Review of the Kimminsula-complex (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae).

Distribution of the Kimminsula complex is limited by mountains of the Western Ghats in India and the Central Highlands in Sri Lanka. Indian taxa include the new genus Ghatula gen. n. with 2 new species, Ghatula rufa sp. n. (type species of Ghatula, described here from larvae of both sexes, female subimago, female imago and eggs associated by rearing) and Ghatula quadrimaculata sp. n. (described here from larvae of both sexes); and the genus Petersula Sivaramakrishnan 1984 with type species Petersula courtallensis Sivaramakrishnan 1984 (additionally described here from larvae of both sexes, female subimagines, female imagines and eggs associated by rearing), Petersula heptagenoides sp. n. (described here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing) and Petersula nathani Sivaramakrishnan & Hubbard 1984 (known as a single male imago). In Sri Lanka the Kimminsula complex is represented by the following taxa: the new genus Ceylonula gen. n. with the single species Ceylonula femoralis (Hagen 1858) comb. n. (originally in Potamanthus; redescribed here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing); the genus Kimminsula Peters & Edmunds 1970 with type species Kimminsula taprobanes (Walker 1853) [= Kimminsula annulata (Hagen 1858)] (redescribed here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing), Kimminsula fasciata (Hagen 1858) (redescribed here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing), Kimminsula podi sp. n. (described here from larvae, male subimagines, male imagines and eggs associated by rearing) and Kimminsula latifolia sp. n. (described here from larvae); a form intermediate between K. fasciata and K. taprobanes is described here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing; and the new genus Hubbardula gen. n. with the single species Hubbardula heterolepida sp. n. (described here from larvae, subimagines, imagines of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing). Systematic position of the Kimminsula-complex is discussed.

A new species and new record of the genus Platybaetis Mller-Liebenau, 1980 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Eastern Himalaya, India.

A new species of Platybaetis viz., P. selvai sp. nov. is described herein based on larval collections from Tangon stream in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern region of Indian Himalaya. It can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal segments IX with rounded 'U shaped spines; (ii) anterolateral margin of gills IVII with minute setae; (iii) claw with 78 denticles; (iv) paracercus composed of 1011 segments; (v) hindwing pads reduced, small. Brief ecological notes are appended.

Overview of Indian and Nepali representatives of the Cincticostella nigra (Uéno, 1928) complex (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae), with discussion about Cincticostella Allen, 1971 species complexes.

The concept of the Cincticostella nigra (Uéno, 1928) (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) complex is clarified and Indian and Nepali representatives of the complex are reviewed. Four new species are described viz. Cincticostella changfai Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov., Cincticostella funki Martynov, Selvakumar, Palatov & Vasanth, sp. nov., Cincticostella shinichii Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. and Cincticostella wangi Selvakumar, Martynov & Subramanian, sp. nov. The larva of C. corpulenta (Braasch, 1981) is re-described, based on the holotype and paratypes. Cincticostella gosei (Allen, 1975) is recorded from India for the first time. Morphological differences of the species complexes of Cincticostella Allen, 1971 are analysed. A new species complex, Cincticostella gosei complex, is proposed. Summaries of distribution data and habitat preferences, as well as new larval diagnoses, are presented for all species of the Cincticostella nigra complex.

Contribution to the study of Epeorus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India.

Seven species of the genus Epeorus Eaton, 1881 are described so far from India of which redescription is attempted herein for 3 species viz. E. (C.) psi Eaton 1883, E. (E.) gilliesi Braasch 1981, E. (E.) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman Sivaramakrishnan 2013 based on the fresh collections. Four species viz., E. (E.) aculeatus Braasch 1990, E. (E.) bifurcatus Braasch Soldán 1979, E. (E.) unicornutus Braasch 2006 and E. (E.) unispinosus Braasch 1980 are new records to this country. Totally, 11 species of the genus Epeorus from India are dealt with herein of which six belongs to the subgenus Epeorus viz. E. (E.) aculeatus Braasch 1990, E. (E.) bifurcatus Braasch Soldán 1979, E. (E.) gilliesi Braasch, 1981 and E. (E.) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman Sivaramakrishnan 2013, E. (E.) unispinosus Braasch 1980, E. (E.) unicornutus Braasch 2006 and four to the subgenus Caucasiron viz., E. (C.) kapurkripalanorum Braasch 1983, E. (C.) papillatus Braasch, 2006a, E. (C.) psi Eaton 1883 which larva is described in details for the first time and E. (C.) suspicatus Braasch, 2006b . The subgeneric status of E. lahaulensis Kapur Kripalani 1963 cannot be fixed due to non-availability of larval description. A dichotomous key to the larvae of available species in India is presented. Distribution of subgenera and species within India is discussed.

Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions.

The Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae) from India and related regions are reviewed, including three new species viz., Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar Jacobus, sp. nov., Torleya simbalbarensis Selvakumar, Subramanian, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov., and Torleya dibruensis Selvakumar, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov.; and first country records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis (Xu, You Hsu, 1984) and Hyrtanella grandipennis (Zhou, Su Gui, 2000). Description of Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is based on material from Thailand, India and Nepal; Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. and Torleya dibruensis sp. nov. are described based on material from India. For now, the tribe Hyrtanellini in India comprises eight species from the genera Serratella Edmunds, 1959, Torleya Lestage, 1917, Teloganopsis Ulmer, 1939 and Hyrtanella Allen Edmunds, 1976. Additional records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis from Thailand, Torleya nepalica (Allen Edmunds, 1963) and Torleya coheri (Allen Edmunds, 1963) from Nepal also are provided here. All Indomalayan Hyrtanellini species are discussed to some extent.

A new species of Isonychia Eaton, 1871 (Ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae) from Kapila River, Central Western Ghats, India.

Isonychia (Isonychia) radhae n. sp. is described based on larvae and imagoes from Kapila River, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka State, India. The imagoes of I. radhae n. sp. can be distinguished from the other known Oriental species by the following combination of characters: (i) absence of rusty brown maculae in the costal, subcostal, and median areas of forewing; (ii) forelegs dark brown except coxae; (iii) Scattered barbs present in penis; (iv) Second segment of gonostylus long and slender; and (v) sterna of abdominal segment X in female not deeply cleft. Isonychia radhae n. sp. can be distinguished in the larval stage from other known Oriental species by the following combination of characters: (i) tergites II-IV without distinct stripe medially, tergites V-X with a pair vague oblique stripe; (ii) abdominal terga II-IX with median dark brown maculae progressively larger with dark brown slanting streaks in lateral margins; (iii) gills I and II small, tracheae of abdominal gills I-VII unbranched; (iv) postero-lateral projection on anterior segments of abdomen blunt and small, acute on segments VIII-IX and large at on segment IX; (v) median terminal filament slightly shorter than 1/3 length of cerci; (vi) distal segments of cerci dark, basal ¾ of mesal margin of cerci and lateral margin of terminal filament with long thin setae. Revised keys to the known larvae and male imagoes of Oriental species of Isonychia are also provided.

Three new species of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) of India, with a new record of the genus Megaglena Peters and Edmunds, 1970.

Three new species of Leptophlebiidae viz., Choroterpes (Choroterpes) andamanensis Vasanth, Subramanian Selvakumar n. sp., Edmundsula meghamalaiensis Vasanth, Subramanian Selvakumar n. sp. and Megaglena agasthiya Vasanth, Subramanian Selvakumar n. sp. are described based on our recent exploration of mayflies from the streams of Andaman Island, Tamil Nadu and Kerala part of the southern Western Ghats. The genus Megaglena Peters Edmunds, 1970 has extended the distribution in southern peninsular India as represented by the occurrence of M. agasthiya n. sp. Larval key is provided to the known and new species of subgenus Choroterpes of India along with the distribution map of new species.

A new species of Notacanthurus Tshernova, 1974 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) from India.

A new species of Notacanthurus Tshernova, 1974 is described based on larvae from India. Notacanthurus pange Vasanth, Selvakumar Subramanian sp. nov. can be distinguished from all known species of Notacanthurus by the following combination of characters: (i) gill lamellae 5-6 with accessory lobe; (ii) dorsal surface of femora with scattered spatulate setae (iii) male genitalia having penis lobes fused, 'V' shaped apically blunt with me-dian pair of spine-like titillators subapically and mesally; (iv) labrum with anterior portion straight and laterally curved; and (v) lingua of hypopharynx apically broad and convex. The distribution map of the new species is also provided.

New record of the genus Baetiella Uéno, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from India with description of a new species and new records for five species.

A new species of the genus Baetiella is described based on larvae collected from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Baetiella subansiri Vasanth, Selvakumar Subramanian n. sp. can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (i) gills (or gill sockets) on segments I-VI; gills I-V elongate, without tracheation, with numerous scattered pores on the surface and smooth fine simple setae along margin; gill VI reduced; (ii) posterior margin of metanotum and abdominal terga I-II each with a single posteromedian protuberance, terga III-IX each with a pair of much longer protuberances; and (iii) claw with two rows of denticles, outer row with 6-7 acute denticles increasing in length apically, inner row with 6-7 short and blunt denticles medially, subequal in length. New records of Baetiella armata Braasch, 1983, B. ausobskyi Braasch, 1983, B. imanishii Braasch, 1983, B. marginata Braasch, 1983 and B. spathae Shi Tong, 2015 from Arunachal Pradesh, India are presented based on the collection of larvae. The four species of Baetiella described by Braasch (1983) are redescribed based on freshly collected material. The Known distribution of genus Baetiella from Arunachal Pradesh, India is also provided.

A new record of the family Isonychiidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from the Western Ghats, India with a description of new species.

A new species belonging to the subgenus Isonychia, of the genus Isonychia Eaton, 1871, is described based on larvae and imagoes collected from Moyar River, Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu, India. The imagoes of I. moyarensis n. sp. can be distinguished from other described Oriental species of Isonychia (Isonychia) by the combination of characters: (i) forewing with rusty brown maculae in the costal, subcostal, and median areas; (ii) femur and tibia brown, fore leg pale, apices of tarsal segments brownish; (iii) males with distal angles of penes rounded, without serrations; (iv) second segment of gonostylus uniformly convex; and (v) sterna of tenth abdominal segment in female deeply cleft. Isonychia (Isonychia) moyarensis n. sp. can be distinguished in the larval stage from other known Oriental species by the following combination of characters: (i) abdominal terga II-IX with median dark brown maculae progressively larger with dark brown slanting streaks in lateral margins; (ii) trachea of abdominal gills I-VII unbranched; (iii) posterolateral projections on abdominal segments I-VII blunt and progressively longer than those of segments VIII-IX, sharp and distinct; and (iv) abdominal terga X pale yellow in anterior ⅓, and dark brown in the posterior ⅔. A key to the known larvae of Oriental species of Isonychia is also provided.

Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal.

The Cincticostella insolta complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) is reviewed based on new and historic material, as well as new field observations. Three new species are described viz., C. richardi Martynov Palatov, sp. nov. and C. ranga Selvakumar Subramanian, sp. nov. from India, and C. sivaramakrishnani Martynov Palatov, sp. nov. from Nepal. A correction of the original description and some additional distinguishing features are given for C. braaschi Jacobus McCafferty, 2008. Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971), C. braaschi and C. bifurcata Xie, Jia, Chen, Jacobus Zhou, 2009 are recorded from the Indian subregion for the first time. Summaries of known distribution data and habitat preferences, as well as larval diagnoses, are presented for all seven species of the complex.

A new species of Thalerosphyrus Eaton 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India.

A new species of Thalerosphyrus Eaton 1881 is described based on larvae collected from East Khasi Hills district and East Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Thalerosphyrus meghalayensis Selvakumar & Chandra  n. sp. can be distinguished from other known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterolateral expansions of segment VIII always shorter than those of segment VII; (ii) pronotum moderately enlarged laterally; (iii) bristles on the dorsal face of hind femora truncate or round at apex; (iv) hind tibia with a row of thin setae; (v) outer margin of superlinguae evenly covered with long setae ending at apex by minute setae and (vi) posterior margin of tergites with regularly pointed teeth, and numerous microdenticles. A modified larval key is provided for known species of this genus.

A new species of Prosopistoma Latreille, 1833 and redescription of P. indicum Peters, 1967 (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) from the Western Ghats, India.

Prosopistoma someshwarensis n. sp. is described based on larvae collected from the streams of central Western Ghats, and P. indicum Peters, 1967 is redescribed based on fresh material from additional localities of the southern and central Western Ghats of peninsular India. A brief discussion on their ecology and biogeography, and a key to the Indian species of Prosopistoma, are also provided. The Indian species may be distinguished from one another based on the segmentation of the antennae, carapace colourations, the setation of the tibiae and mandibular canines, and the morphology of gills 2.

A new species and a new record of the subgenus Dilatognathus Kluge 2012 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: genus Choroterpes Eaton, 1881) from India.

A new species belonging to the subgenus Dilatognathus of the genus Choroterpes is described based on larvae collected from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Choroterpes (Dilatognathus) nicobarensis n. sp. can be distinguished from all other species of Dilatognathus by the absence of a tusk on the maxillary apex, has ventro-apical flange and dentiseta directed distally, as in Choroterpes other than Dilatognathus. Choroterpes (Dilatognathus) nigella (Kang & Yang 1994) is newly recorded based on larvae collected in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and West Bengal. Remarks on the evolution of the mouth apparatus of the subgenus Dilatognathus are given.

A new genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats, India.

A new genus and new species of Atalophlebiinae, Klugephlebia kodai Selvakumar, Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan, are described based on male and female imagos and larvae from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats of India. The imago of Klugephlebia gen. n. can be differentiated from all other genera of Atalophlebiinae by having the combination of vein MP forked slightly less than half of the distance from base to margin, MP2 attached at base to vein MP1 by a crossvein, a distinctive shape of the hindwing, dissimilar claws on each leg, and distinctive genitalia structures. The larva can be distinguished from other Atalophlebiinae larvae by having the combination of gills present on abdominal segments 1-7, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 1 slender and lanceolate with branched tracheae, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 2-7 wider & lanceolate and long & suddenly tapering at apex, fore and mid femora with regular rows of long thin setae on outer margins, denticles on claws progressively larger apically, a distinctive labrum, the maxillary palp short with long setae on third segment, and the third segment of the labial palp with distinct setation. The larvae cling to the underside of boulders in the middle of streams where the boulders lie amidst sand and silt. Updated keys to the genera of south Indian Leptophlebiidae are provided.

Contribution to the knowledge of the mayfly genus Teloganella Ulmer, 1939 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerelloidea).

We consider the genus Janohyphella Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 (Ephemeroptera:Teloganodidae) to be a new junior synonym of Teloganella Ulmer, 1939 [=Janohyphella, syn. n.] based on comparative examination of new and previously studied materials from Malaysia and India. Thus, we propose the following new combination, Teloganella indica, comb. n., and provide new or modified diagnoses for this species, T. umbrata Ulmer, 1939 and the genus Teloganella Ulmer, 1939.

Contribution to the knowledge of Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang 1994, Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 and Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from the Western Ghats (India).

As part of ongoing exploration of the mayflies of hill streams of southern Western Ghats, we describe two new species: Nigrobaetis paramakalyani Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. and Labiobaetis jacobusi Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. The genus Nigrobaetis is reported for the first time from India. Tenuibaetis frequentus (Müller-Liebenau & Hubbard 1985) n. comb. was also collected in this area and we provide the first description of this species at the imaginal stage. Brief ecological notes of the three species are added.

A new species of the Choroterpes Eaton, 1881 subgenus Monophyllus Kluge, 2012 and a new record of the subgenus Choroterpes, s.s. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from southern Western Ghats, India.

A new species of Choroterpes (Monophyllus) is described based on larvae collected from rivers of Karnataka part of the Western Ghats. Choroterpes (Monophyllus) nandini n. sp. can be distinguished from the only other species viz., C. (Monophyllus) monophyllus by the following combination of characters: (i) median emargination of labrum moderately deep, without denticles; (ii) gills 2-7 without tracheation and (iii) abdominal segment 6 and 7 without colour pattern. Choroterpes (Choroterpes) petersi Tong and Dudgeon 2003 is newly recorded based on larval collections from the eastern and western regions of southern Western Ghats.

A new record of Potamanthellus caenoides Ulmer 1939 (Ephemeroptera: Neoephemereidae) from the southern Western Ghats of India.

BACKGROUND: As part of ongoing exploration of the mayflies of hill streams of the southern Western Ghats of India, we establish a new record of mayfly. NEW INFORMATION: Potamanthellus caenoides Ulmer 1939 is newly recorded based on larval collection from the upstream of Silent Valley National Park of the southern Western Ghats. Brief ecological notes are appended.

A new species of Labiobaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from the southern Western Ghats in India, with comments on the taxonomic status of Labiobaetis.

A new species of Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987, Labiobaetis soldani sp. nov., is described from the larvae and reared male and female imagoes from Gadana River in the southern Western Ghats in India. Brief ecological notes are appended. The taxonomic status of Labiobaetis is commented on in light of the morphological traits of the larvae and associated imagoes.