Tungsten carbonyl σ-complexes with charge-compensated nido-carboranyl thioether ligands.

Charge-compensated nido-carboranyl thioether ligands [7-MeS-10-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H10] and [7,8-(MeS)2-10-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H9] were prepared and fully characterized. They readily react with labile tungsten carbonyls to give σ-complexes - mono-substituted (CO)5W[7-MeS-10-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H10-κ(1)-S(1)] and (CO)5W[7,8-(MeS)2-10-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H9-κ(1)-S(1)] and chelate (CO)4W[7,8-(MeS)2-10-Me2S-7,8-C2B9H9-κ(2)-S(1),S(2)]. The synthesized metallocomplexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The donor ability of the 7-methylsulfide-nido-carborane ligand is not sensitive to introduction of the charge-compensating dimethylsulfonium group.

Synthesis and structure of interaction products of quinoline-2(1H)-thione with molecular iodine.

The behavior of quinoline-2(1H)-thione, which is a potential antithyroid drug toward molecular iodine, was investigated. The ability of quinoline-2(1H)-thione to form the outer-sphere charge-transfer complex C9H7NS·I2 with iodine molecular in dilute chloroform solution has been studied by UV-vis spectroscopy (lgß=3.85). The crystal structure of the new salt 2-(quinoline-2-yldisulfanyl)quinolinium triiodide - product of irreversible oxidation of quinoline-2(1H)-thione was determined by X-ray diffraction. The 2-(quinoline-2-yldisulfanyl)quinolinium cations form dimers through π-π-stacking interaction between quinoline rings. Strong intramolecular interactions are observed between iodine - sulfur atoms and iodine - hydrogen atoms with shortened contacts (less of sum of van der Waals contacts). It is noteworthy that two perfectly centrosymmetrical anions I3(-) form a very short contact I(3)⋯I(3') 3.7550(5) so we can state the formation of the dianion I(6)(2-). Therefore the formation and topology of polyiodide species depend on the characteristics, such as shape, size and charge, etc., of the counter cation, 2-(quinoline-2-yldisulfanyl)quinolinium, which is considered as templating agent.

Exclusive selectivity in the one-pot formation of C-C and C-Se bonds involving Ni-catalyzed alkyne hydroselenation: optimization of the synthetic procedure and a mechanistic study.

A unique Ni-catalyzed transformation is reported for the one-pot highly selective synthesis of previously unknown monoseleno-substituted 1,3-dienes starting from easily available terminal alkynes and benzeneselenol. The combination of a readily available catalyst precursor, Ni(acac)2, and an appropriately tuned phosphine ligand, PPh2Cy, resulted in the exclusive assembly of the s-gauche diene skeleton via the selective formation of C-C and C-Se bonds. The unusual diene products were stable under regular experimental conditions, and the products maintained the s-gauche geometry both in the solid state and in solution, as confirmed by X-ray analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Thorough mechanistic studies using ESI-MS revealed the key Ni-containing species involved in the reaction.

Spectroscopic and structural investigation of interaction product of 8-mercaptoquinoline with molecular iodine.

The behavior of 8-mercaptoquinoline, which is a potential antithyroid drug toward molecular iodine was investigated. The ability of 8-mercaptoquinoline to form the outer-sphere charge-transfer complex C9H7NS·I2 with iodine molecular in dilute chloroform solution has been studied by UV/vis spectroscopy (lgß=3.14). The crystal structure of the new salt 8-(quinoline-8-yldisulfonyl)quinolinium triiodide - product of irreversible oxidation of 8-mercaptoquinoline was determined by X-ray diffraction. Intramolecular hydrogen bond of N-H⋯N type is presented in the organic cation. The triiodide ion is the nearly centrosymmetrical anion. The 8-(quinoline-8-yldisulfanyl)quinolinium cations form dimers through π-π-stacking interaction between quinolinium rings. The reduced intramolecular interactions are observed between iodine - sulfur atoms and iodine-hydrogen atoms with shortened contacts (less of sum of van-der-waals contacts).

4,5-Bis(dimethylamino)quinolines: proton sponge versus azine behavior.

Two first representatives, 5 and 6, of the still unknown 4,5-bis(dimethylamino)quinoline have been synthesized and studied. While the former, being protonated either at the peri-NMe(2) groups or at the ring nitrogen, has been shown to display properties of both a proton sponge and azine, its counterpart 6 behaves exclusively as azine giving only a quinolinium salt.

Insight into the electronic structure, optical properties, and redox behavior of the hybrid phthalocyaninoclathrochelates from experimental and density functional theory approaches.

An insight into the electronic structure of several hafnium(IV), zirconium(IV), and lutetium(III) phthalocyaninoclathrochelates has been discussed on the basis of experimental UV-vis, MCD, electro- and spectroelectrochemical data as well as density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations. On the basis of UV-vis and MCD spectroscopy as well as theoretical predictions, it was concluded that the electronic structure of the phthalocyninoclathrochelates can be described in the first approximation as a superposition of the weakly interacting phthalocyanine and clathrochelate substituents. Spectroelectrochemical data and DFT calculations clearly confirm that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in all tested complexes is localized on the phthalocyanine ligand. X-ray crystallography on zirconium(IV) and earlier reported hafnium(IV) phthalocyaninoclathrochelate complexes revealed a slightly distorted phthalocyanine conformation with seven-coordinated metal center positioned ∼1 Šabove macrocyclic cavity. The geometry of the encapsulated iron(II) ion in the clathrochelate fragment was found to be between trigonal-prismatic and trigonal-antiprismatic.

Synthesis and structure of the first clathrochelate iron(II) tris-dioximates with inherent nitrile substituent(s) and new dehalogenation--reduction reaction at a quasi-aromatic macrobicyclic framework.

Monoribbed-substituted mono- and dicyano-functionalized iron(II) macrobicycles were obtained for the first time by the reaction of iron(II) diiodoclathrochelate precursor with copper(I) cyanide-triphenylphosphine complex under mild conditions. The target dinitrile clathrochelate is a minor product of this reaction, whereas the major product contains only one cyano group. The clathrochelates obtained were characterized using elemental analysis, (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF spectrometry and X-ray diffraction crystallography. The geometry of their FeN(6)-coordination polyhedra is intermediate between a trigonal prism (TP) and a trigonal antiprism (TAP); the distortion angles, φ, are 22.6-24.7°. In the molecule of the precursor, the Fe-N distances are close, whereas in the mononitrile macrobicycles those for their functionalized chelate fragments are substantially smaller than the corresponding distances in the α-benzyldioximate moieties. The heights, h, of the TP-TAP coordination polyhedra and the average bite angles, α, (2.33 Å and 39°, respectively) are the same for the X-rayed clathrochelates. The UV-vis spectra indicate a dramatic redistribution of the electron density in the π-conjugated clathrochelate framework caused by functionalization with inherent nitrile substituents. The proposed mechanism of the dehalogenation-reduction reaction of iron(II) diiodoclathrochelate resulting in substitution of their iodine atoms by a cyano group and hydrogen atom includes the anion-radical hydrodehalogenation of this precursor with acetonitrile as a source of hydrogen atom. Then, the monomethinemonoiodine macrobicyclic product underwent a substitution with a cyano group only. The copper(I) cyanide-triphenylphosphine-acetonitrile system is proposed as a tool for the synthesis of nitrile derivatives of electron-withdrawing heterocycles starting from their halogen-containing precursors.

Novel hydrazone derivatives of 7-hydroxy-3',3'-dimethyl-3'H-spiro[chromene-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-8-carbaldehyde.

The structures of new oxaindane spiropyrans derived from 7-hydroxy-3',3'-dimethyl-3'H-spiro[chromene-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-8-carbaldehyde (SP1), namely N-benzyl-2-[(7-hydroxy-3',3'-dimethyl-3'H-spiro[chromene-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-8-yl)methylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide, C(27)H(25)N(3)O(3)S, (I), at 120 (2) K, and N'-[(7-hydroxy-3',3'-dimethyl-3'H-spiro[chromene-2,1'-isobenzofuran]-8-yl)methylidene]-4-methylbenzohydrazide acetone monosolvate, C(27)H(24)N(2)O(4)·C(3)H(6)O, (II), at 100 (2) K, are reported. The photochromically active C(spiro)-O bond length in (I) is close to that in the parent compound (SP1), and in (II) it is shorter. In (I), centrosymmetric pairs of molecules are bound by two equivalent N-H...S hydrogen bonds, forming an eight-membered ring with two donors and two acceptors.

1,8,1',8'-Tetrakis(dimethylamino)-2,2'-dinaphthylmethanols: double in/out proton sponges with low-barrier hydrogen-bond switching.

Previously unknown bis[1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphth-2-yl]phenylmethanol (5) and bis[1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphth-2-yl]methanol (6) have been obtained and studied by combination of X-ray, NMR, and IR techniques at variable temperature. It has been established that both proton sponge units in the solid tertiary alcohol 5 exist in nonconventional in/out form, one of which is fixed by intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bonding. In solution, a fast interconversion of two isoenergetic hydrogen chelates occurs which can be frozen below 183 K. Unlike this, the secondary alcohol 6 in the solid at 100 K adopts the in/out-in/in conformation and at 293 K demonstrates a kind of dynamic behavior which can be described as temperature-driven dimer-induced rechelation. In solution under ambient conditions 6 exists as an equilibrating mixture of chelated and unchelated monomeric forms in a approximately 1:1.8 molar ratio.

1-Pyridine- and 1-quinuclidine-1-boraadamantane as models for derivatives of 1-borabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Experimental and theoretical evaluation of the B-N fragment as a polar isosteric substitution for the C-C group in liquid crystal compounds.

The suitability of 1-borabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (1) as a structural element for liquid crystals was evaluated using computational methods and experimental studies of two complexes of its close analogue 1-boraadamantane (2). The molecular and crystal structures for 1-pyridine-1-boraadamantane [2-P, C(14)H(20)BN, P2(1)/m, a = 8.4404(13) A, b = 6.8469(10) A, c = 10.5269(16) A, beta = 104.712(3) degrees, Z = 2], 1-quinuclidine-1-boraadamantane [2-Q, C(16)H(28)BN, P2(1)/n, a = 6.6529(3) A, b = 10.6665(6) A, c = 19.3817(10) A, beta = 94.689(3) degrees, Z = 4], and 1-pyridine-trimethylborane [3-P, C(8)H(14)BN, C(cma), a = 6.9875(10) A, b = 15.011(2) A, c = 16.556(2) A, Z = 8] were determined by X-ray crystallography and compared with the results of DFT and MP2 calculations. Gas-phase thermodynamic stabilities of complexes 1-P, 1-Q, 2-P, and 2-Q were estimated using a correlation between theoretical (MP2/6-31+G(d)//MP2/6-31G(d) with B3LYP/6-31G(p) thermodynamic corrections) and experimental data for complexes of BMe(3) (3) with amines lacking N-H bonds. The analysis showed the generally higher thermodynamic stability for the quinuclidine (Q) complexes compared to that of the pyridine (P) analogues in the gas phase and an overall order of stability of 1 > 2 > 3. This order is paralleled by high ring strain energy of 1 (SE = 27 kcal/mol) as compared to that of 1-boraadamantane (2, SE = 16.5 kcal/mol). The chemical stability of 2-P and 2-Q, with respect to hydrolytic and oxidative reagents, is high for the pyridine derivative and satisfactory for the quinuclidine complex at ambient temperature, which implies sufficiently high stability of 1-borabicyclo[2.2.2]octane complexes for materials applications. Molecular dipole moments of 6.2 +/- 0.1 and 6.0 +/- 0.15 D were measured for 2-Q and 2-P, respectively.

Symmetrically tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes: their systematization and regioselective synthesis of several types of bis-bifunctional derivatives by double electrophilic substitution.

The possible number of chiral and achiral tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes possessing different types of symmetry (C(2), C(i), C(s), C(2v), C(2h)) is evaluated and a unified independent trivial naming descriptor system is introduced. The reactivity and regioselectivity of the electrophilic substitution of the chiral pseudo-meta- and achiral pseudo-para-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes are investigated in an approach suggested to be general for the synthesis of bis-bifunctional [2.2]paracyclophanes. The mono- and diacylation of chiral pseudo-meta-dihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane 14 with acetylchloride occur ortho-regioselectively to produce tri- 22, 23 and symmetrically 21 tetrasubstituted acyl derivatives. The same reaction with benzoylchloride is neither regio-, nor chemoselective, and gives rise to a mixture of ortho-/para-, mono-/diacylated compounds 27-31. The double acylation of pseudo-meta-dimethoxy[2.2]paracyclophane 18 is completely para-regioselective. Electrophilic substitution of pseudo-meta-bis(methoxycarbonyl)[2.2]paracyclophane 20 regioselectively generates the pseudo-gem-substitution pattern. Formylation of this substrate produces the monocarbonyl derivatives 35 only, whereas the Fe-catalyzed bromination may be directed towards mono- 36 or disubstitution 37 products chemoselectively by varying the reactions conditions. The diacylation and dibromination reactions of the respective achiral diphenol 12 and bis(methoxycarbonyl) 40 derivatives of the pseudo-para-structure retain regioselectivities which are characteristic for their pseudo-meta-regioisomers. Imino ligands 26, 25, and 39, which were obtained from monoacyl- 22 and diacyldihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophanes 21, 38, are tested as chiral ligands in stereoselective Et(2)Zn addition to benzaldehyde producing 1-phenylpropanol with ee values up to 76 %.

Interaction of dichloride iron(II) clathrochelate with dimercaptomaleodinitrile: synthesis of the precursor monoribbed-functionalized phthalocyaninoclathrochelates and the unexpected formation of a new thiophene-containing heterocyclic system in the ribbed chelate fragment of the clathrochelate framework.

Clathrochelate iron(II) FeBd 2(S2C2(CN)2Gm)(BF)2 tris-dioximate with a ribbed vic-dinitrile fragment was synthesized as a precursor of the monoribbed-functionalized hybrid phthalocyaninoclathrochelates by nucleophilic substitution of the vic-dichloride FeBd2(Cl2Gm)(BF)2 clathrochelate (1) with the potassium salt of dimercaptomaleodinitrile. Reaction of nitromethane with this salt was followed by the condensation of the reaction products with 1 to yield the clathrochelate with an annulated previously unknown thiazinothiophene heterocyclic system in the ribbed fragment. Both complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis; MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; IR, UV-vis, (57)Fe Mössbauer, and NMR spectroscopies; and X-ray crystallography.

New preparation of 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonanes.

A new versatile procedure was developed for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxonanes based on the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of acetals with 1,1'-dihydroperoxydicycloalkyl peroxides. The procedure substantially extends the structural diversity of these compounds and, in most cases, allows the synthesis of these compounds in higher yields (to 96%) and with higher selectivity. Complexation of hexaoxonane with chloroform was documented for the first time. The structures of several triperoxides were established by X-ray diffraction.

2-alpha-hydroxyalkyl- and 2,7-di(alpha-hydroxyalkyl)-1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes: stabilization of nonconventional in/out conformers of "proton sponges" via N...H-O intramolecular hydrogen bonding. A remarkable kind of tandem nitrogen inversion.

A regular set of 2-(alpha-hydroxymethyl)- and 2,7-di(alpha-hydroxymethyl)-1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalenes has been prepared. Their X-ray, NMR, and IR studies have demonstrated that in tertiary mono-alcohols the orientation of free nitrogen electron pairs in crystals and solution corresponds to nonconventional in/out conformers stabilized by O-H...N intramolecular hydrogen bonding. For tertiary 2,7-dialcohols, the superimposed equilibrating in/out-out/in nitrogen invertomers are observed in solution. Unlike this, primary and secondary mono- and dialcohols commonly exist in the in/in form, which is typical for the parent proton sponge and the majority of its derivatives.

Synthesis, ionisation potentials and electron affinities of hexaazatrinaphthylene derivatives.

Several hexaazatrinaphthylene derivatives and a tris(thieno)hexaazatriphenylene derivative have been synthesised by reaction of the appropriate diamines with hexaketocyclohexane. The crystal structure of 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexachloro-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene has been determined by X-ray diffraction; this reveals a molecular structure in good agreement with that predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and pi-stacking with an average spacing between adjacent molecular planes of 3.18 A. Solid-state ionisation potentials have been measured by using UV photoelectron spectroscopy and fall in the range of 5.99 to 7.76 eV, whereas solid-state electron affinities, measured using inverse photoelectron spectroscopy, vary in the range -2.65 to -4.59 eV. The most easily reduced example is a tris(thieno)hexaazatriphenylene substituted with bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups; DFT calculations suggest that the highly exothermic electron affinity is due both to the replacement of the outermost phenylene rings of hexaazatrinaphthylene with thieno groups and to the presence of electron-withdrawing bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups. The rather exothermic electron affinities, the potential for adopting pi-stacked structures and the low intramolecular reorganisation energies obtained by DFT calculations suggest that some of these molecules may be useful electron-transport materials.

Novel multichiral diols and diamines by highly stereoselective pinacol coupling of planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives.

The TiCl4/Zn-mediated intermolecular pinacol coupling of the planar chiral carbonyl compounds [2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehyde, 4-acetyl[2.2]paracyclophane (ketone) and the four regioisomeric 5-, 7-, 12- and 13-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehydes as well as the pTosOH-Zn/Cu-promoted coupling of their N-substituted imines is described. Coupling of the enantiomerically pure substrates (most of carbonyl compounds and all imines) occurs stereoselectively giving rise to diastereomerically pure 1,2-diols and 1,2-diamines. Racemic aldehydes and ketone react with different degrees of stereoselectivity (depending on the substituents in certain positions) and produce one to three diastereomers. 7-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-carbaldehyde undergoes a tandem pinacol coupling-pinacol rearrangement to yield bis-(7-methoxy[2.2]paracyclophane-4-yl)acetaldehyde. Coupling of the racemic imines produces a mixture of single racemic D,L-diamine and single meso-diamine in each case. The stereoselective formation of the asymmetric centres is governed by the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophanyl moiety. The techniques elaborated are extended to the intramolecular coupling of [2.2]paracyclophane-4,13-dicarbaldehyde and its bis-N-phenylimine, resulting in stereoselective formation of the chiral triply-bridged diol and exclusive formation of the meso-diamine. X-Ray investigations of several diols and diamines have been carried out and the structural features of these derivatives are discussed.

Ditopic macropolycyclic complexes: synthesis of hybrid phthalocyaninoclathrochelates.

A remetalation (a capping group exchange) reaction of the boronantimony-capped iron(II) clathrochelates with zirconium and hafnium(IV) phthalocyanines in CH2Cl2/CH3OH medium afforded the hybrid phthalocyaninoclathrochelates in a practically quantitative yield. The complexes obtained have been characterized both on the basis of elemental analysis, PD mass spectrometry, IR, UV-vis, 57Fe Mössbauer, and NMR spectroscopies, and crystallographically. An encapsulated iron(II) ion in an intermediate between a trigonal-prismatic and a trigonal-antiprismatic environment of six nitrogen atoms of the macrobicyclic ligand was found to be in a low-spin state. The cyclic voltammograms show irreversible oxidation and reduction waves assignable to Fe+/Fe2+ couples of macrobicyclic fragments and to phthalocyanine macrocycles.

Synthesis and structure of a heptanuclear nickel(II) complex uniquely exhibiting four distinct binding modes, two of which are novel, for a hydroxamate ligand.

The reaction of 2-(dimethylamino)phenylhydroxamic acid (2-dmAphaH) with NiSO(4).6H2O gives the complex [Ni7(2-dmAphaH-1)2(2-dmApha)8(H2O)2]SO(4).15H2O uniquely exhibiting four distinct hydroxamate binding modes, two of which are novel, and showing both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions in contrast to [Cu5(2-dmAphaH-1)4(HSO4)2(MeOH)2].2MeOH, a strongly antiferromagnetic metallacrown formed with CuSO(4).5H2O.