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Objective: We developed and evaluated a training program for Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), female community health workers (CHWs) in India, on non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: A 5-day training program, developed using government-approved manuals, was tested in a randomised controlled trial in the Tehri-Garhwal district. Quantitative comparisons were undertaken using Student's t-test and two-way ANOVA. ASHAs in the intervention group were asked questions about new skills learnt. Results: Thirty-six ASHAs (20 intervention, 16 controls) participated (response rate 75.0%). Mean pre-test knowledge score was 43.3/100 points (95% CI 36.7-49.9) for the intervention group and 44.4 (38.9-49.9) for controls. The mean post-test knowledge score increased more in the intervention group (48.5-point increase; P < 0.0001), than in controls (9.8-point increase, P = 0.016; ANOVA interaction term (time*allocation) P < 0.0001). ASHAs in the intervention group reported learning new skills for detecting NCDs. Conclusion: The training program increased knowledge of ASHAs on NCDs and improved their skills to detect NCDs. Our development and testing process for this training program, coupled with open-source resources, fosters innovation and collaboration in managing NCDs in LMICs. Innovation: Our novel and adaptable training program incorporates interactive elements, case studies, and real-world scenarios to augment routine communication between ASHAs and community members for preventing NCDs.
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Photoresists are fundamental materials in photolithography and are crucial for precise patterning in microelectronic devices, MEMS, and nanostructures. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements in positive photoresist research and development, focusing on discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior, exploring innovative fabrication techniques, and highlighting the advantages of the photoresist classes discussed. The paper begins by discussing the need for the development of new photoresist technologies, highlighting issues associated with adopting extreme ultraviolet photolithography and addressing these challenges through the development of advanced positive-tone resist materials with improved patterning features, resolution, and sensitivity. Subsequently, it discusses the working mechanisms and synthesis methods of different types and subtypes of photoresists, starting from non-chemically amplified, organic, and inorganic-organic hybrid photoresists and progressing to dry film resists, with an emphasis on the upsides of each. The paper concludes by discussing how future research in the field of lithography-prioritizing concerns related to environmental impacts, improved photoresist material and properties, and utilization of advanced quantum technology-can assist with revolutionizing lithography techniques.
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TTK21 is a small-molecule activator of p300/creb binding protein (CBP) acetyltransferase activity, which, upon conjugation with a glucose-derived carbon nanosphere (CSP), can efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and activate histone acetylation in the brain. Its role in adult neurogenesis and retention of long-term spatial memory following intraperitoneal (IP) administration is well established. In this study, we successfully demonstrate that CSP-TTK21 can be effectively administered via oral gavage. Using a combination of molecular biology, microscopy, and electrophysiological techniques, we systematically investigate the comparative efficacy of oral administration of CSP and CSP-TTK21 in wild-type mice and evaluate their functional effects in comparison to intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Our findings indicate that CSP-TTK21, when administered orally, induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus without significantly altering basal synaptic transmission, a response comparable to that achieved through IP injection. Remarkably, in a spinal cord injury model, oral administration of CSP-TTK21 exhibits efficacy equivalent to that of IP administration. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that oral delivery of CSP-TTK21 leads to improvements in motor function, histone acetylation dynamics, and increased expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) in a spinal injury rat model, mirroring the effectiveness of IP administration. Importantly, no toxic and mutagenic effects of CSP-TTK21 are observed at a maximum tolerated dose of 1 g/kg in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via the oral route. Collectively, these results underscore the potential utility of CSP as an oral drug delivery system, particularly for targeting the neural system.
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Plasticidad Neuronal , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Animales , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/tratamiento farmacológico , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Ratones , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción p300-CBP/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMEN
Aging is the main risk factor of cognitive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, with epigenome alterations as a contributing factor. Here, we compared transcriptomic/epigenomic changes in the hippocampus, modified by aging and by tauopathy, an AD-related feature. We show that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway is severely impaired in hippocampal neurons of tauopathic but not of aged mice pointing to vulnerability of these neurons in the disease. At the epigenomic level, histone hyperacetylation was observed at neuronal enhancers associated with glutamatergic regulations only in the tauopathy. Lastly, a treatment of tau mice with the CSP-TTK21 epi-drug that restored expression of key cholesterol biosynthesis genes counteracted hyperacetylation at neuronal enhancers and restored object memory. As acetyl-CoA is the primary substrate of both pathways, these data suggest that the rate of the cholesterol biosynthesis in hippocampal neurons may trigger epigenetic-driven changes, that may compromise the functions of hippocampal neurons in pathological conditions.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Colesterol , Hipocampo , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Colesterol/biosíntesis , Colesterol/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ratones , Epigenómica , Epigénesis Genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Envejecimiento/genética , Masculino , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/genéticaRESUMEN
Two of the deadliest infectious diseases, COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB), have combined to establish a worldwide pandemic, wreaking havoc on economies and claiming countless lives. The optimised, multitargeted medications may diminish resistance and counter them together. Based on computational expression studies, 183 genes were co-expressed in COVID-19 and TB blood samples. We used the multisampling screening algorithms on the top ten co-expressed genes (CD40, SHP2, Lysozyme, GATA3, cCBL, SIVmac239 Nef, CD69, S-adenosylhomocysteinase, Chemokine Receptor-7, and Membrane Protein). Imidurea is a multitargeted inhibitor for COVID-19 and TB, as confirmed by extensive screening and post-filtering utilising MM\GBSA algorithms. Imidurea has shown docking and MM\GBSA scores of -8.21 to -4.75 Kcal/mol and -64.16 to -29.38 Kcal/mol, respectively. The DFT, pharmacokinetics, and interaction patterns suggest that Imidurea may be a drug candidate, and all ten complexes were tested for stability and bond strength using 100 ns for all MD atoms. The modelling findings showed the complex's repurposing potential, with a cumulative deviation and fluctuation of <2 Å and significant intermolecular interaction, which validated the possibilities. Finally, an inhibition test was performed to confirm our in-silico findings on SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection, which was suppressed by adding imidurea to Vero E6 cells after infection.
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Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , SARS-CoV-2 , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , COVID-19/virología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimología , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Muramidasa/química , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Urea/farmacología , Urea/química , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
The recent discovery of glass-forming metal halide perovskites (MHPs) provides opportunities to broaden the application domain beyond traditionally celebrated optoelectronic research fueled by associated crystalline counterparts. In this regard, it is crucial to diversify the compositional space of glass-forming MHPs and introduce varied crystallization kinetics via synthetic structural engineering. Here, we compare two MHPs with slightly varying structural attributes, utilizing isomer organic cations with the same elemental composition, and demonstrate how this change in functional group position impacts the kinetics of glass formation and subsequent crystallization by multiple orders of magnitude. (S)-(-)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylammonium lead bromide (S(1-1)NPB) exhibits a lower melting point (Tm) of 175 °C and the melt readily vitrifies under a critical cooling rate (CCR) of 0.3 °C s-1. In contrast, (S)-(-)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethylammonium lead bromide (S(1-2)NPB) displays a Tm â¼193 °C and requires a CCR of 2500 °C s-1, necessitating the use of ultrafast calorimetry for glass formation and study of the underlying kinetics. The distinct Tm and glass-formation kinetics of the isomer MHPs are further understood through a combination of calorimetric and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on their crystalline counterparts, highlighting the influence of altered organic-inorganic hydrogen bonding interactions and entropic changes around melting, providing insights into the factors driving their divergent behaviors.
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Syntaxin-1A (stx1a) repression causes a neurodevelopmental disorder phenotype, low latent inhibition (LI) behavior, by disrupting 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HTergic) systems. Herein, we discovered that lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) 3B increases stx1a neuronal transcription and TTK21, a KAT3 activator, induces stx1a transcription and 5-HT release in vitro. Furthermore, glucose-derived CSP-TTK21 could restore decreased stx1a expression, 5-HTergic systems in the brain, and low LI in stx1a (+/-) mice by crossing the blood-brain barrier, whereas the KAT3 inhibitor suppresses stx1a expression, 5-HTergic systems, and LI behaviors in wild-type mice. Finally, in wild-type and stx1a (-/-) mice treated with IKK inhibitors and CSP-TTK21, respectively, we show that KAT3 activator-induced LI improvement is a direct consequence of KAT3B-stx1a pathway, not a side effect. In conclusion, KAT3B can positively regulate stx1a transcription in neurons, and increasing neuronal stx1a expression and 5-HTergic systems by a KAT3 activator consequently improves the low LI behavior in the stx1a ablation mouse model.
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Proteína p300 Asociada a E1A , Sintaxina 1 , Animales , Ratones , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Histona Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Histona Acetiltransferasas/genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neuronas/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Sintaxina 1/metabolismo , Sintaxina 1/genética , Lisina Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Proteína p300 Asociada a E1A/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In recent decades, Candida albicans has become a serious issue for public health. The worldwide rapid rise in drug resistance to conventional therapies is the main contributing reason. Moreover, because of their potent activity at low concentrations and apparent lack of toxicity, compounds originating from plants are used in therapeutic treatments because of their potent activity at low concentrations and apparent lack of toxicity. Particularly in immunocompromised people, Candida species can result in a wide range of ailments. OBJECTIVES: Present manuscript describes antifungal activity of an indole derivative 1-(4-((5- methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl) methyl) phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1- amine (7, 100DL-6) by using an in-silico and in-vitro anti-candidal activity against two Candida strains; Candida kefyr-DS-02 (ATCC-204093) and Candida albicans (AI-clinical isolate, AIIMS- Delhi). METHODS: The synthetic strategy for the preparation of indole derivatives was modified through Fischer indole reaction. Antifungal activity of an indole derivative 1-(4-((5-methoxy-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-1-yl) methyl) phenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine (7, 100DL-6) was done by using an in-silico and in-vitro anti-candidal activity against two Candida strains; Candida kefyr-DS-02 (ATCC-204093) and Candida albicans (AI-clinical isolate, AIIMS-Delhi). Compound 100DL-6 efficacy was determined by Combination synergy study, ergosterol binding assay, MTT toxicity study and Mutagenicity. RESULTS: Compound 100DL-6 was obtained in 65% yield on desired motifs. Docking scores found were 100DL-6 (-8.7 kcal/mol) and Fluconazole (-7.6 kcal/mol). Further, RMSD were shown for 100DL6 (0.26 ± 0.23 nm) and fluconazole (1.2 ± 0.62 nm). Indole derivative 100DL-6 was active against the tested fungal pathogens and the total zone of inhibition was measured between 13-14 mm in diameter and MIC values between 31.25 µg/mL to 250 µg/mL and MFC values between 62.5 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL. In checkerboard assay synergistic mode of interaction of 100DL-6 with known antifungal drugs was observed. In the presence of ergosterol 100DL-6 and standard drug (s) increased their MIC values, demonstrating a considerable affinity for ergosterol. Compound 100DL-6 was considered to be less-cytotoxic to the cells as determined by MTT assay. Lead compound 100DL-6 was found to be non-mutagenic. CONCLUSION: In the present study, 100DL6 (indole derivatives) significantly abrupted the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and showed moderate anti-candidal effects. These studies suggest that 100DL6 significantly enhances antifungal effect of clinical drug fluconazole synergistically and may be considered as in clinical trial prior to some extensive in-vivo validations.
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Porphyrias are, for the most part, inherited disorders of the heme biosynthetic pathway which lead to accumulation of specific intermediates responsible for most of the symptoms and signs of biochemically active disease. Acute hepatic porphyrias usually come to clinical attention primarily in women in their reproductive years who present with episodic, severe, generalized abdominal pain. Such acute attacks may also be associated with tachycardia, systemic arterial hypertension, hyponatremia, recent history of dark reddish to brownish urine, and anxiety, delirium, and sensory or motor neuropathies. Diagnosing AHPs is often challenging, requiring a high index of suspicion and the appropriate testing showing elevated ALA and/or PBG in a random urine specimen. Obstacles to diagnosis include inappropriate testing for porphyrins only, inadequate sample handling, and ordering genetic testing as the initial diagnostic test. While some of these pitfalls in diagnosis are surmountable with current knowledge, others are in need of more research.
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In the last decade, video games became a common vehicle for citizen science initiatives in life science, allowing participants to contribute to real scientific data analysis while learning about it. Since 2010, our scientific discovery game (SDG) Phylo enlists participants in comparative genomic data analysis. It is frequently used as a learning tool, but the activities were difficult to aggregate to build a coherent teaching activity. Here, we describe a strategy and series of recipes to facilitate the integration of SDGs in courses and implement this approach in Phylo. We developed new roles and functionalities enabling instructors to create assignments and monitor the progress of students. A story mode progressively introduces comparative genomics concepts, allowing users to learn and contribute to the analysis of real genomic sequences. Preliminary results from a user study suggest this framework may help to boost user motivation and clarify pedagogical objectives.
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Ciencia Ciudadana , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Genómica/métodos , Estudiantes , MotivaciónRESUMEN
Motivation: Single-cell technologies allow deep characterization of different molecular aspects of cells. Integrating these modalities provides a comprehensive view of cellular identity. Current integration methods rely on overlapping features or cells to link datasets measuring different modalities, limiting their application to experiments where different molecular layers are profiled in different subsets of cells. Results: We present scTopoGAN, a method for unsupervised manifold alignment of single-cell datasets with non-overlapping cells or features. We use topological autoencoders (topoAE) to obtain latent representations of each modality separately. A topology-guided Generative Adversarial Network then aligns these latent representations into a common space. We show that scTopoGAN outperforms state-of-the-art manifold alignment methods in complete unsupervised settings. Interestingly, the topoAE for individual modalities also showed better performance in preserving the original structure of the data in the low-dimensional representations when compared to other manifold projection methods. Taken together, we show that the concept of topology preservation might be a powerful tool to align multiple single modality datasets, unleashing the potential of multi-omic interpretations of cells. Availability and implementation: Implementation available on GitHub (https://github.com/AkashCiel/scTopoGAN). All datasets used in this study are publicly available.
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Hybrid lead-halide perovskites have been studied extensively for their promising optoelectronic properties and prospective applications, including photovoltaics, solid-state lighting, and radiation detection. Research into these materials has also been aided by the simple and low-temperature synthetic conditions involved in solution-state deposition/crystallization or melt-processing techniques. However, concern over lead toxicity has plagued the field since its infancy. One of the most promising routes to mitigating toxicity in hybrid perovskite materials is substituting isoelectronic Bi(III) for Pb(II). Various methods have been developed to allow pnictide-based systems to capture properties of the Pb(II) analogues, but the ability to melt extended hybrid pnictide-halide materials has not been investigated. In this work, we prepare a series of one-dimensional antimony- and bismuth-iodide hybrid materials employing tetramethylpiperazinium (TMPZ)-related cations. We observe, for the first time, the ability to melt extended hybrid pnictide-halide materials for both the Sb(III) and Bi(III) systems. Additionally, we find that Sb(III) analogues melt at lower temperatures and attribute this observation to structural changes induced by the increased stereochemical activity of the Sb(III) lone pair coupled with the reduction in effective dimensionality due to steric interactions with the organic cations. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to melt process phase pure thin films of (S-MeTMPZ)SbI5.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between the magnitude of foraminal stenosis and 1) improvement in patient-reported outcomes, 2) improvement in motor function after lumbar decompression surgery, and 3) difference in surgical outcomes. METHODS: Patients who underwent one-level posterior lumbar decompression for radiculopathy were retrospectively identified. Patient demographics and surgical characteristics were collected through a query search and manual chart review of the electronic medical records. Foraminal stenosis was determined on magnetic resonance imaging and graded using Lee et al.'s validated methodology as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Surgical outcomes, motor function, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were compared based on the amount of stenosis (mild vs. moderate vs. severe). Bivariant and multivariant analyses were performed. RESULTS: Severe stenosis demonstrated more 90-day readmissions (0.00% vs. 0.00% vs. 8.57%, respectively, P = 0.019), though this effect did not remain significant on multivariate analysis (P = 0.068). There was no association between stenosis severity and the degree of functional impairment or PROMs preoperatively. Patients with moderate or severe preoperative foraminal stenosis showed improvement in all PROMs after surgery (P < 0.05) except the mental component of the Short Form 12 survey. Notably, central stenosis grade was insignificantly different between groups (P = 0.358). Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not identify any significant independent predictors of surgical outcomes or changes in PROMs. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that regardless of foraminal stenosis severity preoperatively, patients have a similar improvement in PROMs, surgical outcomes, and restoration of motor function after lumbar decompression surgery for radiculopathy.
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Radiculopatía , Estenosis Espinal , Humanos , Constricción Patológica/diagnóstico por imagen , Constricción Patológica/cirugía , Constricción Patológica/etiología , Estenosis Espinal/complicaciones , Estenosis Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Estenosis Espinal/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Radiculopatía/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiculopatía/etiología , Radiculopatía/cirugía , Descompresión Quirúrgica/métodos , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
While crystalline 2D metal halide perovskites (MHPs) represent a well-celebrated semiconductor class, supporting applications in the fields of photovoltaics, emitters, and sensors, the recent discovery of glass formation in an MHP opens many new opportunities associated with reversible glass-crystalline switching, with each state offering distinct optoelectronic properties. However, the previously reported [S-(-)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium]2PbBr4 perovskite is a strong glass former with sluggish glass-crystal transformation time scales, pointing to a need for glassy MHPs with a broader range of compositions and crystallization kinetics. Herein we report glass formation for low-melting-temperature 1-MeHa2PbI4 (1-MeHa = 1-methyl-hexylammonium) using ultrafast calorimetry, thereby extending the range of MHP glass formation across a broader range of organic (fused ring to branched aliphatic) and halide (bromide to iodide) compositions. The importance of a slight loss of organic and hydrogen iodide components from the MHP in stabilizing the glassy state is elucidated. Furthermore, the underlying kinetics of glass-crystal transformation, including activation energies, crystal growth rate, Angell plot, and fragility index, is studied using a combination of kinetic, thermodynamic, and rheological modeling techniques. An inferred fast crystal growth rate of 0.21 m/s for 1-MeHa2PbI4 shows promise toward suitability in extended application spaces, for example, in metamaterials, nonvolatile memory, and optical and neuromorphic computing devices.
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Cutibacterium acnes is an opportunistic pathogen linked with acne vulgaris, affecting 80-90% of teenagers globally. On the leukocyte (WBCs) cell surface, the cell wall anchored sialidase in C. acnes virulence factor, catalysing the sialoconjugates into sialic acids and nutrients for C. acnes resulting in human skin inflammation. The clinical use of antibiotics for acne treatments has severe adverse effects, including microbial dysbiosis and resistance. Therefore, identifying inhibitors for primary virulence factors (Sialidase) was done using molecular docking of 1030 FDA-approved drugs. Initially, based on binding energies (ΔG), Naloxone (ZINC000000389747), Fenoldopam (ZINC000022116608), Labetalol (ZINC000000403010) and Thalitone (ZINC000000057255) were identified that showed high binding energies as -10.2, -10.1, -9.9 and -9.8 kcal/mol, respectively. In 2D analysis, these drugs also showed considerable structural conformer of hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. Further, a 100 ns MD simulation study found the lowest deviation and fluctuations with various intermolecular interactions to stabilise the complexes. Out of 4, the Naloxone molecule showed robust, steady, and stable RMSD 0.23 ± 0.18 nm. Further, MMGBSA analysis supports MD results and found strong binding energy (ΔG) -29.71 ± 4.97 kcal/mol. In Comparative studies with Neu5Ac2en (native substrate) revealed naloxone has a higher affinity for sialidase. The PCA analysis showed that Naloxone and Thalitone were actively located on the active site, and other compounds were flickered. Our extensive computational and statistical report demonstrates that these FDA drugs can be validated as potential sialidase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Background: Women of reproductive age group (WoRAG) are among the most vulnerable groups to suicide in India. The present study intended to develop a mathematical model to differentiate suicides from homicides among WoRAG. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study based on a record review of autopsy at Patna, India, from 2016 to 2021. The cause of deaths was ascertained by autopsies and other records independently by two investigators to reduce the interobserver bias. Independent variables were tested with confirmed suicides to calculate statistically significant association. These variables were further used for developing prediction models for the suicides by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Out of total of 520 autopsies of WoRAG performed by investigators, the cause of death has been confirmed for 62. Of them, 30 were confirmed as suicides. In univariate analysis, suicides were associated with the menstrual bleed (OR 35 CI 6.9,179), gastric emptying (OR 3.9 CI 1.2,12.8), hanging, poisoning, and drowning as mode of death (OR 435 CI 37.4,5061.9). By logistic regression, three prediction models were built to predict suicide; Model I: gastric emptying, Model II: menstrual bleed, and Model III: including both. The area under the curve (AUC) for Models I, II, and III was 0.67 (95%CI 0.34,0.99), 0.92 (95%CI 0.75,1.00), and 0.94 (95%CI 0.82,1.00), respectively. The AUC of Model III differs significantly from that of Model I (P value 0.03) but not with Model II (P value 0.11). Conclusion: Menstrual bleed, gastric emptying, and mode of death may be used as a supplement tool in ascertaining the cause of death among WoRAG in medical and legal proceedings.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of central stenosis severity on patient-reported outcomes after lumbar decompression. METHODS: Patient diagnosis, demographics, and surgical characteristics were collected via query search and manual chart review of electronic medical records. The inclusion criteria were posterior lumbar decompressions from 2014-2020, with accessible magnetic resonance imaging reports. As previously validated by Lee et al., central stenosis was determined on magnetic resonance imaging and graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Patients were dichotomized into 2 groups to improve statistical power for comparisons: none or mild central stenosis and moderate or severe central stenosis. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were compared between cohorts at 1 year postoperatively. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: On bivariate analysis, no significant differences were noted between cohorts with regard to preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and delta PROMs. In addition, no significant difference in the number of patients attaining minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for each PROM was noted between cohorts. With the exception of mental score of the Short Form-12 survey, all intragroup preoperative to postoperative PROMs indicated significant improvement (all P < 0.05) after lumbar decompression surgery. Multivariate regression identified moderate or severe central canal stenosis as a significant independent predictor of improvement in visual analog scale back (estimate = -1.464, P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that patients with moderate or severe central spinal stenosis may have more improvement in back pain than those with mild or no central stenosis after lumbar spine decompression surgery.
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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic ß-cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Insulin replacement therapy is the current standard of care for T1D, but it has significant limitations. However, stem cell-based replacement therapy has the potential to restore ß-cell function and achieve glycaemic control eradicating the necessity for drugs or injecting insulin externally. While significant progress has been made in preclinical studies, the clinical translation of stem cell therapy for T1D is still in its early stages. In continuation, further research is essentially required to determine the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapies and to develop strategies to prevent immune rejection of stem cell-derived ß-cells. The current review highlights the current state of cellular therapies for T1D including, different types of stem cell therapies, gene therapy, immunotherapy, artificial pancreas, and cell encapsulation being investigated, and their potential for clinical translation.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Inmunoterapia , Insulina/metabolismo , Tratamiento Basado en Trasplante de Células y Tejidos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Perovskite materials research has received unprecedented recognition due to its applications in photovoltaics, LEDs, and other large area low-cost electronics. The exceptional improvement in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved over the last decade has prompted efforts to develop and optimize device fabrication technologies for the industrial and commercial space. However, unstable operation in outdoor environments and toxicity of the employed materials and solvents have hindered this proposition. While their optoelectronic properties are extensively studied, the environmental impacts of the materials and manufacturing methods require further attention. This review summarizes and discusses green and environment-friendly methods for fabricating PSCs, particularly non-toxic solvents, and lead-free alternatives. Greener solvent choices are surveyed for all the solar cell films, (i.e. electron and hole transport, semiconductor, and electrode layers) and their impact on thin film quality, morphology and device performance is explored. We also discuss lead content in perovskites, its environmental impact and sequestration routes, and progress in replacing lead with greener alternatives. This review provides an analysis of sustainable green routes in perovskite solar cell fabrication, discussing the impact of each layer in the device stack, via life cycle analysis.
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1-Methylhexylammonium tin iodide yields the lowest reported melting temperature (Tm = 142 °C) to date among lead-free hybrid perovskite semiconductors. Molecular branching near the organic ammonium group coupled with tuning of metal/halogen character suppresses Tm and facilitates effective melt-based deposition of films with 568 nm absorption onset.