The modulation of temporal predictability on attentional boost effect.

INTRODUCTION: The attentional boost effect, characterized by better memory for background scenes coinciding with a detection target than a nontarget, is believed to stem from a temporary increase in attentional capacity at the time of an acute behavior-related event occurring. Sisk and Jiang's study found that the attentional boost effect also occurs when the target's appearance was predictable. Unfortunately, the duration of the predictive interval in Sisk and Jiang's study was fixed. Since different predictive intervals had different weakening degrees to the acuteness of the target, this fixed duration hindered further investigation into the impact of different levels of predictability on the attentional boost effect. METHOD: Using the encoding-recognition paradigm and the remembering/knowing paradigm, and setting target stimuli with different predictive interval in target detection tasks, the current study aimed to explore the influence of varying the duration of the predictive interval on the attentional boost effect. RESULTS: The attentional boost effect was observed only in the short and medium predictive duration conditions, but not in the long predictive duration condition. Moreover, as the duration of the predictive interval increased, participants' memory performance on target-paired words gradually declined, while their memory performance on distractor-paired and baseline-paired words gradually improved. CONCLUSIONS: Predictability may alter the task demands, allowing participants to more effectively allocate attentional resources to the two tasks at hand.

Structurally diverse ent-clerodanoids from the aerial parts of Isodon scoparius.

Scoparodane C (1), a diterpenoid with a rare 3,4-seco-3-nor-2,11-epoxy-ent-clerodane scaffold, was obtained from the aerial parts of Isodon scoparius, along with isocopariusines A-E (2-6), five ent-clerodanoids featuring a 5/6-fused ring system, and isocopariusines F-H (7-9), three common ent-clerodanoids. The structures of these previously undescribed compounds were established by a combination of spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, chemical derivatization, and quantum chemical calculation. Remarkably, isocopariusine B (3) showed strong resistance reversal activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans.

Silvaticusins A-D: ent-kaurane diterpenoids and a cyclobutane-containing ent-kaurane dimer from Isodon silvaticus.

Three new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, silvaticusins A-C (1-3), along with a new ent-kaurane dimer silvaticusin D (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon silvaticus. The structures of these new compounds were established mainly by comprehensive analysis of their NMR and MS data. The absolute configuration of compounds 1 and 4 were determined using a single-crystal X-ray diffraction and computational methods, respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 were found to exhibit remarkable cytotoxic effects against five human tumor cell lines (HL-60, A-549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, and SW-480), with IC50 values spanning from 1.27 ± 0.08 to 7.52 ± 0.33 µM.

Rationally Engineered Novel Glycosyltransferase UGT74DD1 from Siraitia grosvenorii Catalyzes the Generation of the Sweetener Mogroside III.

Mogrosides are natural compounds highly valued in the food sector for their exceptional sweetness. Here, we report a novel O-glycosyltransferase (UGT74DD1) from Siraitia grosvenorii that catalyzes the conversion of mogrol to mogroside IIE. Site-directed mutagenesis yielded the UGT74DD1-W351A mutant, which exhibited the new capability to transform mogroside IIE into the valuable sweetener mogroside III, but with low catalytic activity. Subsequently, using structure-guided directed evolution with combinatorial active-site saturation testing, the superior mutant M6 (W351A/Q373 K/E49H/Q335W/S278C/D17F) were obtained, which showed a 46.1-fold increase in catalytic activity compared to UGT74DD1-W351A. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the enhanced activity and extended substrate profiles of M6 are due to its enlarged substrate-binding pocket and strengthened enzyme-substrate hydrogen bonding interactions. Overall, we redesigned UGT74DD1, yielding mutants that catalyze the conversion of mogrol into mogroside III. This study thus broadens the toolbox of UGTs capable of catalyzing the formation of valuable polyglycoside compounds.

Extremely Large Anomalous Hall Conductivity and Unusual Axial Diamagnetism in a Quasi-1D Dirac Material La3MgBi5.

Anomalous Hall effect (AHE), one of the most important electronic transport phenomena, generally appears in ferromagnetic materials but is rare in materials without magnetic elements. Here, a study of La3MgBi5 is presented, whose band structure carries multitype Dirac fermions. Although magnetic elements are absent in La3MgBi5, the signals of AHE can be observed. In particular, the anomalous Hall conductivity is extremely large, reaching 42,356 Ω-1 cm-1 with an anomalous Hall angle of 8.8%, the largest one that has been observed in the current AHE systems. The AHE is suggested to originate from the combination of skew scattering and Berry curvature. Another unique property discovered in La3MgBi5 is the axial diamagnetism. The diamagnetism is significantly enhanced and dominates the magnetization in the axial directions, which is the result of the restricted motion of the Dirac fermion at the Fermi level. These findings not only establish La3MgBi5 as a suitable platform to study AHE and quantum transport but also indicate the great potential of 315-type Bi-based materials for exploring novel physical properties.

Identification of the cytochrome P450s responsible for the biosynthesis of two types of aporphine alkaloids and their de novo biosynthesis in yeast.

Aporphine alkaloids have diverse pharmacological activities; however, our understanding of their biosynthesis is relatively limited. Previous studies have classified aporphine alkaloids into two categories based on the configuration and number of substituents of the D-ring and have proposed preliminary biosynthetic pathways for each category. In this study, we identified two specific cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP80G6 and CYP80Q5) with distinct activities toward (S)-configured and (R)-configured substrates from the herbaceous perennial vine Stephania tetrandra, shedding light on the biosynthetic mechanisms and stereochemical features of these two aporphine alkaloid categories. Additionally, we characterized two CYP719C enzymes (CYP719C3 and CYP719C4) that catalyzed the formation of the methylenedioxy bridge, an essential pharmacophoric group, on the A- and D-rings, respectively, of aporphine alkaloids. Leveraging the functional characterization of these crucial cytochrome P450 enzymes, we reconstructed the biosynthetic pathways for the two types of aporphine alkaloids in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for the de novo production of compounds such as (R)-glaziovine, (S)-glaziovine, and magnoflorine. This study provides key insight into the biosynthesis of aporphine alkaloids and lays a foundation for producing these valuable compounds through synthetic biology.

Eligibility of Asian and European registry patients for phase III trials in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: Traditional approaches to designing clinical trials for heart failure (HF) have historically relied on expertise and past practices. However, the evolving landscape of healthcare, marked by the advent of novel data science applications and increased data availability, offers a compelling opportunity to transition towards a data-driven paradigm in trial design. This research aims to evaluate the scope and determinants of disparities between clinical trials and registries by leveraging natural language processing for the analysis of trial eligibility criteria. The findings contribute to the establishment of a robust design framework for guiding future HF trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Interventional phase III trials registered for HF on ClinicalTrials.gov as of the end of 2021 were identified. Natural language processing was used to extract and structure the eligibility criteria for quantitative analysis. The most common criteria for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) were applied to estimate patient eligibility as a proportion of registry patients in the ASIAN-HF (N = 4868) and BIOSTAT-CHF registries (N = 2545). Of the 375 phase III trials for HF, 163 HFrEF trials were identified. In these trials, the most frequently encountered inclusion criteria were New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (69%), worsening HF (23%), and natriuretic peptides (18%), whereas the most frequent comorbidity-based exclusion criteria were acute coronary syndrome (64%), renal disease (55%), and valvular heart disease (47%). On average, 20% of registry patients were eligible for HFrEF trials. Eligibility distributions did not differ (P = 0.18) between Asian [median eligibility 0.20, interquartile range (IQR) 0.08-0.43] and European registry populations (median 0.17, IQR 0.06-0.39). With time, HFrEF trials became more restrictive, where patient eligibility declined from 0.40 in 1985-2005 to 0.19 in 2016-2022 (P = 0.03). When frequency among trials is taken into consideration, the eligibility criteria that were most restrictive were prior myocardial infarction, NYHA class, age, and prior HF hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Based on 14 trial criteria, only one-fifth of registry patients were eligible for phase III HFrEF trials. Overall eligibility rates did not differ between the Asian and European patient cohorts.

Integrated cell wall and transcriptomic analysis revealed the mechanism underlying zinc-induced alleviation of cadmium toxicity in Cosmos bipinnatus.

Plant growth is severely harmed by cadmium (Cd) contamination, while the addition of zinc (Zn) can reduce the toxic effects of Cd. However, the interaction between Cd and Zn on the molecular mechanism and cell wall of Cosmosbipinnatus is unclear. In this study, a transcriptome was constructed using RNA-sequencing. In C. bipinnatus root transcriptome data, the expression of 996, 2765, and 3023 unigenes were significantly affected by Cd, Zn, and Cd + Zn treatments, respectively, indicating different expression patterns of some metal transporters among the Cd, Zn, and Cd + Zn treatments. With the addition of Zn, the damage to the cell wall was reduced, both the proportion and content of polysaccharides in the cell wall were changed, and Cd accumulation was decreased by 32.34%. In addition, we found that Cd and Zn mainly accumulated in pectins, the content of which increased by 30.79% and 61.4% compared to the CK treatment. Thus, Zn could alleviate the toxicity of Cd to C. bipinnatus. This study revealed the interaction between Cd and Zn at the physiological and molecular levels, broadening our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance to Cd and Zn stress in cosmos.

[Quality evaluation and grading standard discussion on Cinnamomi Ramulus].

This study explored the relationship between the appearance traits and internal components of Cinnamomi Ramulus pieces, so as to provide a reference for the quality evaluation and the formulation of grade standards. This study determined the appearance traits and index component contents of 41 batches of Cinnamomi Ramulus pieces in the core producing areas of Guangxi and Guangdongand established the HPLC characteristic map method. The weight of the pieces, the narrowest diameter, and the widest diameter of the tr ansverse section were used as the indices of appearance traits. The content of index components(cinnamic acid and cinnamalde hyde)was determined by the established content determination method. The chromatographic characteristics were determinedon a Waters XBridge C_(18)(4. 6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm) column with a mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% phosphoric acidacetonitrile and gradient elution at the flow rate of 1 mL ·min~(-1). The column temperature was 30 ℃, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and other stoichiometric methods were used to analyze the correlation between theap pearance traits and the index/characteristic components of Cinnamomi Ramulus pieces and compare the qu ality differences of the piecesfrom different batches and plac es. The results showed that the larger weight, the narrowest diameter, andthe widest diameter of the tra nsverse section indicated lowercontent of main indexes/characteristic components, and there was a synergistic decreasing trend amongd ifferent components. The overall quality of Cinnamomi Ramulus pieces in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province was similar, but there were still differences between different origins and different batches of the same origin. It is scientific and feasible to evaluatethe quality of Cinnamomi Ramulus pieces and establish grading standards based on the appearance traits and index/character istic components. The research provides a more scientific and comprehensive basis for the quality control evaluation and standardformulation of Cinnamomi Ramulus.

Comparing survival after proximal gastrectomy vs. total gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta­analysis.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare long-term survival after proximal gastrectomy (PG) and total gastrectomy (TG) for locally advanced proximal gastric cancer (GC). The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from their inception to May 2023. Only published two-arm prospective or retrospective studies were included. The selected studies included patients with locally advanced GC who underwent PG or TG and reported quantitative survival outcomes. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) after gastrectomy. Three studies involving a total of 4,815 patients met the inclusion criteria. The age of the patients ranged from 57.03-64.46 years and 78.80% were male. The estimated 5-year OS probability after TG varied from 30.14 to 72.0%, and from 42.06 to 74.9% after PG. Results of the meta-analyses revealed a significant association between PG and improved OS compared with that of TG, with a pooled hazard ratio of 1.15 (95% CI, 1.05-1.25). No heterogeneity was observed in the included studies (I2=0%). Overall, in managing locally advanced GC, PG demonstrated comparable or marginally improved OS compared with TG during postoperative follow-up; however, further meta-analyses are required to provide stronger evidence.

Electrospun nanofibers-based thin film microextraction for enrichment of phthalate esters in biodegradable plastics.

In this work, a novel electrospun nanofiber (PAN/TpBD; 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol [Tp] and benzidine [BD]; polyacrylonitrile [PAN]) was fabricated via a facile electrospinning method and utilized as adsorbent in thin film microextraction (TFME) of phthalate esters (PAEs) (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate) in biodegradable plastics. The prepared PAN/TpBD combines the strong stability of nanofibers with increased exposure sites for covalent organic frameworks and enhanced interactions with the target, thus improving the enrichment effect on the target. The extraction efficiency of PAN/TpBD reached above 80%. Based on PAN/TpBD, a TFME-high-performance liquid chromatography method was established, and the experimental parameters were optimized. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the PAEs of this method varied linearly in the range of 10-10 000 µg/L with low detection limits (0.69-2.72 µg/L). The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation values of the PAEs were less than 8.04% and 8.73%, respectively. The adsorbent can achieve more than 80% recovery of the five targets after six times reuse. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace PAEs in biodegradable plastics with recoveries ranging from 80.1% to 113.4% and relative standard deviations were less than 9.45%. The as-synthesized PAN/TpBD adsorbent exhibited great potential in PAE analysis.

Curcumin protects against cadmium-induced germ cell death in the testis of rats.

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) has been shown to disrupt the reproductive system. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of Curcumin (Cur) against Cd-induced reproductive toxicity. Methods: Exploring the role of Cur in Cd-treated rat models. Results: The study demonstrated that Cd treatment impaired the seminiferous epithelium, leading to increased apoptosis of germ cells. Interestingly, pretreatment with Cur ameliorated the histological damage and decreased the germ cell apoptosis induced by Cd. Furthermore, after Cd exposure, B-cell lymphoma-2 expression was significantly decreased while Bax expression was increased. Pretreatment of rats with Cur protected against germ cell apoptosis by improving the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 and reducing Bax. Additionally, Cd treatment increased reactive oxygen species, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant enzymes. However, pretreatment of rats with Cur followed by Cd administration led to a substantial decrease in reactive oxygen species levels and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes. Ultrastructural investigations revealed that damage to the mitochondrial structure was significantly ameliorated by Cur pretreatment in Cd-treated rats. Notably, Cur significantly activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1a/Sirtuins-3 signaling pathway. Conclusions: Overall, our data suggest that Cd induces germ cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-induced oxidative stress, but Cur pretreatment offers strong protection against Cd-induced reproductive toxicity.

Asperuloside inhibits the activation of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts via activating transcription factor 6.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in tumor progression and immune evasion. Asperuloside (ASP) is an iridoid glycoside with potential anti-tumor properties. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of ASP on CAFs, particularly focusing on its effects on activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. METHOD: CAFs were treated with different concentrations of ASP (0, 1, 3, and 5 mM), and the role of ATF6 was investigated by over-expressing it in CAFs. Subsequently, western blot was used to detect ATF6, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast activating protein (FAP), and vimentin protein levels in CAFs. The collagen gel contraction assay and Transwell assay were applied to evaluate the contraction and migration ability of CAFs. In addition, the interleukin (IL)-6, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10 levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: CAFs had significantly higher expression levels of α-SMA, FAP, and vimentin compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs). ASP significantly inhibited the activation, contraction, and migration of CAFs in a concentration-dependent manner. ASP treatment also reduced the expression of cytokines (IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10) and down-regulated ATF6 levels. Over-expression of ATF6 mitigated the inhibitory effects of ASP. CONCLUSION: ASP exerts its anti-tumor effects by down-regulating ATF6, thereby inhibiting the activation and function of pancreatic CAFs. These findings suggest that ASP could be a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer by modulating the tumor microenvironment.

CFZA camera: a high-resolution lensless imaging technique based on compound Fresnel zone aperture.

In lensless imaging using a Fresnel zone aperture (FZA), it is generally believed that the resolution is limited by the outermost ring breadth of the FZA. The limitation has the potential to be broken according to the multi-order property of binary FZAs. In this Letter, we propose to use a high-order component of the FZA as the point spread function (PSF) to develop a high-order transfer function backpropagation (HBP) algorithm to enhance the resolution. The proportion of high-order diffraction energy is low, leading to severe defocus noise in the reconstructed image. To address this issue, we propose a Compound FZA (CFZA), which merges two partial FZAs operating at different orders as the mask to strike a balance between the noise and resolution. Experimental results verify that the CFZA-based camera has a resolution that is double that of a traditional FZA-based camera with an identical outer ring breadth and can be reconstructed with high quality by a single HBP without calibration. Our method offers a cost-effective solution for achieving high-resolution imaging, expanding the potential applications of FZA-based lensless imaging in a variety of areas.

Point-of-care AI-enhanced novice echocardiography for screening heart failure (PANES-HF).

The increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF) in ageing populations drives demand for echocardiography (echo). There is a worldwide shortage of trained sonographers and long waiting times for expert echo. We hypothesised that artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced point-of-care echo can enable HF screening by novices. The primary endpoint was the accuracy of AI-enhanced novice pathway in detecting reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%. Symptomatic patients with suspected HF (N = 100, mean age 61 ± 15 years, 56% men) were prospectively recruited. Novices with no prior echo experience underwent 2-weeks' training to acquire echo images with AI guidance using the EchoNous Kosmos handheld echo, with AI-automated reporting by Us2.ai (AI-enhanced novice pathway). All patients also had standard echo by trained sonographers interpreted by cardiologists (reference standard). LVEF < 50% by reference standard was present in 27 patients. AI-enhanced novice pathway yielded interpretable results in 96 patients and took a mean of 12 min 51 s per study. The area under the curve (AUC) of the AI novice pathway was 0.880 (95% CI 0.802, 0.958). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the AI-enhanced novice pathway in detecting LVEF < 50% were 84.6%, 91.4%, 78.5% and 94.1% respectively. The median absolute deviation of the AI-novice pathway LVEF from the reference standard LVEF was 6.03%. AI-enhanced novice pathway holds potential to task shift echo beyond tertiary centres and improve the HF diagnostic workflow.

E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 modulates circadian rhythm by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of the key clock transcription factor BMAL1.

The circadian clock is the inner rhythm of life activities and is controlled by a self-sustained and endogenous molecular clock, which maintains a ~ 24 h internal oscillation. As the core element of the circadian clock, BMAL1 is susceptible to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Nevertheless, scant information is available regarding the UPS enzymes that intricately modulate both the stability and transcriptional activity of BMAL1, affecting the cellular circadian rhythm. In this work, we identify and validate UBR5 as a new E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with BMAL1 by using affinity purification, mass spectrometry, and biochemical experiments. UBR5 overexpression induced BMAL1 ubiquitination, leading to diminished stability and reduced protein level of BMAL1, thereby attenuating its transcriptional activity. Consistent with this, UBR5 knockdown increases the BMAL1 protein. Domain mapping discloses that the C-terminus of BMAL1 interacts with the N-terminal domains of UBR5. Similarly, cell-line-based experiments discover that HYD, the UBR5 homolog in Drosophila, could interact with and downregulate CYCLE, the BMAL1 homolog in Drosophila. PER2-luciferase bioluminescence real-time reporting assay in a mammalian cell line and behavioral experiments in Drosophila reveal that UBR5 or hyd knockdown significantly reduces the period of the circadian clock. Therefore, our work discovers a new ubiquitin ligase UBR5 that regulates BMAL1 stability and circadian rhythm and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanism. This work provides an additional layer of complexity to the regulatory network of the circadian clock at the post-translational modification level, offering potential insights into the modulation of the dysregulated circadian rhythm.

Enhancing Chymotrypsin Activity and Stability of Capillary Immobilized Enzyme Microreactors Using Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks as Encapsulation Materials.

Open-tubular immobilized enzyme microreactors (OT-IMERs) are some of the most widely used enzyme reaction devices due to the advantages of simple preparation and fast sample processing. However, the traditional approaches for OT-IMERs preparation had some defects such as limited enzyme loading amount, susceptibility to complex sample interference, and less stability. Here, we report a strategy for the preparation of highly active and stable OT-IMERs, in which the single-stranded DNA-enzyme composites were immobilized in capillaries and then encapsulated in situ in the capillaries via zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-L). The phosphate groups of the DNA adjusted the surface potential of the enzyme to negative values, which could attract cations, such as Zn2+, to promote the formation of ZIF-L for enzyme encapsulation. Using chymotrypsin (ChT) as a model enzyme, the prepared ChT@ZIF-L-IMER has higher activity and better affinity than the free enzyme and ChT-IMER. Moreover, the thermal stability, pH stability, and organic solvent stability of ChT@ZIF-L-IMER were much higher than those of free enzyme and ChT-IMER. Furthermore, the activity of ChT@ZIF-L-IMER was much higher than that of ChT-IMER after ten consecutive reactions. To demonstrate the versatility of this preparation method, we replaced ChT with glucose oxidase (GOx). The stability of GOx@ZIF-L-IMER was also experimentally demonstrated to be superior to that of GOx and GOx-IMER. Finally, ChT@ZIF-L-IMER was used for proteolytic digestion analysis. The results showed that ChT@ZIF-L-IMER had a short digestion time and high digestive efficiency compared with the free enzyme. The present study broadened the synthesis method of OT-IMERs, effectively integrating the advantages of metal-organic frameworks and IMER, and the prepared OT-IMERs significantly improved enzyme stability. All of the results indicated that the IMER prepared by this method had a broad application prospect in capillary electrophoresis-based high-performance enzyme analysis.

Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate oxidation system for the degradation of rhein, a toxic component abundance in rhubarb residue.

Rhubarb is widely used in health care, but causing a great amount of rhein-containing herbal residue. Rhein with several toxicities might pollute environment, damage ecology and even hazard human health if left untreated. In this study, the degradation effects of bisulfite- (BS) and peroxymonosulfate- (PMS) based oxidation systems on rhein in rhubarb residue were compared and investigated. The effects of BS and PMS with two valence states of ferric ion (Fe) on the degradation of rhein in rhubarb residue were optimized for the selection of optimal oxidation system. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH on the removal of rhein under the optimal oxidation system were evaluated. The chemical profiles of rhubarb residue with and without oxidation process were compared by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and the degradation effects were investigated by PLS-DA and S plot/OPLS-DA analysis. The results manifested that PMS showed relative higher efficiency than BS on the degradation of rhein. Moreover, Fe(III) promoted the degradation effect of PMS, demonstrated that Fe(III)/PMS is the optimal oxidation system to degrade rhein in rhubarb residue. Further studies indicated that the degradation of rhein by the Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system was accelerated with the prolong of reaction time and the elevation of reaction temperature, and also affected by the initial pH. More importantly, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system could degrade rhein in rhubarb residue completely under the optimal conditions. In conclusion, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system is a feasible method to treat rhein in rhubarb residue.

Hollow Cu/CoS2 Nanozyme with Defect-Induced Enzymatic Catalytic Sites and Binding Pockets for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase.

Along with an ever-deepening understanding of the catalytic principle of natural enzymes, the rational design of high-activity biomimetic nanozymes has become a hot topic in current research. Inspired by the active centers of natural enzymes consisting of catalytic sites and binding pockets, a Cu-doped CoS2 hollow nanocube (Cu/CoS2 HNCs) nanozyme integrating substitution defects and vacancies is developed through a defect engineering strategy. It is shown that the vacancies and substitution defects in the developed Cu/CoS2 HNC nanozymes serve as binding pockets and catalytic sites, respectively. The construction of this key active center and the accelerated electron transfer from the Co/Cu redox cycle significantly improve the substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of the Cu/CoS2 HNCs nanozymes, which results in the excellent catalytic performance of the Cu/CoS2 HNC nanozymes. Using the superior enzymatic activity of Cu/CoS2 HNCs, a fluorescence detection platform for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is established, which is a wider detection range and lower limit of detection (LOD) than previous work. This work broadens the family of nanozymes and provide a new idea for the development of novel nanozymes with high enzyme activity, as well as a guideline for the construction of highly sensitive fluorescent sensors.