El síndrome de Burnout también conocido con el término "de estar quemado" afecta de manera negativa la calidad de vida, salud mental y laboral del personal de salud, éste se pudo ver afectado en el período post pandemia, dado que la emergencia sanitara generó mayor estrés, manteniendo a las personas es un estado de alerta constante. Objetivo: explorar la prevalencia y factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud que se desarrollan en el Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante el año 2022. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Población objetivo: docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud de la Udelar, a los que se aplicó un cuestionario anónimo y auto administrado. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Escuela de Nutrición. Todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento informado. Resultados: de un universo de 820 docentes, respondieron 145, predominando el sexo femenino. El 52 % con edades entre 18 y 40 años. Al evaluar los factores de Escala de Maslach encontramos que el 45 % presentó Cansancio Emocional Alto, seguido de un 18 %de Realización Personal Bajo y un 10 % de Despersonalización Alto. Dos participantes presentan las tres dimensiones de riesgo, corresponde a una prevalencia de 1.4 %. Conclusiones: si bien la prevalencia de Burnout fue baja en la serie estudiada, es importante destacar el elevado porcentaje de la dimensión cansancio emocional, el cual se refleja en una sobrecarga emocional generada por el trabajo.
Burnout syndrome, also known by the term "being burned" negatively affects the quality of life, mental health and work of health personnel, this could be affected in the post-pandemic period, since the health emergency generated greater stress , keeping people is a constant state of alert. Objective: to explore the prevalence and factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in teachers of the Health Sciences Degrees that are developed in the Parque Batlle la Udelar Multipurpose Building during the year 2022.Methodology: a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out. Target population: professors of the Udelar Health Sciences Degrees, to whom an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire was applied. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nutrition. All participants gave their informed consent. Results: from a universe of 820 teachers, 145 responded, predominantly female. 52 % aged between 18 and 40 years. When evaluating the Maslach Scale factors, we found that 45 %presented High Emotional Fatigue, followed by 18 % of Low Personal Realization and 10% of High Depersonalization. Two participants presented the three dimensions of risk, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.4 %.Conclusions: although the prevalence of Burnout was low in the series studied, it is important to highlight the high percentage of the emotional exhaustion dimension, which is reflected in an emotional overload generated by work.
A síndrome de Burnout, também conhecida pelo termo "ser queimado" afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida, a saúde mental e o trabalho do pessoal de saúde, podendo ser afetado no período pós-pandemia, pois a emergência sanitária gerou maior estresse, manter as pessoas é um problema constante estado de alerta. Objetivo: explorar a prevalência e os fatores associados à Síndrome de Burnout em professores das Licenciaturas em Ciências da Saúde que se desenvolvem no Edifício Multiuso Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante o ano de 2022.Metodologia: estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional. População-alvo: docentes dos Cursos de Ciências da Saúde da Udelar, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário anônimo e autoaplicável. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola de Nutrição. Todos os participantes deram o seu consentimento informado. Resultados: de um universo de 820 professores, 145 responderam, predominantemente do sexo feminino, 52 % com idade entre 18 e 40 anos. Ao avaliar os fatores da Escala de Maslach, verificamos que 45 % apresentaram Alta Fadiga Emocional, seguidos de 18 % de Baixa Realização Pessoal e 10 % de Alta Despersonalização. Dois participantes apresentaram as três dimensões de risco, correspondendo a uma prevalência de 1,4 %.Conclusões: embora a prevalência de Burnout tenha sido baixa na série estudada, é importante destacar o alto percentual da dimensão exaustão emocional, que se reflete em uma sobrecarga emocional gerada pelo trabalho.
Humans , Universities , Uruguay , Burnout, Professional , Faculty , Burnout, Psychological , COVID-19
Usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for different tasks is widespread, as UAVs are affordable, easy to manoeuvre and versatile enough to execute missions in a reliable manner. However, there are still fields where UAVs play a minimal role regardless of their possibilities. One of these application domains is mobile network testing and measurement. Currently, the procedures used to measure the main parameters of mobile networks in an area (such as power output or its distribution in a three-dimensional space) rely on a team of specialized people performing measurements with an array of tools. This procedure is significantly expensive, time consuming and the resulting outputs leave a higher degree of precision to be desired. An open-source UAV-based Cyber-Physical System is put forward that, by means of the Galileo satellite network, a Mobile Data Acquisition System and a Graphical User Interface, can quickly retrieve reliable data from mobile network signals in a three-dimensional space with high accuracy for its visualization and analysis. The UAV tested flew at 40.43 latitude and -3.65 longitude degrees as coordinates, with an altitude over sea level of around 600-800 m through more than 40 mobile network cells and signal power displayed between -75 and -113 decibels.
A series of novel 1-N-α-d-glucopyranosyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole xanthines was synthesized from azido sugars (glucose, galactose, and lactose) and propargyl xanthines (theophylline and theobromine) using a typical copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The corrosion inhibition activities of these new carbohydrate-xanthine compounds were evaluated by studying the corrosion of API 5 L X70 steel in a 1 M HCl medium. The results showed that, at 10 ppm, a 90% inhibition efficiency was reached by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The inhibitory efficiency of these molecules is explained by means of quantum chemical calculations of the protonated species with the solvent effect, which seems to better represent the actual situation of the experimental conditions. Some quantum chemical parameters were analyzed to characterize the inhibition performance of the tested molecules.
Steel , Xanthines , Steel/chemistry , Corrosion , Triazoles/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemistry , Acids , Models, Theoretical
Calcineurin inhibitors have become a pillar of immunosuppressive treatment in solid organ transplant recipients. Several case reports have shown hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy as an adverse effect to tacrolimus therapy. We present the case of a kidney transplant recipient woman who developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to tacrolimus therapy.
BACKGROUND: Sodium chloride (NaCl) reabsorption in the cortical thick ascending limb (cTAL) is regulated by opposing effects. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits NaCl reabsorption while 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) stimulates it. Their interaction has not been evaluated in the cTAL. Because 8-iso-PGF2α has considerable stability while NO is a free radical with a short half-life, we hypothesized that, in the cTAL, the inhibition of NaCl absorption will be reversed by 8-iso-PGF2α. METHODS: Chloride absorption (JCl) was measured in isolated perfused cTALs and whether the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) is required for this interaction. Since cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a major messenger for the 8-iso-PGF2α signaling cascade, and NO inhibits JCl by decreasing cAMP bioavailability, we measured 8-iso-PGF2α-stimulated cAMP in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). RESULTS: The NO donor, SNP (10-6 M), decreased JCl by 41%, while luminal 8-iso-PGF2α (100 µM) increased JCl to 315 ± 46 pmol/ min/mm (p < 0.003), reversing the effects of the NO donor. SNP inhibited JCl, 8-iso-PGF2α failed to increase JCl in the presence of H89. Basal cAMP was 56 ± 13 fmol/min/mm, in the presence of SNP 57 ± 6 fmol/min/mm, and 8-iso-PGF2α increased it to 92 ± 2 fmol/min/mm (p < 0.04). CONCLUSION: We concluded that 1) NO-induced inhibition of JCl in the cTAL can be reversed by 8-iso-PGF2α, 2) 8-iso-PGF2α and NO interaction requires PKA to control JCl, and 3) in the presence of NO, 8-iso-PGF2α continues to stimulate JCl because NO cannot reverse 8-iso-PGF2α-stimulated cAMP level.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disease derived from plasma cells, whose biology and treatment can produce immunosuppression, which could explain the high mortality rate of patients with MM and COVID-19. The following describes the clinical course of a 63-year-old patient with arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, relapsed MM receiving chemotherapy and SARS-CoV-2 infection who presented a rapid deterioration of respiratory function, requiring orotracheal intubation and admission to the Intensive Care Unit of the HRLBO. Due to the progressive worsening of ventilatory parameters, and considering the different risk factors, it was decided to administer 200 cc of convalescent plasma, showing clinical improvement 24 hours after infusion; finally, the patient was extubated and transferred to the Intermediate Care Unit where she was subsequently discharged.
El mieloma múltiple (MM) es una enfermedad clonal que deriva de las células plasmáticas, cuya biología y tratamiento puede producir inmunosupresión, lo cual pudiera explicar la elevada tasa de mortalidad de los pacientes con MM y COVID-19. A continuación, se describe el curso clínico de un paciente de 63 años, con hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, MM en recaída recibiendo quimioterapia e infección por SARS-CoV-2 que cursó con un rápido deterioro de la función respiratorio, requiriendo intubación orotraqueal e ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del HRLBO. Debido al empeoramiento progresivo de los parámetros ventilatorios, y considerando los diferentes factores de riesgo, se decidió administrar 200 cc de plasma convaleciente, objetivándose mejoría clínica 24 horas después de su infusión; finalmente, la paciente fue extubada y trasladada a la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios donde posteriormente fue egresada.
A series of carbohydrate-linked 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized in good yields from glucofuranose and allofuranose diacetonides using as key step a three-component 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition catalysed by a Cu-Al mixed oxide. In this multi-component reaction, Cu-Al mixed oxide/sodium ascorbate system serves as a highly reactive, recyclable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The reported protocol has significant advantages over classical CuI/N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or CuSO4/sodium ascorbate conditions in terms of efficiency and reduced synthetic complexity. In addition, the selective deprotection of synthesized di-O-isopropylidene derivatives was also carried out leading to the corresponding mono-O-isopropylidene products in moderate yields. Some of the synthesized triazole glycoconjugates were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), as well as fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeast (Candida utilis). The results revealed that these compounds exhibit moderate to good antimicrobial activity mainly against Gram-negative bacteria.
PURPOSE: To compare the results of early versus late switch to the dexamethasone intravitreal implant Ozurdex® in patients with diabetic macular edema who had a poor response to vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors. METHODS: Retrospective and single-center study conducted, in a real setting, on consecutive diabetic macular edema patients who were switch to an intravitreal dexamethasone implant after a poor response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. Study sample was divided into two groups: (1) early-switch group, included those eyes who received three anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections before switch and (2) late-switch group, included those eyes that received six or more anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections before switch. The primary end-point was the difference in mean change in best-corrected visual acuity and in central subfoveal thickness. RESULTS: A total of 69 (31 early-switch group and 38 late-switch group) eyes were included. In the early-switch group, median (25-75 quartile range) best-corrected visual acuity significantly increase from 0.2 (0.2-0.5) at baseline to 0.4 (0.3 -0.7) at month 24 (p = 0.0043). Whereas, in the late-switch group, best-corrected visual acuity did not increase (p = 0.8602). Central subfoveal thickness was significantly reduced in both early- and late-switch groups, p = 0.0002 and 0.0038, respectively. The proportion of eyes obtaining a central subfoveal thickness reduction ⩾ 10% was significantly greater in the early-switch group than in the late-switch group (71.0% vs 47.4%, respectively, p = 0.0498). Three (9.7%) and 10 (26.3%) eyes have developed ocular hypertension during the study in the early- and late-switch groups, respectively, p = 0.0816. CONCLUSION: Early switch to Ozurdex in patients who did not adequately respond to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy provided better functional and anatomical outcomes.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Bevacizumab/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Macular Edema/drug therapy , Aged , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Drug Implants , Drug Substitution , Female , Humans , Intravitreal Injections , Macular Edema/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors , Visual Acuity/physiology
BACKGROUND: Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)-related lesions are infrequent entities. There are no publications on these disorders in Latin America (LA). The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these patients in LA. METHODS: We performed a multicentre retrospective study. Patients with diagnosis of MGRS between 2012 and 2018 were included. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from clinical records. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients from Chile, Argentina, Ecuador and Uruguay were included. Half debuted with a nephrotic syndrome, and 32% required dialysis. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits was found in 33%, amyloidosis in 26% and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease also in 26%. The immunoglobulin most frequently found in renal biopsies was IgG kappa. In 67% a paraprotein was found. Twenty patients received an anti-plasma cell regimen, and 3 a rituximab-based regimen (IgM-MGRS). Renal response (RR) was achieved in 56%. Early treatment (≤3 months) was associated with higher RR (75% vs 43%). Three patients relapsed within 21.5 months, and 3 progressed: 1 to multiple myeloma, 1 to systemic amyloidosis and another to systemic light-chain deposition disease. Two patients died, both due to infection during induction treatment. CONCLUSION: There was a higher than expected frequency of patients requiring dialysis. The most common MGRS-related lesion was PGNMD. Early treatment was associated with better response. As a rare disease, increasing awareness and promoting early diagnosis are necessary in LA to improve outcomes. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE A collection of 27 cases of MGRS from Latin America with information on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients diagnosed of MGRS-related renal lesions.
Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Paraproteinemias/complications , Adult , Aged , Disease Progression , Female , Glomerulonephritis/epidemiology , Glomerulonephritis/therapy , Humans , Kidney Diseases/therapy , Latin America/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Paraproteinemias/therapy , Renal Dialysis , Retrospective Studies
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The MELD score has been established as an efficient and rigorous prioritization system for liver transplant (LT). Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the MELD score as a system for prioritization for LT, in terms of decreasing the dropout rate in the waiting list and maintaining an adequate survival post-LT in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the Chilean Public Health Institute liver transplant registry of candidates listed from October 15th 2011 to December 31st 2014. We included adult candidates (>15 years old) listed for elective cadaveric LT with a MELD score of 15 or higher. Statistical analysis included survival curves (Kaplan-Meier), log-rank statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 420 candidates were analyzed. Mean age was 53.6±11.8 years, and 244 were men (58%). Causes of LT included: Liver cirrhosis without exceptions (HC) 177 (66.4%); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 111 (26.4%); cirrhosis with non-HCC exceptions 102 (24.3%) and non-cirrhotic candidates 30 (7.2%). LT rate was 43.2%. The dropout rate was 37.6% at 1-year. Even though the LT rate was higher, the annual dropout rate was significantly higher in cirrhotic candidates (without exceptions) compared with cirrhotics with HCC, and non-HCC exceptions plus non-cirrhotic candidates (47.9%; 37.2% and 24.2%, respectively, with p=0.004). Post-LT survival was 84% per year, with no significant differences between the three groups (p=0.95). CONCLUSION: Prioritization for LT using the MELD score system has not decreased the dropout rate in Chile (persistent low donor's rate). Exceptions generate inequities in dropout rate, disadvantaging patients without exceptions.
Cooperative Behavior , Decision Support Techniques , Health Status Indicators , Healthcare Disparities/organization & administration , Interdisciplinary Communication , Liver Transplantation , Tissue and Organ Procurement/organization & administration , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Chile , Clinical Decision-Making , Female , Graft Survival , Humans , Liver Transplantation/adverse effects , Liver Transplantation/mortality , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Dropouts , Patient Selection , Registries , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Waiting Lists , Young Adult
The design and synthesis of a series of theophylline derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties are presented. The corrosion inhibition activities of these new triazole-theophylline compounds were evaluated by studying the corrosion of API 5 L X52 steel in 1 M HCl medium. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of the theophylline-triazole derivatives also increases the charge transference resistance (R ct) value, enhancing inhibition efficiency and decreasing the corrosion process. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under static conditions studies revealed that the best inhibition efficiencies (approx. 90%) at 50 ppm are presented by the all-substituted compounds. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the compounds 4 and 5 analysed exhibit physisorption-chemisorption process, with exception of the hydrogen 3, bromo 6 and iodo 7 substituted compounds, which exhibit chemisorption process. The corrosion when submerging a steel bar in 1 M HCl was studied using SEM-EDS. This experiment showed that the corrosion process decreases considerably in the presence of 50 ppm of the organic inhibitors. Finally, the theoretical study showed a correlation between EHOMO, hardness (η), electrophilicity (W), atomic charge and the inhibition efficiency in which the iodo 7 substituted compound presents the best inhibitor behaviour.
Sodium transport in the thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL) is tightly regulated by numerous factors, especially angiotensin II (Ang II), a key end-product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, an alternative end-product of the RAS, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], may counter some of the Ang II actions. Indeed, it causes vasodilation and promotes natriuresis through its effects in the proximal and distal tubule. However, its effects on the TAL are unknown. Because the TAL expresses the Mas receptor, an Ang-(1-7) ligand, which in turn may increase NO and inhibit Na+ transport, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Na transport in the TAL, via a Mas receptor/NO-dependent mechanism. We tested this by measuring transport-dependent oxygen consumption (VO2 ) in TAL suspensions. Administering Ang-(1-7) decreased VO2 ; an effect prevented by dimethyl amiloride and furosemide, signifying that Ang-(1-7) inhibits transport-dependent VO2 in TAL. Ang-(1-7) also increased NO levels, known inhibitors of Na+ transport in the TAL. The effects of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 , as well as on NO levels, were ameliorated by the Mas receptor antagonist, D-Ala, in effect suggesting that Ang-(1-7) may inhibit transport-dependent VO2 in TAL via Mas receptor-dependent activation of the NO pathway. Indeed, blocking NO synthesis with L-NAME prevented the inhibitory actions of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 . Our data suggest that Ang-(1-7) may modulate TAL Na+ transport via Mas receptor-dependent increases in NO leading to the inhibition of transport activity.
Angiotensin I/pharmacology , Loop of Henle/drug effects , Natriuresis/drug effects , Natriuretic Agents/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/agonists , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Sodium/metabolism , Animals , Loop of Henle/metabolism , Male , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Up-Regulation
Resumen: Depositarías de la confianza de la ciudadanía y del Estado, las instituciones de educación superior han desarrollado su misión de formación e investigación dentro de un contexto acotado. En la actualidad, hay una demanda de parte del Estado y la ciudadanía de una mayor participación y supervisión del sistema de educación superior, para la mejora de la calidad de la educación impartida, de una parte, y, de otra, para dar cuenta de los recursos públicos invertidos en educación superior. En este contexto, este trabajo propone un modelo integral de rendición de cuentas para la educación superior en Chile. Su objetivo es proponer dicho modelo como herramienta de evaluación de las políticas públicas en educación superior, para que esta contribuya productivamente a las actividades económicas del país. Como pondremos de manifiesto en el trabajo, la rendición de cuentas no sólo se limita al aspecto financiero, sino que incorpora muchas otros aspectos tales como la autoridad y gobierno, la responsabilidad social, la democracia y la participación, la probidad y la transparencia informativa, la política y la ética, entre otras.
Abstract: Depositary trust of citizens and the state, higher education institu tions have developed their mission training and research within a limited context. At present, there is a demand from the state and citizens of increased participation and supervision system of higher education, to improve the quality of education provided in one hand and another to account for public funds invested in higher educa tion. In this context, this paper proposes a comprehensive model of accountability for higher education in Chile. Its purpose is to propose such a model as a tool for assessing public policies in higher educa tion, for higher education to contribute productively to the eco nomic activities of the country. As we will show at work, account ability is not only limited to the financial aspect, but incorporates many other aspects such as the authority and governance, social responsibility, democracy and participation, probity and transpar ency of information, politics and ethics, among others.
Financial Accountability in Health , Public Policy , Chile , Financial Management
Abstract Acute corneal edema is caused by various factors, with different levels of severity, and various forms of presentation. This paper reports the case of a male patient presenting with acute corneal edema without epithelium compromise, whose clinical picture, ophthalmological examination and additional tests did not reveal its etiology. Also, a review of available literature was conducted looking for all known causes of acute corneal edema, which are classified according to the etiology of the corneal edema into injury or inflammation of the corneal epithelium or stroma, endothelial dysfunction or increase in intraocular pressure.
Resumen El edema de córnea es una entidad que se produce por un gran número de causas y tiene diversas formas de presentación y diferentes grados de afección. En este artículo se reporta el caso de un hombre con edema de córnea agudo sin compromiso epitelial, en el que el cuadro clínico, el examen oftalmológico y los estudios de extensión no lograron establecer su etiología. Además, se hace una revisión de la literatura disponible respecto a todas las posibles causas de edema de córnea agudo, agrupándolas en aquellas que ocasionan el edema por lesión o inflamación epitelial o estromal, por disfunción endotelial o por un aumento en la presión intraocular.
In this paper is described a synthetic route to 6ß-phenylamino-cholestan-3ß,5α-diol and (25R)-6ß-phenylaminospirostan-3ß,5α-diol, starting from cholesterol and diosgenin, respectively. The products were obtained in two steps by epoxidation followed by aminolysis, through an environmentally friendly and solvent-free method mediated by SZ (sulfated zirconia) as catalyst. The use of SZ allows chemo- and regioselective ring opening of the 5,6α-epoxide during the aminolysis reaction eliminating the required separation of the epoxide mixture. The products obtained were spectroscopically characterized by 1H, PENDANT 13C NMR and HETCOR experiments, and complemented with FTIR-ATR and HRMS. The antiproliferative effect of the ß-aminoalcohols was evaluated on MCF-7 cells after 48h of incubation, by MTT and CVS assays. These methodologies showed that both compounds have antiproliferative activity, being more active the cholesterol analogue. Additionally, the cell images obtained by Harris' Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining protocol, evidenced formation of apoptotic bodies due to the presence of the obtained ß-aminoalcohols in a dose-dependent manner.
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cholestanols/chemical synthesis , Cholestanols/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Cholestanols/chemistry , Humans , MCF-7 Cells
Following a copper catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) and N-alkylation protocols, we report the preparation of a hybrid N-heterocyclic/mesoionic [NHC(H+)-MIC(H+)][2I]2- salt (1) in high yields. The treatment of salt 1 with Cu2O and KI yields a second hybrid NHC/MIC proligand featuring a tetraiodocuprate anion [NHC(H+)-MIC(H+)][Cu2I4]2- (2). Through selective deprotonation and metalation, both salts 1 and 2 can generate either the chelate heterodicarbene complexes (3) with the rare [NHC·(M)·MIC]+[MX2]- general formula (M = PdII, RhI) or NHC-anchored/pendent triazolium species (4) [NHC·(M)-MIC(H+)]. If the triazolium moiety of type 4 complexes is deprotonated with KHMDS in the presence of a second metal center, a series of heterobimetallic complexes of the type [NHC·(M)-MIC·(M')] (5) are achieved. Interestingly, the reaction of salt 2 with KHMDS yields the bimetallic copper heterodicarbene (6) which can be a useful transfer reagent for the preparation of type 3 complexes. A variety of synthetic routes for the preparation of complexes 3-5 and their full characterization in solution and in the solid state will be discussed.
Reaction of triazolium precursors [MIC(CH2 )n - H+ ]I- (n=1-3) with potassium hexamethyldisilazane (KHMDS) and AuCl(SMe2 ) generates the gold(I) complexes of the type MIC(CH2 )n â AuI. Visible light exposure of the latter complexes promotes a spontaneous disproportionation process rendering gold(III) complexes of the type [{MIC(CH2 )n }2 â AuI2 ]+ I- . Both the AuI and AuIII complex series were tested in the catalytic hydrohydrazination of terminal alkynes using hydrazine as nitrogen source.
En términos generales, la investigación tiene como objetivo crear un indicador económico para el Maule que permita anticiparse al devenir de su ciclo económico, en consideración de sus principales actividades productivas. En específico, se pretende someter a pruebas estadísticas de significancia y validez a las principales series económicas de la región, de manera tal de seleccionar, por un lado, una serie de referencia de la actividad económica y, por otro, las series componentes del indicador. La metodología utilizada es aquella aplicada por la Nacional Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) en la creación de este tipo de indicadores para los países integrantes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Como resultado de la investigación se logra seleccionar y validar empíricamente como serie de referencia para el Maule, al Índice de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER), y a las siguientes series componentes del indicador; ocupados, cesantes, buscan trabajo por primera vez, inactivos, edificación aprobada total obras nuevas y total de exportaciones. Con tales series, se construye un indicador predictivo del comportamiento económico para la región, denominado Índice Líder Compuesto para el Maule (ILCM).
Overall, the research aims to create an economic indicator for the Maule that allows anticipate the evolution of the economic cycle, in consideration of its main productive activities. Specifically, it aims to test statistical significance and validity to the main economic series in the region, so as to select the one hand, a number of reference of economic activity and other components series indicator. The methodology used is that applied by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in the creation of this type of indicators for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of the research is done select and validate empirically as reference series for the Maule, the Regional Economic Activity Index (INACER), and the following components of the indicator series; employed, unemployed, seeking work for the first time, inactive, all new approved building works Total exports. With such series, a predictive indicator of economic performance for the region, called for the Maule Composite Index (ILCM) Leader is built.
Humans , Economic Indexes , Economic Development , Efficiency , Chile
Suspended particulate matter trigger the production of reactive oxygen species. However, most of the studies dealing with oxidative damage of airborne particles focus on the effects of individual compounds and not real mixtures. In order to study the enzymatic superoxide production resulting from the exposition to a complex mixture, we derived organic extracts from airborne particles collected daily in an urban area and exposed kidney, liver, and heart mammal tissues. After that, we measured DNA damage employing the comet assay. We observed that in every tissue, NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase were involved in O2 (-) production when they were exposed to the organic extracts, as the lucigenin's chemiluminescence decays when enzymes were inhibited. The same trend was observed with the percentage of cells with comets, since DNA damage was higher when they were exposed to same experimental conditions. Our data allow us to hypothesize that these enzymes play an important role in the oxidative stress produced by PAHs and that there is a mechanism involving them in the O2 (-)generation.
Air Pollutants/pharmacology , DNA Fragmentation , NADPH Oxidases/metabolism , Particulate Matter/pharmacology , Superoxides/metabolism , Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism , Animals , Comet Assay , Male , Oxidation-Reduction , Oxidative Stress , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species
An efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of dihydropyrimidinones has been developed using two multicomponent reactions. The aldehyde-1,2,3-triazoles were obtained in good yields from in situ-generated organic azides and O-propargylbenzaldehyde. The target heterocycles were synthesized through the Biginelli reaction in which the aldehyde-1,2,3-triazoles reacted with ethyl acetoacetate and urea in the presence of Ce(OTf)3 as the catalyst. The corrosion inhibition of steel grade API 5 L X52 in 1 M HCl by the synthesized compounds was investigated using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. The measurements revealed that these heterocycles are promising candidates to inhibit acidic corrosion of steel.
Pyrimidinones/chemistry , Steel/chemistry , Triazoles/chemistry , Azides/chemistry , Benzaldehydes/chemistry , Catalysis , Corrosion , Pyrimidinones/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidinones/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Urea/chemistry
