Seasonal dynamics and management of whitefly ( Bemesia tabaci Genn.) in tomato ( Solanum esculentum Mill.)

ABSTRACT Studies on seasonal dynamics of white fly (Bemesia tabaci) on tomato (Solanum esculentum var. Pusa Ruby) revealed that it appeared first during the 13th and reached maximum during 21st standard meteorological week. A positive correlation between adult population and abiotic factors viz. temperature (maximum and minimum) and sunshine hours was observed, whereas humidity (maximum and minimum) and rainfall showed a negative correlation with it. Taken together, the key weather parameters studied, caused 89.00 per cent variation in whitefly population (R2 value). Combination of carbofuran (soil application) + imidacloprid (seed treatment ) + imidacloprid (foliar application) proved significantly superior and caused maximum reduction in whitefly population followed by imidacloprid (seed treatment) + thiomethoxam (spray), imidacloprid (seed treatment) + imidacloprid (spray), imidacloprid (seed treatment) + dimetheoate (spray), carbofuran (soil application) + malathion (spray), and imidacloprid (seed treatment) + yellow sticky traps. The highest cost benefit ratio of 1:25.04 was recorded in case of carbofuran (soil application) + imidacloprid (seed treatment ) + imidacloprid (foliar application) followed by 1:22.38 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + thiomethoxam (spray) ; 1:21.81 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + imidacloprid (spray); 1:19.27 imidacloprid (seed treatment) + dimetheoate (spray); 1:19.48 carbofuran (soil application) + malathion (spray), and 1:8.33 for imidacloprid (seed treatment) + yellow sticky traps. The soil application of carbofuran + seed treatment with imidacloprid and three foliar sprays of imidacloprid at fortnight interval starting 40 days after transplanting is found effective and is advised for whitefly management in susceptible tomato cultivars.

Comparative study of ultrasound-guided abdominal field blocks versus port infiltration in laparoscopic cholecystectomies for post-operative pain relief.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Post-operative pain is a major concern for day care surgeries like laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ultrasound guided abdominal field blocks (USAFB) with port site infiltrations for post-operative analgesia in terms of quality of pain relief, opioid consumption and patient satisfaction for day care surgeries. METHODS: Eighty patients presenting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly allocated to two groups either to receive port-site infiltration of local anaesthetic (n = 40, Group A) or USAFB (n = 40, Group B group). Numeric rating scores (NRS) were measured postoperatively to primarily assess the pain severity and opioid requirements. Data were analysed using Chi-Square test/Fisher's exact test for categorical data and Mann-Whitney test/unpaired t-test for quantitative data. RESULTS: The study group (Group B) had significantly reduced NRS and opioid consumption over 24 h. The overall fentanyl consumption in patients receiving port infiltrations was approximately twice (200 ΁ 100 µg) as compared to patients in USAFB group (120 ΁ 74 µg) (P < 0.0001). Maximum fentanyl consumption was 400 µg (Group A) and 262 µg (Group B) over 24 h and the minimum requirement was 50 µg and zero, respectively. CONCLUSION: Superior post-operative analgesia was observed with USAFB which may help in minimising opioid-related adverse effects and facilitating faster recovery.

Optimization of DNA extraction from seeds and leaf tissues of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) for polymerase chain reaction.

Chrysanthemums constitute approximately 30 species of perennial flowering plants, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Asia and Northeastern Europe. Chrysanthemum is a natural cosmetic additive extracted from Chinese herb by modern biochemical technology. It has the properties of anti-bacterial, anti-viral, reducing (detoxification) and anti-inflammation. It possesses antioxidant characteristics, which could assist in minimizing free-radical induced damage. Therefore, it is widely used in skin and hair care products. Chemical composition of this herbal remedy includes kikkanols, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, various essential oils containing camphor, cineole, sabinol, borneole and other elements that interfere with DNA, causing erroneous or no PCR products. In the present study, testing and modification of various standard protocols for isolation of high-quality DNA from leaf tissues and seeds of C. indicum was done. It was observed that the DNA obtained from seeds and leaf tissues with a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide buffer protocol was of good quality, with no colored pigments and contaminants. Also, DNA could be extracted from leaf tissues without using liquid nitrogen. Quality of DNA extracted from seeds was much better as compared to that extracted from leaf tissues. The extracted DNA was successfully amplified by PCR using arbitrary RAPD primers. The same protocol will probably be useful for extraction of high-molecular weight DNA from other plant materials containing large amounts of secondary metabolites and essential oils.

A new surgical technique for ocular fixation in congenital third nerve palsy.

PURPOSE: To present a new technique of ocular fixation to restore and maintain the ocular alignment in primary position for patients with total third nerve paralysis. METHOD: We fixated the globe (medial rectus muscle insertion) to the medial palpebral ligament insertion at the anterior lacrimal crest by using nonabsorbable 5-0 polyester sutures in a prospective study of 5 patients (5 eyes) with congenital total third nerve paralysis. A large recession of the lateral rectus muscle (12 to 16 mm) was also performed in four patients. RESULTS: Four patients achieved satisfactory ocular alignment and one patient had residual exotropia. After an initial exotropic shift, no significant change in ocular alignment was observed during the follow-up period of 6 to 9 months. Mild fullness and congestion over the medial rectus muscle area was observed in the immediate postoperative period in all the patients, which resolved in about two months time. CONCLUSION: This technique of ocular fixation is easy, safe, and effective for the management of exotropia secondary to total third nerve paralysis.

Visual outcome of cataract surgery in children with congenital rubella syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual outcome after cataract surgery in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 40 eyes of 22 children with CRS who underwent cataract surgery. Thirty-six eyes underwent lensectomy with anterior vitrectomy, and 4 eyes underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with primary posterior capsulectomy. The median age at surgery was 6 months, and median duration of postoperative follow up was 68.5 months. Each follow-up visit consisted of visual acuity estimation, refraction, anterior and posterior segment examination, and intraocular pressure measurements. RESULTS: Visual acuity at final follow up was 6/24 or better in 6 (15.0%) eyes, and 22 (55.0%) eyes had visual acuity less than 3/60. Postoperative complications included transient corneal edema in 18 (45.0%) eyes, glaucoma in 5 (12.5%) eyes, after cataract in 1 (2.5%) eye, and hyphema in 1 (2.5%) eye. Ocular disorders affecting visual outcome included stimulus deprivation amblyopia, glaucoma, optic atrophy, corneal opacity, and after cataract. Associated systemic disorders included neurological problems in 15 (68.2%), hearing loss in 12 (54.6%), cardiovascular problems in 9 (40.9%), and speech abnormalities in 7 (31.8%) children. CONCLUSIONS: The less-than-optimal postoperative visual outcome suggests the need to look at primary prevention of rubella, especially in developing countries.