegetative symptom pattern, sex) and for educational level did not change the outcome of the survival analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Although the size of minority groups in this sample was modest, in a randomized, controlled trial setting, minority and white patients may have similar rates of relapse in MDD. This finding reinforces the importance of maintenance treatment in relapse for both minority as well as white patients with MDD. Given the self-selecting nature of clinical trials, future studies are needed to further examine the potential influence of underlying cultural factors on clinical outcomes in minority populations.

Compulsive alcohol use and other high-risk behaviors among college students.

The association between heavy alcohol consumption and risky behaviors has been amply investigated among college students. However, less is known with regard to types of drinking behaviors associated with high-risk activities. The present study extends this area of research by examining the relationship between compulsive drinking and hazardous behaviors in this population. Nine hundred and four college students completed measures on compulsive drinking and other risky behaviors in the context of mental health screenings at three campuses. Results showed that in males, compulsive drinking increased the risk for compulsive street drugs use, compulsive prescription drugs use, compulsive sexual activities, and gambling. Among females, compulsive drinking increased the risk for compulsive street drugs use, and compulsive sexual activities. These findings suggest that inquiring about compulsive drinking among college students may have great utility in identifying those at greater risk for other risky behaviors. The high co-occurrence of compulsive drinking, illicit substances, compulsive sexual activities, and gambling in college students suggests the need for comprehensive programs addressing high-risk behaviors together.

Culturally sensitive collaborative treatment for depressed chinese americans in primary care.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the feasibility and effectiveness of using culturally sensitive collaborative treatment (CSCT) to improve recognition, engagement, and treatment of depressed Chinese Americans in primary care. METHODS: Chinese American patients in a primary care setting (n = 4228) were screened for depression. The primary study outcome was treatment engagement rate, and the secondary outcome was treatment response. RESULTS: Of the study participants, 296 (7%) screened positive for depression, 122 (41%) of whom presented for a psychiatric assessment; 104 (85%) were confirmed with major depressive disorder, and 100 (96%) of these patients were randomized into treatment involving either care management or usual care. Patients in the care management and usual care groups did not differ in terms of their outcomes. CSCT resulted in a nearly 7-fold increase in treatment rate among depressed patients in primary care. CONCLUSIONS: CSCT is both feasible and effective in improving recognition and treatment engagement of depressed Chinese Americans. Care management may have limited effects on depressed patients treated by psychiatrists, given that these patients tend to have favorable responses in general.

S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the progressive increase in the number of antidepressants, many patients with major depressive disorder continue to be symptomatic. Clearly, there is an urgent need to develop better tolerated and more effective treatments for this disorder. The use of S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), a naturally occurring molecule that serves as a methyl donor in human cellular metabolism, as adjunctive treatment for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder represents one such effort toward novel pharmacotherapy development. METHOD: Participants were 73 serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) nonresponders with major depressive disorder enrolled in a 6-week, double-blind, randomized trial of adjunctive oral SAMe (target dose: 800 mg/twice daily). Patients continued to receive their SRI treatment at a stable dose throughout the 6-week trial. The primary outcome measure for the study was the response rates according to the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). RESULTS: The HAM-D response and remission rates were higher for patients treated with adjunctive SAMe (36.1% and 25.8%, respectively) than adjunctive placebo (17.6% versus 11.7%, respectively). The number needed to treat for response and remission was approximately one in six and one in seven, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of SAMe- versus placebo-treated patients who discontinued the trial for any reason (20.6% versus 29.5%, respectively), due to adverse events (5.1% versus 8.8%, respectively), or due to inefficacy (5.1% versus 11.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that SAMe can be an effective, well-tolerated, and safe adjunctive treatment strategy for SRI nonresponders with major depressive disorder and warrant replication.