A Single Staged Reconstruction of Upper Eyelid and Eyelashes.

The upper eyelid is a complex structural part of the face that plays an important role in protecting the cornea from drying and damage to preserve vision. The eyelashes are an essential part of the upper eyelid and help in protecting the eyes from dust, foreign bodies, and sweat. Being a part of the face, which is the most noticeable part of the body, both structures hold an important role in reconstructive procedures. Reconstruction of both structures simultaneously is tricky but helps reduce the number of procedures required in achieving an aesthetically acceptable eye. Our techniques describe the use of the paramedian forehead flap with an anterior hairline to reconstruct the upper eyelid and eyelashes in a single stage in a posttraumatic near-total upper eyelid defect with a favorable outcome. Depending on the parting of the patient's hair, the anterior hairline of one side can be included in the distal edge of the flap while raising, which can be inset so that the direction and orientation of the eyelashes perfectly match. Our technique refurbishes an established technique for eyelid reconstruction to include eyelash reconstruction at the same time, thus saving time and resources without any inconvenience to the patient.

Site-based customized surgical approaches for orbital lesion and their outcomes - A case series.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The orbit is a complex region of the body that is susceptible to several diseases. The term "anterior orbitotomy" describes access to the orbit through the conjunctiva or eyelid from the front. This includes transconjunctival, medial, inferior, and superior approaches. The superior and lateral regions of the posterior orbit can be adequately exposed using a frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approach. The main aim of orbital surgery is to preserve vision. We discuss numerous surgical procedures for ocular tumours in this case series, along with the results of those procedures. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case series, various surgical procedures for ocular tumours are discussed, along with their results postoperatively. Meningioma, cavernous hemangioma, dermoid, and Erdheim Chester disease were among the diagnoses. The early surgical outcome parameters in this case series were increased ocular motility and decreased proptosis. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: A medial orbitotomy was done as the lesion was in the medial orbit in our first case. In the second, third, and fourth cases, lateral orbitotomies were done because the lesion was in the lateral orbit. The frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approach was used in the fifth and sixth cases with the lesion reaching the orbital apex. Patients with symptoms should consider surgical excision, which involves completely removing the tumour while maintaining the functionality of the muscles and optic nerve. Having a good surgical view and exposure is essential to understand the anatomical relationships in a small area. CONCLUSION: The surgical strategy should be used in a manner that maintains visual acuity, limits injury to nearby objects, lowers postoperative morbidity, and is cosmetically acceptable.

Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Breast Following a Core-Needle Biopsy.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an aggressive rapidly spreading infection of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. Its occurrence in the breast is extremely rare especially after routine procedures like core-needle biopsy. We present the case of a 35-year-old non-lactating female who presented with swelling and a necrotic patch with pus discharge over her right breast following a core needle biopsy. She was immediately treated with aggressive debridement and culture-specific intravenous antibiotics following which she had an uneventful recovery. It is quintessential to diagnose the condition and initiate the treatment as early as possible to prevent the progression of the disease to sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction.

Noise pollution in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR): An emerging environmental threat.

Noise pollution in urban areas is an emerging environmental threat which local agencies and state authorities must consider in planning and development. Excessive noise is becoming a significant problem adversely affecting the physiological and psychological health of the citizens. Present study was carried out to assess and quantitatively evaluate ambient noise levels in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consisting of 9 cities namely Bhiwandi-Nizampur, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayandar, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Panvel, Thane, Ulhasnagar and Vasai-Virar. The noise environment was assessed on the basis of equivalent continuous sound pressure levels (Leq), day-night noise levels (LDN) and noise limit exceedance factor (NEF) during day and night time of working and non-working days in four different area categories, viz. industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones. Present study shows that silence zones have been the worst affected areas where noise pollution levels and NEF indicate excessive violation of permissible noise limits due to unplanned, congested and unruly spaces for developmental and commercial activities, followed closely by residential and commercial zones. Cities with separate industrial and commercial zones showed less noisy surroundings in comparison with those cities where land use pattern of industrial and commercial zones is around or overlapping each other. It can thus be concluded that appropriate demarcation and planned use of city space is important to avoid exposure to rising noise pollution levels. Based on the noise pollution in (MMR), various control measures are suggested including awareness campaign and strict compliance of the rules and regulations.

In-situ modification of castor oil with divalent metal ions like Zn (II), Cu (II), Co (II) and Ba (II) and their comparative antioxidant study by in-vitro methods.

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted for direct addition of castor oil into food for human consumption and recently FDA approved castor oil as over-the-counter (OTC) for laxative drug. Castor oil (COL) is a vegetable oil and naturally polyol which is inexpensive, environmental friendly and a very valuable renewable resource. Metals are believed to influence antioxidant property of ligands. Metals copper, zinc, cobalt and barium were incorporated with castor oil and subsequently structures were established by FT-IR, UV-Visible, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. In vitro antioxidant activities of metal containing COL were determined by DPPH and superoxide scavenging methods and the results were compared with vitamin C. Enhanced antioxidant nature of metal containing castor oil was noticed and compared to virgin castor oil. This study reveals that synthesized metal containing-COL is a potential antioxidant material.

Au(III)-CTAB reduction by ascorbic acid: preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles.

Upon addition of tetrachloroauric(III) (HAuCl(4)) to a solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a perfect transparent yellow colored and yellowish-precipitate appears within the time of mixing, indicating the formation of a complex between HAuCl(4) and CTAB. Morphology of gold nanoparticles in situ via chemical reduction of title reaction has been determined by using conventional techniques. The position and shape of the surface plasmon resonance (SRP) band strongly depends on the [ascorbic acid], [HAuCl(4)], [CTAB] and mixing ratio of the reactants. Sub-, post- and dilution-micellar effects are accountable to the aggregation and/or adsorption of gold nanoparticles onto the surface of CTAB. The morphology of particles was altered by changing the [reactants] as well as [CTAB]. A mechanism of nanoparticle formation has been proposed comprising different steps of particle growth.

Starch-directed green synthesis, characterization and morphology of silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles were prepared by a simple chemical reduction method using ascorbic acid and starch as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. The effect of starch, silver ions and ascorbic acid was studied on the morphology of the silver nano-particles using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The initial reaction time min and amount of starch were important parameters for the growth of Ag-nanoparticles. The morphology was evaluated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The truncated triangle nano-plates (from 17 to 30 nm), polyhedron, spherical with some irregular shaped Ag-nanoparticles were formed in presence of starch. Particles are aggregated in an irregular manner, leads to the formation of butterfly-like structures of silver. Starch acts as a stabilizing, shape-directing and capping agent during the growth processes. Silver nanoparticles adsorbed electrostatically on the outer OH groups of amylose left-handed helical conformation in solution.

Proteomic analysis of high NaCl-induced changes in abundance of nuclear proteins.

Mammalian cells are normally stressed by high interstitial NaCl in the renal medulla and by lesser elevation of NaCl in several other tissues. High NaCl damages proteins and DNA and can kill cells. Known protective responses include nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NFAT5 and other proteins. In order better to understand the extent and significance of changes in nuclear protein abundance, we extracted nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins separately from HEK293 cells and measured by LC-MS/MS (iTRAQ) changes of abundance of proteins in the extracts in response to high NaCl at three time points: 1 h, 8 h, and adapted for two passages. We confidently identified a total of 3,190 proteins; 163 proteins changed significantly at least at one time point in the nucleus. We discerned the biological significance of the changes by Gene Ontology and protein network analysis. Proteins that change in the nucleus include ones involved in protein folding and localization, microtubule-based process, regulation of cell death, cytoskeleton organization, DNA metabolic process, RNA processing, and cell cycle. Among striking changes in the nucleus, we found a decrease of all six 14-3-3 isoforms; dynamic changes of "cytoskeletal" proteins, suggestive of nucleoskeletal reorganization; rapid decrease of tubulins; and dynamic changes of heat shock proteins. Identification of these changes of nuclear protein abundance enhances our understanding of high NaCl-induced cellular stress, and provides leads to previously unknown damages and protective responses.

Synthesis, reactivity studies, structural aspects, and solution behavior of half sandwich ruthenium(II) N,N',N''-triarylguanidinate complexes.

[(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuCl(µ-Cl)](2) (η(6)-C(10)H(14) = η(6)-p-cymene) was subjected to a bridge-splitting reaction with N,N',N''-triarylguanidines, (ArNH)(2)C═NAr, in toluene at ambient temperature to afford [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuCl{κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}] (Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (1), C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (2), C(6)H(4)Me-2 (3), and C(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,4 (4)) in high yield with a view aimed at understanding the influence of substituent(s) on the aryl rings of the guanidine upon the solid-state structure, solution behavior, and reactivity pattern of the products. Complexes 1-3 upon reaction with NaN(3) in ethanol at ambient temperature afforded [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuN(3){κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}] (Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (5), C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (6), and C(6)H(4)Me-2 (7)) in high yield. [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5-7 with RO(O)C-C≡C-C(O)OR (R = Et (DEAD) and Me (DMAD)) (diethylacetylenedicarboxylate, DEAD; dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate, DMAD) in CH(2)Cl(2) at ambient temperature afforded [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))Ru{N(3)C(2)(C(O)OR)(2)}{κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}]·xH(2)O (x = 1, R = Et, Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (8·H(2)O); x = 0, R = Me, Ar = C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (9), and C(6)H(4)Me-2 (10)) in moderate yield. The molecular structures of 1-6, 8·H(2)O, and 10 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The ruthenium atom in the aforementioned complexes revealed pseudo octahedral "three legged piano stool" geometry. The guanidinate ligand in 2, 3, and 6 revealed syn-syn conformation and that in 4, and 10 revealed syn-anti conformation, and the conformational difference was rationalized on the basis of subtle differences in the stereochemistry of the coordinated nitrogen atoms caused by the aryl moiety in 3 and 4 or steric overload caused by the substituents around the ruthenium atom in 10. The bonding pattern of the CN(3) unit of the guanidinate ligand in the new complexes was explained by invoking n-π conjugation involving the interaction of the NHAr/N(coord)Ar lone pair with C═Nπ* orbital of the imine unit. Complexes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8·H(2)O, and 9 were shown to exist as a single isomer in solution as revealed by NMR data, and this was ascribed to a fast C-N(H)Ar bond rotation caused by a less bulky aryl moiety in these complexes. In contrast, 3 and 10 were shown to exist as a mixture of three and five isomers in about 1:1:1 and 1·0:1·2:2·7:3·5:6·9 ratios, respectively in solution as revealed by a VT (1)H NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY in conjunction with DEPT-90 (13)C NMR data measured at 233 K in the case of 3. The multiple number of isomers in solution was ascribed to the restricted C-N(H)(o-tolyl) bond rotation caused by the bulky o-tolyl substituent in 3 or the aforementioned restricted C-NH(o-tolyl) bond rotation as well as the restricted ruthenium-arene(centroid) bond rotation caused by the substituents around the ruthenium atom in 10.