The aim of the current study was to separate and determine arsenic in water and fish samples using a novel and green solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME), which is based on switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS)-assisted procedure followed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). The 4-((2-hydroxyquinoline-7-yl)diazenyl)-N-(4-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide (HDNMBA) and tertiary amine (4-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (AADMBA) were used as ligand and SHS, respectively. The use of SHS promotes quantitative extraction of arsenic complexes into an extraction solvent (1-undecanol). Some factors that impact extraction recovery were studied. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 µg L-1 and 0.015 µg L-1, respectively. The calibration graph was linear up to 900.0 µg L-1 arsenic, with the enrichment factor is 267. The proposed SHS-SFODME methodology for arsenic quantification in water and fish samples was successfully implemented. The environmental friendliness and safety of proposed method were approved by the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) and the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) tools.
Arsenic , Liquid Phase Microextraction , Animals , Water/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Arsenic/analysis , Spectrophotometry, Atomic/methods , Limit of Detection , Fishes , Liquid Phase Microextraction/methods
Environmental measures have drawn more attention recently as a means of identifying cost-effective, safe, and green approaches in analytical methods. As a result, white and green analytical chemistry was developed. Greenness, whiteness, and chemical risks are all measured under the general expression "environmental measurements." For the first time, the greenness, whiteness, and chemical risk-measuring programs are presented along with their histories, concepts, advantages, and disadvantages. The six scales that were published between 2020 and 2023, including the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE), the Analytical Greenness Metric for Sample Preparation (AGREEprep), the Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI), Red-Green-Blue (RGB12), blue applicability grade index (BAGI), and the Chloroform-oriented Toxicity Estimation (ChlorTox) scales are discussed. Also, the applications of several analytical methods have been compared. Lastly, patterns for the future were suggested. We hope this review is helpful for analysts to stay up-to-date with recent greenness, whiteness, and chemical risk scales. Additionally, the most appropriate procedure has been chosen, applied, and compared easily.
One of the disadvantages of voltammetric analysis is the significant amount of sample required for electrolysis in the cell. In this paper a methodology close to adsorption stripping voltammetry was proposed to solve this problem at an analysis of two azo dyes - Sunset Yellow FCF and Ponceau 4R. As a working electrode, a carbon-paste electrode modified with ß-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide that can form supramolecular complexes with azo dyes was proposed. The redox behavior of Sunset Yellow FCF and Ponceau 4R, the number of electrons, protons, and charge transfer coefficients onto the proposed sensor have been studied. Using square-wave voltammetry, the conditions for the determination of two dyes were optimized. Under the optimal conditions the calibration plots are linear in the ranges 71-565 µg/L and 189-3024 µg/L for Sunset Yellow FCF and Ponceau 4R, respectively. Finaly, the new sensor has been tested for square-wave voltammetric determination of Sunset Yellow FCF and Ponceau 4R in soft drinks, and RSD values (max. 7.8 and 8.1%) indicated satisfactory precision for both analyzed samples.
For food quality control methods, low cost, speed, and simplicity are essential. Electrochemical methods can satisfy all of these requirements. In this paper, we propose a fast and simple voltammetric method using a carbon-paste electrode modified with ß-cyclodestrin for the determination of two common food azo dyes: Tartrazine and Carmoisine. To reduce the amount of sample required for analysis, in this work, we explored the prospect of another methodology similar to adsorption stripping voltammetry. The redox behavior of dyes, the influence of pH and scan rate on oxidation currents were investigated. Based on the results the scheme of oxidation of azo dyes was proposed. The use of the proposed approach in combination with the developed sensor makes it possible to determine Tartrazine and Carmoisine within their concentrations of 314-5024 ng/mL and 167-5340 ng/mL with calculation LOD 101 ng/mL and 60 ng/mL respectively. The proposed sensor was tested during analysis of model solutions and soft drinks and showed good results with high reproducibility.
Tartrazine , beta-Cyclodextrins , Tartrazine/analysis , Carbon , Reproducibility of Results , Electrodes , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Azo Compounds/analysis , Coloring Agents
The conditions for the surfactant rich phase of Triton X-100 formation and the extraction of Copper (II) as a complex with 6,7-dihydroxy-2,4-diphenylbenzopyrylium chloride at room temperature have been optimized. It was shown that the sodium salt of p-toluic acid can be used as a chemical initiator of cloud point extraction. The optimal conditions for room temperature cloud point extraction were found to be: pH 5.0; 1 v/v.% Triton X-100; 3.75·10-2 M sodium salt of p-toluic acid and the addition of 0.5 M H2SO4 solution to pH 5.0. The formation of the surfactant rich phase begins instantly. The 2-propanol was proposed as a diluent for the surfactant rich phase. The calibration graph is linear in the range of Copper (II) concentrations of 6-870 µg/L, and the limit of detection and limit of determination are 1.8 and 6 µg/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the spectrophotometric determination of Copper (II) in water samples with a relative standard deviation not exceeding 4.5%.
Chlorides , Copper , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Octoxynol , Polyethylene Glycols , Sodium , Surface-Active Agents , Temperature
A novel fast room temperature cloud point extraction (RT-CPE) procedure for preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of phosphate based on the heteropoly blue formation was developed. The proposed method includes the formation of yellow molybdoantymonatophosphoric heteropoly complex, its extraction into Triton X-100 micellar phase obtained at room temperature and reduction of heteropoly complex by ascorbic acid solution in ethanol and absorbance measurement of heteropoly blue at 790 nm. Under optimal conditions (1% (v/v) of Triton X-100 and 0.05 M of ammonium benzoate for initiating of RT-CPE; 0.13 M ethanolic solution of ascorbic acid for reduction of heteropoly complex and dilution of surfactant rich phase), the calibration graph is linear in the range of phosphate concentrations of 1.58-63 µg L-1. The proposed RT-CPE procedure has been successfully applied to preconcentration phosphates and its spectrophotometric determination in water samples.
Phosphates/analysis , Temperature , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Calibration , Chemical Fractionation , Spectrophotometry
A novel dispersive liquid-liquid semi-microextraction (DLLsME) procedure for copper(II) preconcentration is proposed. The system containing copper(II) and 6,7-dihydroxy-2,4-diphenylbenzopyrylium chloride (DHDPhB), after addition a mixture of chloroform and methanol becomes cloudy and the formation of the organic phase was observed immediately. The optimal conditions of DLLsME were found to be: pH 5, absorption band maximum was 570 nm, 1 cm3 of 1×10-3 mol/dm3ofDHDPhB, and mixed extractant containing 1 cm3 of chloroform and 1 cm3 of methanol. Under optimal conditions, the calibration plot was linear in the range of copper(II) concentration 4.32-65 µg/dm3 and the limit of detection was 1.29 µg/dm3. The rocks and tap water samples were successfully analyzed according to the suggested procedure with RSD no more than 4.9%.
In the present study a kinetic-spectrophotometric method for thiocyanate determination is described. The suggested method for the determination of thiocyanate is based on its "Landolt effect" on the reaction of bromate with hydrobromic acid, which leads to the formation of only one halogen bromine. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at the maximum wavelength of astrafloxine FF light absorption at 535 nm. The absorbance of reactants mixture decreased with an increase of the reaction time. The calibration curve for thiocyanate determination was obtained in the concentration range of 0.03-2.0 µg mLµ1 under the optimal conditions (pH 1.5; CBrO3 - = 7.6 × 10-4 mol L-1; Castrafloxine FF = 1 × 10-5 mol L-1). The limit of detection was 0.01 µg mLµ1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of thiocyanate in human saliva samples with satisfactory results.
