Further Expanding the Mutational Spectrum of Gorlin Syndrome in Three Unrelated Families.

Introduction: Gorlin syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant multi-systemic disorder with a predisposition to the development of cancers such as medulloblastoma and nevoid basal cell carcinoma. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in PTCH1 are responsible for 90% of Gorlin syndrome cases. Pathogenic variants in PTCH1 cause overstimulation of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, which plays a role in the development of embryonic structures and tumorigenesis. Clinical major and minor diagnostic criteria for Gorlin syndrome have been determined. Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the most common reason for medical admission in Gorlin syndrome. In this article, it is aimed to draw attention to the fact that patients with Gorlin syndrome are not very rare in our country and the variability in phenotypic and dysmorphic findings may be a clue for the diagnosis. Methods: Exome sequencing was performed on the Illumina NextSeq550 System platform by using the Ion Ampliseq exome RDY kit for Illumina. Sanger sequencing was performed accordingly for the other affected individuals in both families. Results: In this study, the clinical and molecular findings of 9 Gorlin syndrome patients from three unrelated families are presented. Macrocephaly, calcification of falx cerebri, palmar-plantar pits, rib anomalies, and OKC were detected in decreasing order in more than half of the patients. A novel heterozygous frameshift PTCH1 variant in family 1, a nonsense previously reported PTCH1 variant in family 2, and a novel heterozygous splice-site PTCH1 variant in family 3 were detected. Conclusion: Gorlin syndrome should be kept in mind in patients presenting with macrocephaly, palmoplantar pits, and OKC history. Careful examination of all family members is essential in the timely diagnosis of other affected individuals with minor phenotypic findings.

A Long-Term Follow-Up of a Patient with a Novel PORCN Variant and Additional Clinical Features.

Introduction: Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a genodermatosis also known as Goltz-Gorlin syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the PORCN gene and inherited in an X-linked dominant manner. Given the course of X-linked dominant inheritance, affected males can only survive in the state of mosaicism for a PORCN pathogenic variant or in the presence of XXY karyotype. FDH is a multisystemic disorder in which cutaneous, ocular, and skeletal systems are primarily affected. Patients also may display intellectual disability and central nervous system abnormalities, yet most may have normal mental development. Case Presentation: We report on a currently 11-year-old female patient with a novel missense heterozygous PORCN variant who exhibited classical ectodermal, skeletal, and ocular findings in addition to mild intellectual disability, left-side diaphragm eventration, and puberty precox, a finding yet unreported in the literature. Conclusion: With this report, we aimed to expand the mutational spectrum and give insight into the importance of neurologic and skeletal system evaluation among other clinical features of FDH. Although gastrointestinal and genitourinary problems can occur during the course of the disease, to our knowledge, left-side diaphragm eventration and puberty precox are new features that have not been reported previously.

Further defining the molecular spectrum and long-term follow-up of 17 patients with Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen and Smith-McCort dysplasia type 2.

Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia (DMC) and Smith-McCort dysplasia (SMC types 1 and 2) are rare spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasias with identical radiological and clinical findings. DMC and SMC type 1 are allelic disorders caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in DYM, while biallelic causative variants in RAB33B lead to SMC type 2. The terminology "skeletal golgipathies" has been recently used to describe these conditions, highlighting the pivotal role of these two genes in the organization and intracellular trafficking of the Golgi apparatus. In this study, we investigated 17 affected individuals (8 males, 9 females) from 10 unrelated consanguineous families, 10 diagnosed with DMC and seven with SMC type 2. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.61 ± 9.72 years, ranging from 20 months to 34 years, and the average height at diagnosis was 92.85 ± 15.50 cm. All patients exhibited variable degrees of short trunk with a barrel chest, protruding abdomen, hyperlordosis, and decreased joint mobility. A total of nine different biallelic variants were identified, with six being located in the DYM gene and the remaining three detected in RAB33B. Notably, five variants were classified as novel, four in the DYM gene and one in the RAB33B gene. This study aims to comprehensively assess clinical, radiological, and molecular findings along with the long-term follow-up findings in 17 patients with DMC and SMC type 2. Our results suggest that clinical symptoms of the disorder typically appear from infancy to early childhood. The central notches of the vertebral bodies were identified as early as 20 months and tended to become rectangular, particularly around 15 years of age. Pseudoepiphysis was observed in five patients; we believe this finding should be taken into consideration when evaluating hand radiographs in clinical assessments. Furthermore, our research contributes to an enhanced understanding of clinical and molecular aspects in these rare "skeletal golgipathies," expanding the mutational spectrum and offering insights into long-term disease outcomes.

Review of patients with achondroplasia: a single-center's experience with follow-up and associated morbidities.

Achondroplasia (ACH; MIM #100,800), caused by a heterozygous gain of function pathogenic variant in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3; MIM*134,934), is the most prevalent and most readily identifiable cause of disproportionate short stature that is compatible with life. In addition, individuals with achondroplasia face significant medical, functional, and psychosocial challenges throughout their lives. This study assessed associated morbidities in patients with achondroplasia at a single center in Turkey. In this study, the clinical findings and associated morbidities of a group of patients with achondroplasia (n = 68) with clinical multidisciplinary follow-up at a single center between the years 2005-2023 are evaluated retrospectively. A total of 68 patients, 30 male (44.1%) and 38 female (55.9%), were evaluated. In the majority (84.2%) of patients, shortness of extremities was detected in the prenatal period at an average of 28.7 gestational weeks (± 3.6 SDS) with the aid of ultrasonography. More than half (n = 34/63, 54%) of the patients had a father of advanced paternal age (≥ 35 years). Among the complications, respiratory system manifestations, including obstructive sleep apnea (70%), ear-nose-throat manifestations including adenoid hypertrophy (56.6%) and otitis media (54.7%), neurological manifestations due to foramen magnum stenosis (53.2%), and skeletal manifestations including scoliosis (28.8%), are represented among the most common. The mortality rate was 7.3% (n = 5/68).Conclusion: This study not only represents the first retrospective analysis of the associated morbidities of patients with achondroplasia from a single center in Turkey but also will provide a reference point for future studies.

Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome: a rare, yet recognizable syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Hyaline fibromatosis syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by ANTXR2 pathogenic variants. The disorder is characterized by the deposition of amorphous hyaline material in connective tissues. The hallmarks of the disease are joint contractures, generalized skin stiffness, hyperpigmented papules over extensor surfaces of joints, fleshy perianal masses, severe diarrhea, and gingival hypertrophy. The severity of the disease varies and prognosis is poor. No specific treatment is yet available. Most patients with the severe form of the condition pass away before the second year of age. In this study, we describe the clinical and molecular findings of a cohort of seven hyaline fibromatosis syndrome patients who were diagnosed and followed up at a single tertiary reference center in Turkey. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted by standard salting out method from peripheric blood samples of three patients. In one patient DNA extraction was performed on pathology slides since peripheric blood DNA was not available. All coding exons of the ANTXR2 were amplified and sequenced on ABI Prism 3500 Genetic Analyser. RESULTS: Sanger sequencing was performed in 3 patients and homozygous c.945T>G p.(Cys315Trp), c.1073dup p.(Ala359CysfsTer13), and c.1074del p.(Ala359HisfsTer50) variants were identified in ANTXR2. All patients passed away before the age of five years. CONCLUSIONS: HFS is a rare, progressive disorder with a broad phenotypic spectrum. HFS can be recognized easily with distinctive clinical features. Nevertheless, it has poor prognosis with increased mortality due to severe clinical decompensation.

AP-1-dependent fibrosis: Exploring its potential role in the pathogenesis of placental transmogrification of the lung (PTL) via tissue-level transcriptome analysis.

Placental transmogrification of the lung (PTL) is a rare pulmonary condition characterized by the presence of immature placental villous structures. The etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain largely unknown. This functional study aimed to identify the molecular signatures in the pathogenesis of PTL via comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Comparative transcriptomic assessment of PTL tissue and stromal cells showed differential expression of 257 genes in PTL tissue and 189 genes in stromal cells. Notably, several transcription factors and regulators, including FOSB, FOS, JUN, and ATF3, were upregulated in PTL tissue. Additionally, genes associated with the extracellular matrix and connective tissue, such as COL1A1, MMP2, and SPARC, were significantly altered, indicating possible fibrotic changes. Gene set enrichment analysis highlighted the role of vascular development and extracellular matrix organization, and the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor was significantly activated in PTL tissue. Furthermore, the analysis highlighted an overlap of 25 genes between PTL tissue and stromal cells, underscoring the importance of shared molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of PTL. Among the shared genes, JUND, COL4A2, COL6A2, IGFBP5, and IGFBP7 were consistently upregulated, highlighting the possible involvement of AP-1-mediated signaling and fibrotic changes in the pathogenesis of PTL. The present findings pave the way for further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying PTL and offer novel insights for therapeutic interventions. Given the rarity of PTL, these molecular findings represent a significant step forward in our understanding this enigmatic disease.

A novel GRK2 variant in a patient with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia accompanied by Morgagni hernia.

Skeletal ciliopathies constitute a subgroup of ciliopathies characterized by various skeletal anomalies arising from mutations in genes impacting cilia, ciliogenesis, intraflagellar transport process, or various signaling pathways. Short-rib thoracic dysplasias, previously known as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD), stand out as the most prevalent and prototypical form of skeletal ciliopathies, often associated with semilethality. Recently, pathogenic variants in GRK2, a subfamily of mammalian G protein-coupled receptor kinases, have been identified as one of the underlying causes of Jeune ATD. In this study, we report a new patient with Jeune ATD, in whom exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous GRK2 variant, and we review the clinical features and radiographic findings. In addition, our findings introduce Morgagni hernia and an organoaxial-type rotation anomaly of the stomach and midgut malrotation for the first time in the context of this recently characterized GRK2-related skeletal ciliopathy.

Delineation of ADPRHL2 Variants: Report of Two New Patients with Review of the Literature.

ADPRHL2 is involved in posttranslational modification and is known to have a role in physiological functions such as cell signaling, DNA repair, gene control, cell death, and response to stress. Recently, a group of neurological disorders due to ADPRHL2 variants is described, characterized by childhood-onset, stress-induced variable movement disorders, neuropathy, seizures, and neurodegenerative course. We present the diagnostic pathway of two pediatric patients with episodic dystonia and ataxia, who later had a neurodegenerative course complicated by central hypoventilation syndrome due to the same homozygous ADPRHL2 variant. We conducted a systematic literature search and data extraction procedure following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2020 statement in terms of patients with ADPRHL2 variants, from 2018 up to 3 February, 2023. In total, 12 articles describing 47 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age at symptom onset was 2 (0.7-25) years, with the most common presenting symptoms being gait problems (n = 19, 40.4%), seizures (n = 16, 34%), ataxia (n = 13, 27.6%), and weakness (n = 10, 21.2%). Triggering factors (28/47; 59.5%) and regression (28/43; 60.4%), axonal polyneuropathy (9/23; 39.1%), and cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with white matter changes (28/36; 77.7%) were the other clues. The fatality rate and median age of death were 44.6% (n = 21) and 7 (2-34) years, respectively. ADPRHL2 variants should be considered in the context of episodic, stress-induced pediatric and adult-onset movement disorders and seizures.

A rare skeletal dysplasia in the etiology of severe scoliosis: Diaphanospondylodysostosis.

Diaphanospondylodysostosis is a rare genetic skeletal disorder caused by biallelic variants in the BMPER gene. The term, diaphanospondylodysostosis, includes ischiospinal dysotosis, which was previously known as a distinct entity with milder clinical features. The clinical phenotype of diaphanospondylodysostosis is quite variable with mortality in early postnatal life in some patients. Main clinical and radiographic features are narrow thorax, vertebral segmentation defects, rib anomalies, ossification defects of vertebrae, ischium and sacrum, and renal cysts. In this study, we report on a 14-year-old girl patient with diaphanospondylodysostosis harbouring a novel BMPER mutation. The patient presented with severe scoliosis and severely hypoplastic/aplastic distal phalanges of the fingers and toes, findings yet hitherto not described in this syndrome.

A spectrum of TP63-related disorders with eight affected individuals in five unrelated families.

TP63-related disdorders broadly involve varying combinations of ectodermal dysplasia (sparse hair, hypohydrosis, tooth abnormalities, nail dysplasia), cleft lip/palate, acromelic malformation, split-hand/foot malformation/syndactyly, ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum, lacrimal duct obstruction, hypopigmentation, and hypoplastic breasts and/or nipples. TP63-related disorders are associated with heterozygous pathogenic variants in TP63 and include seven overlapping phenotypes; Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC), Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC3), Limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), Acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT), Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS), Split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4), and Orofacial cleft 8. We report on five unrelated families with 8 affected individuals in which the probands presented with varying combinations of ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate, split-hand/foot malformation, lacrimal duct obstruction, and ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum. The clinical diagnosis involved AEC syndrome (2 patients), EEC3 syndrome (2 patients), and a yet hitherto unclassified TP63-related disorder. Sanger sequence analysis of the TP63 gene was performed revealing five different variants among which four were novel and three were de novo. The identificated TP63 variants co-segregated with the other affected individuals in the families. The abnormalities of ectoderm derived structures including hair, nails, sweat glands, and teeth should alert the physician to the possibility of TP63-related disorders particularly in the presence of orofacial clefting.

Mutated Transcripts of ZEB2 Do Not Undergo Nonsense-Mediated Decay in Mowat-Wilson Syndrome.

Introduction: Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is an autosomal-dominant complex developmental disorder characterized by distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and various clinically heterogeneous abnormalities reminiscent of neurocristopathies. MWS is caused by haploinsufficiency of ZEB2 due to heterozygous point mutations and copy number variations. Case Presentation: We report on two unrelated affected individuals with novel ZEB2indel mutations, molecularly confirming the diagnosis of MWS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the comparison of total transcript levels and allele-specific quantitative real-time PCR were also performed and demonstrated that the truncating mutations did not lead to nonsense-mediated decay as expected. Conclusion: ZEB2 encodes a multifunctional pleiotropic protein. Novel mutations in ZEB2 should be reported in order that genotype-phenotype correlations might be established in this clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Further cDNA and protein studies may help elucidate the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of MWS since nonsense-mediated RNA decay was found to be absent in only a few studies including this study.

Evaluation of polysomnography findings in children with genetic skeletal disorders.

Children with genetic skeletal disorders have variable conditions that can lead to sleep-disordered breathing, and polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition. We aimed to review polysomnography findings, to assess the severity of sleep apnea, and to investigate the clinical variables predictive of sleep-disordered breathing in these patients. We retrospectively collected the medical records of patients with genetic skeletal disorders who underwent polysomnography for 5 years. Twenty-seven children with various genetic skeletal disorders, including achondroplasia (14), Crouzon syndrome (3), acromesomelic dysplasia Maroteaux type (3), Apert syndrome (2), osteopetrosis (1), Jeune dysplasia (1), Desbuquois dysplasia (1), acrodysostosis (1), and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (1) were enrolled. The median age at the first polysomnography was 58 (1st-3rd quartile: 31-113) months. The overall sleep-disordered breathing results were: 19 (70.3%) had obstructive sleep apneas (OSA) (4 mild, 6 moderate, 9 severe), 2 (7.4%) had central apneas, 4 (14.8%) had nocturnal hypoventilation. There was a significant correlation between non-ambulatory status with both total AHI and OSA (p < 0.001, rho: -0.66/p = 0.04, rho: 0.38, respectively). Nine patients received positive airway pressure titration, and the oAHI values of all returned to the normal range. These patients were started with positive airway pressure treatment. Our cohort showed that the majority of the patients with skeletal dysplasia had sleep apnea syndrome characterised mainly by OSA, highlighting the importance of polysomnography screening for sleep disorders. Positive airway pressure therapy represents an effective treatment for sleep-disordered breathing in those patients.

Al-Gazali Skeletal Dysplasia Constitutes the Lethal End of ADAMTSL2-Related Disorders.

Lethal short-limb skeletal dysplasia Al-Gazali type (OMIM %601356), also called dysplastic cortical hyperostosis, Al-Gazali type, is an ultra-rare disorder previously reported in only three unrelated individuals. The genetic etiology for Al-Gazali skeletal dysplasia has up until now been unknown. Through international collaborative efforts involving seven clinical centers worldwide, a cohort of nine patients with clinical and radiographic features consistent with short-limb skeletal dysplasia Al-Gazali type was collected. The affected individuals presented with moderate intrauterine growth restriction, relative macrocephaly, hypertrichosis, large anterior fontanelle, short neck, short and stiff limbs with small hands and feet, severe brachydactyly, and generalized bone sclerosis with mild platyspondyly. Biallelic disease-causing variants in ADAMTSL2 were detected using massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and Sanger sequencing techniques. Six individuals were compound heterozygous and one individual was homozygous for pathogenic variants in ADAMTSL2. In one of the families, pathogenic variants were detected in parental samples only. Overall, this study sheds light on the genetic cause of Al-Gazali skeletal dysplasia and identifies it as a semi-lethal part of the spectrum of ADAMTSL2-related disorders. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of meticulous analysis of the pseudogene region of ADAMTSL2 where disease-causing variants might be located. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

A novel biallelic CRIPT variant in a patient with short stature, microcephaly, and distinctive facial features.

Primordial dwarfism (PD) is one of a highly heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by severe prenatal/postnatal growth restriction. Defects in various pathways such as DNA repair mechanism, impaired centrioles, abnormal IGF expression, and spliceosomal machinery may cause PD including Seckel syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome. Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD) types I/III, II, and Meier-Gorlin syndrome. In recent years with the wide application of exome sequencing (ES) in the field of PD, new genes involved in novel pathways causing new phenotypes have been identified. Pathogenic variants in CRIPT (MIM# 604594) encoding cysteine-rich PDZ domain-binding protein have recently been described in patients with PD with a unique phenotype. This phenotype is characterized by prenatal/postnatal growth restriction, facial dysmorphism, ocular abnormalities, and ectodermal findings such as skin lesions with hyper/hypopigmented patchy areas and hair abnormalities. To our knowledge, only three patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in CRIPT have been reported so far. Here, we report on a male patient who presented with profound prenatal/postnatal growth restriction, developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and skin lesions along with the findings of bicytopenia and extensive retinal pigmentation defect. A novel truncating homozygous variant c.7_8delTG; p.(Cys3Argfs*4) was detected in CRIPT with the aid of ES. With this report, we further expand the mutational and clinical spectrum of this rare entity.

Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia (SMED), short limb-hand abnormal calcification type: Further expanding the mutational spectrum and dental findings of three new patients.

Genetic skeletal disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that affect the normal development, growth, and maintenance of the human skeleton. Spondylo-meta-epiphyseal dysplasia, short limb-abnormal calcification type (SMED-SL/AC; MIM# 271665) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic skeletal disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, disproportionate short stature, vertebral, metaphyseal, and epiphyseal abnormalities. This unique phenotype is caused by biallelic loss-of-function variants in Discoidin domain receptor 2 gene (DDR2, MIM# 191311). To date, only 10 pathogenic variants (six missense, two nonsense, one deletion, and one splice site) in DDR2 have been reported in patients with SMED-SL/AC. Dental anomalies related to skeletal dysplasia can include various abnormalities in the number, shape, and position of teeth in the jaw, as well as enamel hypoplasia and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Although abnormal dentition has previously been reported, orodental findings were described in only six patients with SMED-SL/AC. This study aimed to define the clinical, dental, radiological, and molecular findings of three new SMED-SL/AC patients from three unrelated families. Three DDR2 variants, two of which were novel, were detected with the aid of Sanger sequencing. Interestingly, one of the patients was diagnosed with Wilson's disease (WD) during the follow-up, a co-occurrence that has never been reported in patients with SMED-SL/AC so far.

Homozygous Missense Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Variant in a Patient with Congenital Tufting Enteropathy and Literature Review.

Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) with genetic etiology are uncommon hereditary intestinal diseases characterized by chronic, life-threatening, intractable watery diarrhea that starts in infancy. CDDs can be mechanistically divided into osmotic and secretory diarrhea. Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), also known as intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a type of secretory CDD. CTE is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy that presents with intractable neonatal-onset diarrhea, intestinal failure, severe malnutrition, and parenteral nutrition dependence. Villous atrophy of the intestinal epithelium, crypt hyperplasia, and irregularity of surface enterocytes are the specific pathological findings of CTE. The small intestine and occasionally the colonic mucosa include focal epithelial tufts. In 2008, Sivagnanam et al. discovered that mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, MIM# 185535) were the genetic cause of CTE (MIM# 613217). More than a hundred mutations have been reported to date. Furthermore, mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2, MIM# 605124) have been linked to syndromic CTE. In this study, we report the case of a 17-month-old male infant with congenital diarrhea. Despite extensive etiological workup, no etiology could be established before admission to our center. The patient died 15 hours after being admitted to our center in a metabolically decompensated state, probably due to a delay in admission and diagnosis. Molecular autopsy with exome sequencing revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant, c.757G>A, in EpCAM, which was confirmed by histopathological examination.

A lethal and rare cause of arthrogryposis: Glyt1 encephalopathy.

Glycine encephalopathy with normal serum glycine (MIM #617301), also known as GLYT1 encephalopathy, is an extremely rare disorder caused by biallelic variants in SLC6A9 and characterised by facial dysmorphic features, skeletal findings including contractures, knee hyperextension, and joint dislocations and seizures. To date, only ten patients from five families have been reported and only two of them could survive until childhood. In this study, we report on a consanguineous Turkish couple with a history of six pregnancies with three habitual abortions and three postpartum exitus. While in three pregnancies the babies were born prematurely at 32nd gestational week by emergency ceserean section due to hydrops and fetal distress, the other pregnancy was medically terminated at 16th gestational week due to absent fetal heart activity. The product of all these three pregnancies exhibited similar phenotype including short neck, thoracic kyphosis, hypertrichosis, joint contractures and dislocations, hypertonia, knee hyperextension and facial dysmorphic features. Trio exome sequencing was performed prenatally during the last pregnancy and a novel VUS variant in SLC6A9 and a likely pathogenic variant in MTOR gene were detected. DNA isolation was performed from frozen muscle and adrenal tissue of previously autopsied fetuses with similar clinical features, and the same variants were confirmed in both of them. Our data suggest that SLC6A9 and MTOR variants may be responsible for this extremely lethal phenotype in this family.