Mini Open Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Prospective Case Series.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a challenging pathology that causes pain and physical limitations. Fasciotomy is the gold standard and different techniques have been described. Techniques that allow a fast return to sports and low recurrence rates are of great interest for the athletic population. This is a prospective case series presenting a mini open surgical technique and its results regarding the level of return to sports and quality of life in 13 patients. A specific CECS questionnaire was applied and analyzed concerning the distance patients were able to run before and after treatment, Tegner score, Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and epidemiological measures. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. The mean distance the patients were able to run per week following the surgical treatment improved from 14.1 to 38.1 km (P = .042) and the mean Tegner score improved from 3.92 to 7.08 (P = .01). Notably, 12 out of 13 patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the outcome. In this sample, the mini open technique improved patients' sports performance and quality of life and minimized pain. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome can be safely approached using a mini open technique with a good rate of satisfaction and return to sport.Levels of Evidence: IV.

Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes.

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection of environmental enrichment in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is the most common movement disorder, affecting about 1% of the population over the age of 60 years. Parkinson's disease is characterized clinically by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability, as a result of the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. In addition to this neuronal cell loss, Parkinson's disease is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein. Although it was first described almost 200 years ago, there are no disease-modifying drugs to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition to conventional therapies, non-pharmacological treatment strategies are under investigation in patients and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. Among such strategies, environmental enrichment, comprising physical exercise, cognitive stimulus, and social interactions, has been assessed in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. Environmental enrichment can cause structural and functional changes in the brain and promote neurogenesis and dendritic growth by modifying gene expression, enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors and modulating neurotransmission. In this review article, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying environmental enrichment neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease, highlighting its influence on the dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, as well as the involvement of neurotrophic factors. We describe experimental pre-clinical data showing how environmental enrichment can act as a modulator in a neurochemical and behavioral context in different animal models of Parkinson's disease, highlighting the potential of environmental enrichment as an additional strategy in the management and prevention of this complex disease.

B-mode ultrasound and ecobiometric parameters to assess embryonic and fetal development and estimate gestational age in goats.

The aim of this study was to monitor maternal-fetal ecobiometric parameters during physiological pregnancy in goats using ultrasound to predict gestational age by establishing mathematical equations. Twenty-five Saanen goats were included in the study. Assessments were performed weekly from the 21st day of pregnancy until parturition. The abdominal, thoracic, biparietal, and eye socket diameters; distance from the neck to snout; crown-rump, humerus, radius-ulna, metacarpal, femur, tibia, metatarsal, and placentome lengths; kidney height and length; and heart area were measured. Heart rate was obtained using the pulsed Doppler mode. The variables were correlated with gestational age using Spearman's test, and the adjustment of these variables to simple and multiple regression models was done to determine the mathematical formulas for calculating the gestational age. The highest obtained coefficients of determination (R2) were for humerus length (96.2), heart area (95.6), and distance from the neck to the snout (95.3). Only the placentome length and fetal heart rate presented low determination coefficients (R2 = 54.3, R2 = 45.0). The results indicated significant correlations between measures of maternal-fetal structures and gestational age, and can be used as reference values for detection of abnormalities during fetal development.

Gestational echobiometry in brachycephalic bitches using high-definition ultrasonography

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to obtain echobiometric values for the most important canine maternal-fetal tissues using high-definition ultrasonography (HDUS) trying to update the formulas for predicting gestational age. Twelve healthy bitches of brachycephalic breeds weighing 7-13kg and aged one to four years were included. The fetuses were analyzed every day using conventional and high-definition ultrasonography from the eighth day after artificial insemination until the day of delivery, using the ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS ultrasound equipment and specific software. Embryonic and fetal structures; diameter of the embryonic vesicle; length of the embryo; biparietal diameter, abdominal length and kidney height; length of the femur, humerus, scapula, radius, and tibia; thickening of the stomach wall; adrenal length; and cardiac size were measured. These variables were correlated with gestational and adjusted tested according to regression models. The results obtained (P 0.001) for: lateral diameter of the gestational sac (R2=81.8%); length of the embryo (R2=85.7%); biparietal (R2=99.1%) and abdominal diameter (R2=97.2%); thickness of the gastric wall (R2=86.9%); length of the femur (R2=96.6%), radius (R2=97.5%), humerus (R2=96.5%), scapula (R2=95.8%) and tibia (R2=97.3%); kidney length (R2=95.8%) and height (R2=96.0%); adrenal length (R2=89.6%); heart length (R2=93.0%) and height (R2=91.5%) of the canine fetuses showed significant correlation with gestational days. This allowed monitoring fetal growth and estimation of age with high accuracy in different gestational periods.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi obter valores ecobiométricos para os tecidos materno-fetais caninos, usando a ultrassonografia de alta definição (HDUS), desenvolvendo fórmulas para prever a idade gestacional das cadelas. Doze cadelas saudáveis de raças braquicefálicas pesando 7-13kg e com idades entre um e quatro anos foram incluídas. Os fetos foram analisados diariamente com ultrassonografia convencional e de alta definição, do oitavo dia após a inseminação artificial até o dia do parto, utilizando o equipamento de ultrassom ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS e software específico. Estruturas embrionárias e fetais; diâmetro da vesícula embrionária; comprimento do embrião; diâmetro biparietal, comprimento abdominal e altura renal; comprimento do fêmur, úmero, escápula, rádio e tíbia; espessamento da parede do estômago; comprimento adrenal; e tamanho cardíaco foram medidos. Essas variáveis foram correlacionadas com o teste gestacional e ajustado de acordo com os modelos de regressão. Os resultados obtidos (P 0,001) para: diâmetro lateral do saco gestacional (R2=81,8%); comprimento do embrião (R2=85,7%); diâmetro biparietal (R2=99,1%) e abdominal (R2=97,2%); espessura da parede gástrica (R2=86,9%); comprimento do fêmur (R2=96,6%), rádio (R2=97,5%), úmero (R2=96,5%), escápula (R2=95,8%) e tíbia (R2=97,3%); comprimento do rim (R2=95,8%) e altura (R2=96,0%); comprimento adrenal (R2=89,6%); o comprimento do coração (R2=93,0%) e a altura (R2=91,5%) dos fetos caninos apresentaram correlação significativa com os dias gestacionais. Isso permitiu monitorar o crescimento fetal e estimar a idade com alta precisão em diferentes períodos gestacionais.

Gestational echobiometry in brachycephalic bitches using high-definition ultrasonography / Ecobiometria gestacional em cadelas braquicefálicas utilizando ultrassonografia de alta-definição

The objective of the present study was to obtain echobiometric values for the most important canine maternal-fetal tissues using high-definition ultrasonography (HDUS) trying to update the formulas for predicting gestational age. Twelve healthy bitches of brachycephalic breeds weighing 7-13kg and aged one to four years were included. The fetuses were analyzed every day using conventional and high-definition ultrasonography from the eighth day after artificial insemination until the day of delivery, using the ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS ultrasound equipment and specific software. Embryonic and fetal structures; diameter of the embryonic vesicle; length of the embryo; biparietal diameter, abdominal length and kidney height; length of the femur, humerus, scapula, radius, and tibia; thickening of the stomach wall; adrenal length; and cardiac size were measured. These variables were correlated with gestational and adjusted tested according to regression models. The results obtained (P<0.001) for: lateral diameter of the gestational sac (R2=81.8%); length of the embryo (R2=85.7%); biparietal (R2=99.1%) and abdominal diameter (R2=97.2%); thickness of the gastric wall (R2=86.9%); length of the femur (R2=96.6%), radius (R2=97.5%), humerus (R2=96.5%), scapula (R2=95.8%) and tibia (R2=97.3%); kidney length (R2=95.8%) and height (R2=96.0%); adrenal length (R2=89.6%); heart length (R2=93.0%) and height (R2=91.5%) of the canine fetuses showed significant correlation with gestational days. This allowed monitoring fetal growth and estimation of age with high accuracy in different gestational periods.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi obter valores ecobiométricos para os tecidos materno-fetais caninos, usando a ultrassonografia de alta definição (HDUS), desenvolvendo fórmulas para prever a idade gestacional das cadelas. Doze cadelas saudáveis de raças braquicefálicas pesando 7-13kg e com idades entre um e quatro anos foram incluídas. Os fetos foram analisados diariamente com ultrassonografia convencional e de alta definição, do oitavo dia após a inseminação artificial até o dia do parto, utilizando o equipamento de ultrassom ACUSON S2000/SIEMENS e software específico. Estruturas embrionárias e fetais; diâmetro da vesícula embrionária; comprimento do embrião; diâmetro biparietal, comprimento abdominal e altura renal; comprimento do fêmur, úmero, escápula, rádio e tíbia; espessamento da parede do estômago; comprimento adrenal; e tamanho cardíaco foram medidos. Essas variáveis foram correlacionadas com o teste gestacional e ajustado de acordo com os modelos de regressão. Os resultados obtidos (P<0,001) para: diâmetro lateral do saco gestacional (R2=81,8%); comprimento do embrião (R2=85,7%); diâmetro biparietal (R2=99,1%) e abdominal (R2=97,2%); espessura da parede gástrica (R2=86,9%); comprimento do fêmur (R2=96,6%), rádio (R2=97,5%), úmero (R2=96,5%), escápula (R2=95,8%) e tíbia (R2=97,3%); comprimento do rim (R2=95,8%) e altura (R2=96,0%); comprimento adrenal (R2=89,6%); o comprimento do coração (R2=93,0%) e a altura (R2=91,5%) dos fetos caninos apresentaram correlação significativa com os dias gestacionais. Isso permitiu monitorar o crescimento fetal e estimar a idade com alta precisão em diferentes períodos gestacionais.(AU)

Maternal and fetal ultrasonographic characteristics, vulvar temperature, and vaginal mucous impedance as variables associated with the onset of parturition in term and induced pre-term ewes.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare ultrasonographic characteristics of maternal and fetal structures, vulvar temperatures, and vaginal mucous impedance in pregnant ewes in the term parturition group (TPG, n = 15) and induced pre-term parturition group (IPPG; n = 15). All the measurements were taken every 12 h throughout the last gestational week. Maternal and fetal structures and the fetal heart rate (HR) were assessed using ultrasonography. The vulvar temperature and vaginal mucous impedance were determined using a non-contact infrared thermometer, and an electronic estrous detector, respectively. The vulvar temperature was less in the TPG and greater in the IPPG; the end-diastolic velocities (EDVs) of the arteries of the placentome and uterus gradually increased before parturition in the IPPG (P = 0.02, P = 0.02 and P = 0.009, respectively). The placentome shear wave velocity (SWV) was greater in the ewes of the IPPG than TPG 48, 36, and 0 h before parturition (P = 0.001). The following variables were associated with the onset of parturition within the next 12 h in the ewes of the IPPG: resistance index (< 0.54) and EDV (> 0.34 cm/s) of the uterine artery; and vulvar temperature (> 37.3 °C). A fetal kidney SWV of < 1.31 m/s was associated with the onset of parturition in the next 12 h in all the ewes. Results indicate vulvar temperature and certain maternal and fetal factors detected using ultrasonograpy may aid in determining fetal maturity and/or the time of parturition in ewes.

Clinical and ultrasound variables for early diagnosis of septic acute kidney injury in bitches with pyometra.

The aetiology of septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is not completely elucidated. Early identification of AKI in septic patients is considered to improve survival rate since it allows rapid treatment onset. We evaluated clinical, haematological, urinary, B-mode, spectral Doppler, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound variables in 20 bitches with pyometra as sepsis models and 12 healthy controls. All animals with pyometra presented some degree of renal damage on histological examination; however, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) classified only 40% cases with sepsis. AKI derived from systemic infection was identified in 57% of cases with hypoperfusion and in 22% with inflammation, being an affection of multifactorial origin. Among the evaluated parameters, urinary protein/creatinine ratio >0.15, serum albumin <2.94 mg/dL, time-averaged minimum velocity <21.5 cm/s, renal length/aorta diameter ratio >5.93, pulsatility index >1.53, haematocrit <45%, time-averaged maximum velocity <45.7 cm/s, haemoglobin <16 g/dL, leukocytes >12.53 × 103/uL, and cortical contrast peak intensity <69%, in the order of accuracy, are significant indicators of septic AKI with an accuracy >80%. Thus, AKI is a very prevalent condition in septic patients, derived mainly from changes in renal perfusion and inflammation. Additionally, reviewing the SOFA score parameters is suggested to identify renal failure.

Placental ARFI elastography and biometry evaluation in bitches.

Placental rigidity and biometry of twelve pregnant bitches were evaluated using B-mode and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasonography, performed once daily, from day 15 of gestation until parturition. Specific software (Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification® VTTQ and Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging Quantification® VTTIQ) were used. Values for results for variables were correlated and regression models related to gestational day were used to make evaluations. Maternal-fetal placental thickness increased to day 63 (P < 0.0001; R² = 0.91); maternal placental thickness increased until day 40 (P = 0.0340; R² = 0.54); and fetal placental thickness increased to day 50 (P < 0.0001; R² = 0.83) of gestation. Shear wave velocity (SWV) of the dorsal (P < 0.0010) was greater than lateral, which in turn was greater (P = 0.020) than the ventral area. The SWV of the dorsal area as determined using VTTQ, decreased from day 21-35 and increased to day 56 of gestation (P = 0.0291; R² = 0.4021); lateral SWV decreased from day 24-45 and increased until the time of parturition (P < 0.001; R² = 0.6055). The SWV of the dorsal area, as determined using VTTIQ, decreased from day 21-43 and then increased to day 60 of gestation (P = 0.0016; R² = 0.5075); and ventral area SWV increased from day 21-23 and decreased until the time of parturition (P < 0.001; R² = 0.8055). Placental alterations reflect structural and biochemical gestational adaptations and can become useful techniques for obstetrics.

Quantitative ultrasound elastography and biometry of the bitch uterus in the early puerperium after vaginal delivery and caesarean section.

Elastography is an actual imaging method used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the elastic properties of tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare uterine tissue biometry and stiffness during post-partum period in brachycephalic bitches (n = 12) after c-section (GCS; n = 8) or normal delivery (GNB; n = 4). These animals were evaluated daily by abdominal ultrasound from the day of delivery until the 10th day post-partum; measuring uterine diameter, myometrial and endometrial thickness (mm) and shear wave velocity (SWV; m/s), by B-mode and ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) elastography, respectively. Uterine diameter was higher (p = .012) in animals submitted to c-section (15.26 ± 4.73 mm) than in normal birth (12.53 ± 2.64 mm) during the first 7 days post-partum. Uterine thickness gradually involuted in both groups (p < .0001), the myometrium during the first 9 days (p = .005) and the endometrium during the first 6 days (p = .003). The myometrial and endometrial SWVs were similar between types of delivery (p = .7846 and .8273) and presented a gradual increase (p = .411; .0043, respectively), during the first 10 days post-partum. It was concluded that bitches with normal delivery had smaller uterine thickness and faster puerperal involution than submitted to c-section, while uterine tissue stiffness was similar between delivery types and increased gradually during post-partum.

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography to asses maternal and foetal structures in pregnant ewes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stiffness of foetal lungs, liver, kidneys and placentomes by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in ovine and to correlate obtained findings with foetal development. Twenty-four ewes were included, and tissue stiffness of foetal lung, liver, kidney and placentome was measured beginning with 10th gestational week by qualitative-quantitative ARFI elastography. A total of 33 healthy lambs were born. Qualitative elastographic analysis permitted to classify maternal and foetal tissues elasticity in decreasing order as follows: placentome, kidney, liver and lung. Regarding quantitative ARFI elastography data, shear wave velocity (SWV) of foetal lung and liver varied. The lung SWV decreased gradually from the 16th to the 21st gestational week (R2  = 0.80; p < 0.001), while liver SWV increased gradually from the 14th to 21st gestational week (R2  = 0.80; p < 0.001). In contrast, the kidneys and placentomes SWV's remained constant through gestation (p = 0.076; and 0.34). ARFI elastography was shown feasible for evaluation of maternal and foetal tissues stiffness in the ovine model. It can be used to demonstrate pulmonary and hepatic stiffness modifications during foetal development.

Evidence of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in a Yorkshire terrier / Evidencias de síndrome de persistencia del conducto Mülleriano en un Yorkshire terrier / Evidências de sindrome do ducto Mülleriano persistente em um Yorkshire terrier

Abstract Anamnesis: A one-year-old female Yorkshire terrier, weighing 2.2 kg, was referred for evaluation of an abnormal structure in the inguinal region. Clinical and laboratory findings: Upon examination, the structure -similar to a penis- was found protruding from the preputial orifice. Physical, laboratory, ultrasound, and radiographic examinations were performed. The initial suspicion was a case of sexual development disorder, so the dog was referred for exploratory laparotomy and karyotyping. Treatment approach: During the surgical procedure, two macroscopically similar structures were found at the caudal pole of the left and right kidneys. These tissues were attached to two structures similar to the uterine horns, caudally fused to a body in the pelvic cavity. All the tissue was removed and submitted for histopathological examination, revealing the presence of typical seminiferous tubules (testis) and proliferative endometrial glands (uterine tubes). Subsequently, a surgical correction procedure was performed to cover the penile tissue and avoid damage by exposure and contact. Conclusion: This case reports unique information on diagnosis and therapeutic approach in a Yorkshire terrier with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS). Because they are unusual, sexual development disorders are challenging in terms of diagnostic and therapy, making this report a valuable tool for veterinarians.

Resumen Anamnesis: Una hembra Yorkshire terrier de un año de edad y 2,2 kg de peso fue remitida para evaluación de una estructura anormal en la región inguinal. Hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio: Tras el examen, se encontró una estructura similar a un pene sobresaliendo del orificio prepucial. Se realizó examen clínico, paraclínico, ecografía y radiografía abdominal. El diagnóstico presuntivo inicial fue trastorno del desarrollo sexual, por lo que la perra fue remitida para laparotomía exploratoria y cariotipaje. Abordaje terapéutico: Durante el procedimiento quirúrgico se encontraron dos estructuras macroscópicas similares en la región caudal de ambos riñones. Estos tejidos se unían a dos estructuras similares a los cuernos uterinos, caudalmente fusionados a un cuerpo en la cavidad pélvica. Se retiró todo el tejido y se envió para examen histopatológico, revelando la presencia de túbulos seminíferos típicos (testículos) y glándulas endometriales proliferativas (tubos uterinos). Posteriormente se realizó un procedimiento quirúrgico de corrección para cubrir el tejido peneano y evitar daños por exposición y contacto. Conclusión: Este informe aporta información única sobre el diagnóstico y el enfoque terapéutico en un Yorkshire terrier con síndrome de persistencia del conducto Mülleriano (PMDS). Dado que los trastornos del desarrollo sexual son inusuales y plantean un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico, este reporte puede representar una valiosa herramienta para los veterinarios.

Resumo Anamnese: Uma fêmea Yorkshire terrier de 1 ano de idade, com 2,2 kg de peso e uma estrutura anormal na região inguinal, similar ao orifício prepucial. Achados clínicos e laboratoriais: Após o exame, uma estrutura semelhante a um pênis foi encontrada saindo do orifício prepucial. Foram realizados exames físicos, laboratoriais, ecográficos e radiográficos. A suspeita inicial seria um caso de desordem do desenvolvimento sexual, pelo que a cadela foi encaminhada para laparotomia exploratória e cariotipagem. Abordagem terapêutica: Durante o procedimento cirúrgico macroscopicamente duas estruturas semelhantes foram encontradas: uma na região caudal do rim direito e outro na região caudal do rim esquerdo. Estes tecidos encontravam-se ligados a duas estruturas semelhantes aos cornos uterinos, caudalmente fusionados a um corpo na cavidade pélvica. Todo o tecido foi removido e enviado para exame histopatológico e revelou a presença de túbulos seminíferos típicos (testículos) e glândulas endometriais proliferativas (tubas uterinas). Subsequentemente, foi realizado procedimento cirúrgico de correção para cobrir o tecido peniano e evitar danos por exposição e contato. Conclusão: Este relatório aporta informações únicas sobre diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica em um Yorkshire terrier com síndrome de persistência do ducto de Müller (PMDS). Distúrbios do desenvolvimento sexual são anomalias incomuns que representam um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico considerando este relato uma ferramenta valiosa para os veterinários.

Evaluation of serum concentrations of cortisol and thyroxine in bitches with early-stage mammary carcinoma / Concentrações séricas de cortisol e tiroxina em cadelas com carcinoma mamário em estádio inicial

In view of the fact that cancer is considered a chronic disease that can interfere with hormonal homeostasis by means of cytokines, we hypothesized that, even at early stages, mammary carcinoma is able to alter the balance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes. To test this hypothesis, the serum concentrations of basal cortisol, thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were evaluated in 20 unspayed bitches that had a histopathological diagnosis of grade 1 mammary carcinoma at clinical stage I according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification (T1N0M0). The control animals comprised 10 unspayed bitches in perfect health conditions that were matched with those with mammary carcinoma by age. No significant differences regarding the concentrations of basal cortisol, TSH, t4, and fT4 were found between the bitches carrying early stage mammary carcinoma when compared to the control group. This suggests that, even if malignant, early-stage mammary carcinomas do not exhibit the ability to alter the concentrations of hormones produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes.(AU)

Em vista do fato de neoplasias serem consideradas doenças crônicas que por meio de citocinas podem interferir na homeostase hormonal, hipotetizou-se que o carcinoma mamário, mesmo nos seus estádios iniciais, fosse capaz de alterar o equilíbrio dos eixos hipotalâmico-hipofisário-tireóideo e hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal. Para tal, foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de cortisol basal, tiroxina (T4), tiroxina livre (fT4) e tireotrofina (TSH) de 20 fêmeas caninas, inteiras, com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma mamário grau 1 e estadiamento clínico I segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (T1N0M0). Os animais controle constituíram-se por 10 fêmeas caninas inteiras, em perfeitas condições de higidez, as quais foram pareadas, por idade, com aquelas portadoras de carcinoma mamário. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cortisol basal, TSH, T4 e fT4 das cadelas portadoras de carcinoma mamário em estádio inicial quando comparadas às controles sugerindo que, mesmo considerados malignos, ainda não apresentam a capacidade de alterar as concentrações dos hormônios produzidos pelos eixos hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal e tireóideo.(AU)

Elastographic and echotextural characteristics of foetal lungs and liver during the final 5 days of intrauterine development in dogs.

Objective was to evaluate the echotexture and characteristics during terminal development of canine foetal respiratory and hepatic systems through elastographic examinations. Fifteen pregnant bitches were evaluated by ultrasonography twice daily, from the 53rd gestational day until whelping, and images obtained from 120 to 0 h before parturition were analysed. Images of foetal lungs and liver were recorded and then used for computer-assisted analyses to determine quantitative attributes. Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastographic of internal organs were classified as 'soft' (white areas) or 'hard' (dark areas) and quantitative analyses determined the mean shear wave velocities (SWV) of foetal lungs and liver. After delivery, canine neonates were clinically evaluated, and their health status was monitored weekly until 60 days post-partum. Sonographic parameters over time were compared by ANOVA and Pearson's correlations were used to determine associations between SWVs and echotextural variables. Foetal lungs and liver had a homogeneous echotexture and pulmonary parenchyma appeared hyperechoic when compared with that of the liver. Mean numerical pixel values (NPVs) of lungs decreased from 120 to 24 h and subsequently increased until parturition (P = 0.04). Lungs and liver mean (± SD) SWVs (0.98 ± 0.12 and 0.84 ± 0.11 m/s, respectively) didn't vary (P > 0.05) over time. Fluctuations in pulmonary NPVs indicated there was a pattern corresponding to structural and functional changes that occur during the terminal stage of pre-natal canine development and hence can be a useful diagnostic tool in veterinary. Foetal lung and liver SWVs were relatively consistent and there was no detectable changes during the pre-partum period for this variable or in echotexture.

1-Aryl-1H- and 2-aryl-2H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives blockade P2X7 receptor in vitro and inflammatory response in vivo.

Fifty-one 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated with respect to P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) activity and its associated pore. These triazoles were screened in vitro for dye uptake assay and its cytotoxicity against mammalian cell types. Seven 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (5e, 6e, 8h, 9d, 9i, 11, and 12) potently blocked P2X7 receptor pore formation in vitro (J774.G8 cells and peritoneal macrophages). All blockers displayed IC50 value inferior to 500 nM, and they have low toxicity in either cell types. These seven selected triazoles inhibited P2X7R mediated interleukin-1 (IL-1ß) release. In particular, compound 9d was the most potent P2X7R blocker. Additionally, in mouse acute models of inflammatory responses induced by ATP or carrageenan administration in the paw, compound 9d promoted a potent blocking response. Similarly, 9d also reduced mouse LPS-induced pleurisy cellularity. In silico predictions indicate this molecule appropriate to develop an anti-inflammatory agent when it was compared to commercial analogs. Electrophysiological studies suggest a competitive mechanism of action of 9d to block P2X7 receptor. Molecular docking was performed on the ATP binding site in order to observe the preferential interaction pose, indicating that binding mode of the 9d is by interacting its 1,2,3-triazole and ether moiety with positively charged residues and with its chlorobenzene moiety orientated toward the apolar end of the ATP binding site which are mainly composed by the Ile170, Trp167 and Leu309 residues from α subunit. These results highlight 9d derivative as a drug candidate with potential therapeutic application based on P2X7 receptor blockade.

Ultrasonographic tools used in the evaluation of the canine spleen: A review / Herramientas ultrasonográficas usadas en la evaluación del bazo en caninos: Revisión de literatura / Ferramentas ultrassonográficas para avaliação do baço em cães: Revisão da literatura

Abstract The spleen is one of the most susceptible organs to primary tumours, metastasis, and a wide range of diseases of the hematopoietic system. Therefore, detailed assessment of the spleen is of great importance in veterinary medicine, especially in dogs, due to their economic and sentimental value, and as an experimental model in human medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for evaluating the spleen in dogs. The ARFI elastography is a recent ultrasound method that can provide reference values and aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of splenic abnormalities routinely encountered in veterinary practice. Conventional ultrasonography of the spleen combined with haemodynamic analysis by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography is an important tool in diagnosis and triage.

Resumen El bazo es uno de los órganos más propensos a desarrollar tumores, tanto primarios como metastásicos, y varias enfermedades que afectan el sistema hematopoyético. Es por eso que la evaluación clínica del mismo es de gran importancia en medicina veterinaria, principalmente en perros, debido a su valor económico, afectivo, y como modelo experimental en medicina humana. Considerando los recientes avances en imagenología diagnóstica, esta revisión tiene como objetivo describir el examen ecográfico del bazo en perros, utilizando la técnica de elastografía por impulso de fuerza de radiación acústica (ARFI) cuantitativa y cualitativa, Doppler y ultrasonido contrastado. La elastografía ARFI es un método reciente que puede proveer información básica sobre la conformación normal del órgano y, en un futuro próximo, ayudar en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades esplénicas. De modo similar, la ecografía convencional, Doppler y el ultrasonido contrastado son importantes herramientas en el diagnóstico y en el triaje.

Resumo O baço é um dos órgãos mais propensos a desenvolver tumores primários, metastáticos e afecções do sistema hematopoiético. Por isso, realizar uma avalição apurada neste órgão é de suma importância em medicina veterinária, particularmente em cães, devido à importância econômica, afetiva e de similaridade científica com o homem. Considerando os recentes avanços em diagnóstico por imagem, esta revisão visou descrever a aplicabilidade das novas técnicas ultrassonográficas para avaliação esplênica de caninos, utilizando a elastografia por impulso de força de radiação acústica (ARFI) qualitativa e quantitativa, Doppler e ultrassonografia por contraste com microbolhas. A elastografia ARFI é um método recente que pode fornecer dados de base para o baço e permitir a utilização futura desta técnica na avaliação de cães com doença esplênica. Similarmente, a ultrassonografia convencional, o método Doppler e a ultrassonografia contrastada são importantes ferramentas no diagnóstico e triagem.

Ultrasonography methods for predicting malignancy in canine mammary tumors.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of B-mode, Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography in predicting malignancy in canine mammary masses. This was a prospective cohort study from 2014 to 2016, which included 153 bitches with one or more mammary masses. A total of 300 masses were evaluated by ultrasonography (B-mode, Doppler, CEUS, and ARFI) and subsequently classified as benign or malignant by histopathology. Each ultrasound parameters studied were compared between benign and malignant masses by Chi-square or Student tests and differences were considered significant when P < 0.01. For the variables that proved significant differences were estimated the cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under curve (AUC) by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis in a logistic regression model using histopathological classification as reference, to assess and compare diagnostic performance of each technique. Out of 300 mammary masses evaluated 246 were classified as malignant and 54 as benign. B-mode measurements showed sensitivity 67.9%, and specificity 67.6% as malignancy predictors on canine mammary masses; Doppler indexes systolic (>21.2 m/s) and diastolic velocity (>4.8 m/s) sensitivity 79.2% and specificity 70.8%; CEUS wash-out time (<80.5 s) sensitivity 80.2% and specificity 16.7%; and ARFI elastography shear velocity (SWV > 2.57 m/s) sensitivity 94.7% and specificity 97.2% In conclusion B-mode and Doppler ultrasound evaluations may assist in malignancy prediction of canine mammary masses with moderate sensitivity and specificity, already the SWV was an great accurate predictor. Therefore, ARFI elastography exam inclusion in veterinary clinic oncology and research is highly recommended, since it allows fast, non-invasive, and complication-free malignancy prediction of canine mammary masses.

Hemodynamic gestational adaptation in bitches / Adaptação hemodinâmica gestacional em cadelas

ABSTRACT: Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed/ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.

RESUMO: Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.

Hiperplasia fibroepitelial felina: relato de casos

A hiperplasia mamária felina é considerada uma alteração no desenvolvimento do tecido mamário, sendo caracterizada, pelo rápido crescimento da glândula mamária. Acomete aos felinos, fêmeas e machos, que tenham sido expostos a um estímulo hormonal endógeno ou exógeno. A importância do diagnóstico dessa patologia, está em obter um diferencial para neoplasias mamárias. Seu tratamento pode ser clínico, retirando-se a causa ou utilizando-se um antagonista da progesterona como o Aglepristone, associados a medicamentos de suporte. Ou ainda cirúrgico com a ovariohisterectomia e, em casos mais graves, a mastectomia.

Feline mammary hyperplasia is considered a change in the development of mammary tissue and is characterized by rapid growth of the mammary gland. Affects female and male cats, that have been exposed to an endogenous or exogenous hormonal stimulation. The importance of diagnosing this condition, is to obtain a diferencial for mammary neoplasms. The treatment can be clinical, removing the cause, or using a progesterone antagonist as Aglepristone, associated to drugs support.Or with surgical ovariohysterectomy, and in more severe cases, a mastectomy.

Elaboração do Código Pessoal de Cosmoética a partir do Conscienciograma / Elaboration of the Cosmoethics Personal Code Starting From the Conscientiogram / Elaboración del Código Personal de Cosmoética a partir del Concienciograma

O presente trabalho apresenta método de elaboração do Código Pessoal de Cosmoética(CPC), proposto a partir das respostas dadas às questões do livro Conscienciograma,através das quais se busca definir e avaliar a aplicação das cláusulas de condutascosmoéticas prioritárias. O objetivo é explanar a autopesquisa da autora aoformular e atualizar o CPC, motivada pela qualificação da intencionalidade e autocoerência.O método utilizado no trabalho consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica e autopesquisanos processos de construção e acompanhamento avaliativo da autora, segundoa sistemática exposta no artigo. Os resultados alcançados evidenciaram quea vivência no tocante aos processos propostos conduzem ao desenvolvimento da autoimperturbabilidadediante das lacunas, gaps e fissuras intraconscienciais(AU)

The present work presents method of elaboration of the Cosmoethics PersonalCode (CPC), proposed starting from the answers given to the questions of the bookConscientiogram, through which she looks for to define and to evaluate the applicationof the clauses of cosmoethics conduct primacy. The objective is to explain theself-research of the author when formulating and updating the CPC, motivated by thequalification of the intentionality and self-coherence. The method used in the workconsisted in bibliographical research and self-research in the construction processesand the author's evaluative follow up, according to the systematic exposed in the article.The reached results evidenced that the experience concerning the proposed processesleads to the development of the self-imperturbable posture before the intraconscientialvoid, gaps and fissures(AU)

El presente trabajo presenta método de elaboración del Código Personal de Cosmoética(CPC), propuesto a partir de las respuestas dadas a las cuestiones del libroConcienciograma, a través de las cuales se busca definir y avaluar la aplicación de lascláusulas de conductas cosmoéticas prioritarias. El objetivo es explanar la auto investigaciónde la autora al formular y actualizar el CPC, motivada por la cualificación dela intencionalidad y auto coherencia. El método utilizado en el trabajo consistió en investigaciónbibliográfica y auto investigación en los procesos de construccióny acompañamiento evaluativo de la autora, segundo la sistemática expuesta en el artí­culo. Los resultados alcanzados evidenciarán que la vivencia en lo tocante a los procesospropuestos conducen al desenvolvimiento de la auto imperturbabilidad delante de las lagunas, gaps y fisuras intraconcienciales(AU)