Is there a risk of further displacement of the fractured fragment into the spinal canal in osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures after unilateral PKP? A prospective study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The optimal treatment for osteoporotic vertebral burst fracture (OVBF) without neurological symptoms is still a matter of debate. PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for OVBF. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a prospective study and is registered in the China Clinical Trials Registry with the registration number ChiCTR-OOC-17013227. PATIENT SAMPLE: The study involved 119 patients with 137 fractured vertebrae who underwent unilateral PKP for OVBF. OUTCOME MEASURES: The measurements were carried out independently by two physicians and measured with picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). METHODS: The change in the spinal canal area and posterior wall protrusions (PWP) were measured before and after surgery via three-dimensional computed tomographic imaging (CT). Preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up standing X-rays were used to measure the height of the anterior wall (HAW), height of the posterior wall (HPW), and local kyphotic angle (LKA). Additionally, visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were also determined. RESULTS: Among the 137 vertebrae assessed, 79 exhibited an increased postoperative canal area, while 57 showed a decrease, with mean values of 8.28±6.871 mm² and -9.04±5.991 mm², respectively. Notably, no significant change in postoperative canal area was identified on the entire dataset (p>.01). There was a significant decrease between median preoperative (3.9 [IQ1-IQ3=3.3-4.8] mm) and postoperative (3.7 [IQ1-IQ3=3.0-4.4] mm) PWP (p<.01). Preoperative and postoperative HAW measurements were 19.4±6.1 mm and 23.2±5.2 mm, respectively (p<.01). However, at the final follow-up, the HAW was lower than the postoperative value. The HPW was also significantly improved after surgery (p<.01), but at the final follow-up, it was significantly decreased compared with the postoperative measurement. Following surgery, KA was significantly corrected (p<.01); however, at the final follow-up, relapse was detected (average KA: 18.4±10.3°). At the final follow-up, both VAS and ODI were significantly improved compared with the preoperative period (p<.01). As for complications, 50 patients experienced cement leakage, and 16 patients experienced vertebral refracture. All patients did not develop neurological symptoms during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: OVBF without neurological deficits showed significant improvement in symptoms during the postoperative period after PKP. There was no notable alteration in the spinal canal area, but a significant decrease in PWP was observed. Consequently, we posit that PKP stands as a secure and efficacious surgical intervention for treating OVBF cases devoid of neurological symptoms.

The accuracy of cortical bone trajectory screw placement guided by spinous process clamp hardware in lumbar spinal surgery: a retrospective study.

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws placement guided by a spinous process clamp (SPC) guide. A total of 32 patients who received single-level midline lumbar fusion (MIDLF) surgery between June 2019 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into free-hand (FH) and SPC-guided groups according to the surgical approach. In the FH group, CBT screws was implanted with the assistance of fluoroscopy, while in the SPC group, CBT screws was implanted using the SPC navigator hardwire. A total of 128 screws were assessed in this study, with higher rates of clinically acceptable screw placement (grades A and B) and grade A screws in the SPC group than in the FH guide group (92.2% vs. 79.7%, P = 0.042 and 54.7% vs. 35.9%, P = 0.033, respectively). Misplacement screws (grades C, D, and E) occurred more often in the FH group than in the SPC guide group (20.3% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.042). The incidence of proximal facet joint violation (FJV) was higher in the FH group than in the SPC group (15.6% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.030). The radiation dose and time in the SPC guide group were comparable to those in the FH group (P = 0.063 and P = 0.078). The average operative time was significantly longer in the SPC guide group than in the FH group (267.8 ± 45.5 min vs. 210.9 ± 44.5 min, P = 0.001). Other clinical parameters, such as the average bone mineral density (BMD), intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay, were not significantly different. Oswestry disability index (ODI) and back pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were significantly improved in both groups compared with preoperatively. SPC guided screw placement was more accurate than the fluoroscopy-assisted FH technique for single-level MIDLF at L4/5. Patients undergoing SPC-guided screw placement can achieve similar clinical outcomes as the fluoroscopy-assisted FH technique.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Inhibits Neuronal Ferroptosis After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.

STUDY DESIGN: Basic science study investigating the potential molecular mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in mice with spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of HBO for SCI through the lens of ferroptosis in the subacute phase. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: HBO has been observed to facilitate the restoration of neurological function subsequent to SCI. Ferroptosis is a distinct cellular death mechanism that can be distinguished from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, the precise relationship between these two phenomena remains poorly understood. METHODS: We established an SCI model and employed a range of techniques, including behavioral assessments, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, Western blotting (WB), Glutathione (GSH) measurement, and iron assay, to investigate various aspects of HBO therapy on SCI in mice. These included analyzing mitochondrial morphology, neuronal count, GSH levels, iron levels, and the expression of genes (Acyl-CoA synthetase family member-2, Iron-responsive element-binding protein-2) and proteins (Glutathione peroxidase 4; system Xc-light chain) associated with ferroptosis. The study included three groups: Sham-operated, SCI, and HBO. Group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at a P < 0.05. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that HBO therapy significantly enhanced the recovery of lower limb motor function in mice following SCI in the subacute phase. This was accompanied by upregulated expression of GPX4 and system Xc-light chain proteins, elevated GSH levels, increased number of NeuN+ cells, decreased expression of the iron-responsive element-binding protein-2 gene, and reduced iron concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Our research suggests that HBO therapy has the potential to be an effective treatment for SCI in the subacute phase by mitigating ferroptosis.

Distal foundation augmentation enhances the "Bridge" role of single traditional growing rods in the treatment of severe early-onset scoliosis: a retrospective comparative cohort study.

Background: Dual traditional growing rod (dTGR) implantation may not always be feasible for patients with severe early-onset scoliosis (EOS). The concave single traditional growing rod (sTGR) can serve as a starting construct. Distal foundation augmentation (DFA) with four pedicle screws with a cross-link can increase the spinal control provided by a dTGR. However, DFA has yet to be used with a sTGR. This study investigated the efficiency of DFA in patients with severe EOS who underwent sTGR implantation. Methods: From 2010 to 2021, 74 consecutive patients with severe EOS (major curve ≥80°) who underwent traditional growing rod implantation (48 sTGR and 26 dTGR) with a minimum 24-month follow-up were recruited. The sTGR cohort was further divided into two groups by whether or not DFA was performed. In our center, patients who were admitted for sTGR implantation after 2018 routinely underwent DFA. The implantation of a dTGR was based on the severity of thoracic torsion and BMI. Baseline clinical characteristics, complications, and radiographic parameters preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up before conversion to a dual rod instrumentation were compared between the three groups. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline clinical characteristics between the three groups (P>0.05). Twenty-four patients in the sTGR cohort underwent DFA. There was no significant difference in preoperative radiographic parameters between the DFA and non-DFA group (P>0.05). Compared with the non-DFA group, the DFA group had superior results at the last follow-up in terms of maintaining the correction of the major curve (P=0.001), maximal kyphosis correction (P=0.001), the distance between the C7 plumb line and the central sacral vertical line (P=0.036), and distracting the growing thorax (P=0.032) and trunk (P=0.044). Furthermore, the incidence of implant-related complications (P=0.019), especially at the distal foundation (P=0.033), was significantly lower in the DFA group. There was no significant difference between the DFA and dTGR groups in radiographic outcomes or complications at the final follow-up (P>0.05). Conclusions: For patients with severe EOS who undergo sTGR implantation, DFA might better maintain the deformity correction, distract the growing spine, preserve balance, and decrease the incidence of implant-related complications. The efficiency of sTGR with DFA was comparable to that of the gold-standard dTGR treatment. Further multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed for more convincing conclusions.

Long-Term Radiographic and Pulmonary Function Outcomes After Dual Growing-Rod Treatment for Severe Early-Onset Scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated long-term outcomes (radiographic parameters and pulmonary function) at a minimum follow-up of 5 years after use of dual growing rods (DGRs) to treat severe early-onset scoliosis (sEOS). METHODS: Among a total of 112 patients who were diagnosed with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) and were treated with DGRs between 2006 and 2015, 52 patients had sEOS, with a major Cobb angle of >80°. Of these patients, 39 with a minimum follow-up of 5 years had complete radiographic and pulmonary function test results and were included. The Cobb angle of the major curve, T1-S1 height, T1-T12 height, and maximum kyphosis angle in the sagittal plane were measured on radiographs. Pulmonary function test results were collected in all patients before the initial operation (preoperatively), 12 months after the initial operation (postoperatively), and at the last follow-up. The changes in pulmonary function and complications during treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients before the initial operation was 7.7 ± 1.2 years, and the mean follow-up period was 75.0 ± 14.1 months. The mean number of lengthenings was 4.5 ± 1.3, and the mean interval between lengthenings was 11.2 ± 2.1 months. The Cobb angle improved from 104.5° ± 18.2° preoperatively to 38.1° ± 10.1° after the initial surgical procedure (postoperatively) and 21.9° ± 8.6° at the final follow-up. The T1-S1 height increased from 25.1 ± 4.0 cm preoperatively to 32.4 ± 3.5 cm postoperatively and to 39.5 ± 4.0 cm at the final follow-up. However, no significant difference was detected between the increased pulmonary function parameters at 1 year and those before the operation (p > 0.05), except for residual volume, whereas pulmonary function parameters had significantly increased at the final follow-up (p < 0.05). During the treatment period, 17 complications occurred in 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: DGRs are effective in treating sEOS in the long term. They allow longitudinal growth of the spine, and the correction of the spinal deformity can provide conditions that make improving pulmonary function possible in patients with sEOS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury Recovery: Profiling Long Noncoding RNAs.

STUDY DESIGN: A functional, transcriptome, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression analysis in the spinal cord of mice after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the mechanism by which HBO treats spinal cord injury (SCI) at the level of lncRNAs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Immense amounts of research have established that HBO treatment promotes the recovery of neurological function after SCI. The mechanism of action remains to be clarified. METHODS: High-throughput RNA sequencing, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were used to profile lncRNA expression and analyze biological function in the spinal cords of mice from sham-operated, SCI, and HBO-treated groups. The differential expression of lncRNA between the groups was assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Differential expression across 577 lncRNAs was identified among the three groups. GO analysis showed that free ubiquitin chain polymerization, ubiquitin homeostasis, DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer, single-stranded telomeric DNA binding, and alpha-amylase activity were significantly enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis displayed that vitamin B6 metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, DNA replication, lysine degradation, beta-alanine metabolism, fanconi anemia pathway, and Notch signal pathway were the main pathways with enrichment significance. LncRNAs NONMMUT 092674.1, NONMMUT042986.2, and NONMMUT018850.2 showed significantly different expression between the SCI and the other two groups (P<0.05, <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to determine the expression profiles of lncRNAs in the injured spinal cord after HBO treatment. We identified several important dysregulated lncRNAs in this setting. These results help us better understand the mechanism by which HBO treats SCI and provide new potential therapeutic targets for SCI.

Accuracy of cortical bone trajectory screw fixation guided by spinous process clamp guide in lumbosacral vertebrae: A cadaver study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to access the accuracy of cortical bone trajectory screw placement guided by spinous process clamp (SPC). METHODS: Eight formalin-treated cadaveric lumbar specimens with T12-S1 were used. A total of 96 screws were implanted in eight lumbar specimens. RESULTS: In the freehand (FH) group, clinically acceptable placement (grade A and B) was 40 screws (83.3%), meanwhile 44 screws (91.7%) in the SPC guide group (p = 0.217). The grade A screws in the SPC guide group were much more than that in the FH group (n = 40 vs. n = 31, p = 0.036). The misplacement screws (grade C, D, and E) and proximal facet joint violation (FJV) in the SPC group was comparable to the FH group. CONCLUSIONS: This cadaveric study demonstrate that implanting CBT screws guided by SPC guide was more accuracy and reduces severe deviations in important directions.

Cortical screw placement with a spinous process clamp guide: a cadaver study accessing accuracy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Cortical Bone Trajectory (CBT) technique provides an alternative method for fixation in the lumbar spine in patients with osteoporosis. An accuracy CBT screw placement could improve mechanical stability and reduce complication rates. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore the accuracy of cortical screw placement with the application of implanted spinous process clip (SPC) guide. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four lumbar specimens with T12-S1 were used to access the accuracy of the cortical screw. The SPC-guided planning screws were compared to the actual inserted screws by superimposing the vertebrae and screws preoperative and postoperative CT scans. According to preoperative planning, the SPC guide was adjusted to the appropriate posture to allow the K-wire drilling along the planned trajectory. Pre and postoperative 3D-CT reconstructions was used to evaluate the screw accuracy according to Gertzbein and Robbins classification. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine SPC-guided agreements for CBT screw placement. RESULTS: A total of 48 screws were documented in the study. Clinically acceptable trajectory (grades A and B) was accessed in 100% of 48 screws in the planning screws group, and 93.8% of 48 screws in the inserted screws group (p = 0.242). The incidence of proximal facet joint violation (FJV) in the planning screws group (2.1%) was comparable to the inserted screws group (6.3%) (p = 0.617). The lateral angle and cranial angle of the planned screws (9.2 ± 1.8° and 22.8 ± 5.6°) were similar to inserted screws (9.1 ± 1.7° and 23.0 ± 5.1°, p = 0.662 and p = 0.760). Reliability evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman showed good consistency in cranial angle and excellent results in lateral angle and distance of screw tip. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with preoperative planning screws and the actually inserted screws, the SPC guide could achieve reliable execution for cortical screw placement.

The mechanism by which hyperbaric oxygen treatment alleviates spinal cord injury: genome-wide transcriptome analysis.

Accumulating studies have demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment alleviates spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the underlying mechanism by which HBO alleviates SCI remains to be elucidated. In this study, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the spinal cord between SCI mice and mice that received HBO treatment by high-throughput RNA sequencing at 1 week after SCI. We also compared genome-wide transcriptional profiles from SCI mice and sham-operated mice. We found 76 differentially co-expressed genes in sham-operated mice, SCI mice, and HBO-treated SCI mice. Using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, we identified the biological characteristics of these differentially expressed genes from the perspectives of cell component, biological process, and molecular function. We also found enriched functional pathways including ferroptosis, calcium signaling pathway, serotonergic synapse, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway, cholinergic synapse, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. We performed quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and validated that HBO treatment decreased the expression of Hspb1 (heat shock protein beta 1), Hmox1 (heme oxygenase 1), Ftl1 (ferritin light polypeptide 1), Tnc (tenascin C) and Igfbp3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3) and increased the expression of Slc5a7 (solute carrier family 5 choline transporter member 7) after SCI. These results revealed the genome-wide transcriptional profile of the injured spinal cord after HBO treatment. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which HBO treats SCI and may provide new targets for SCI intervention.

Comparison of Radiographic Reconstruction and Clinical Improvement between Artificial Cervical Disc Replacement and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of cervical degenerative disc degeneration (CDDD) has not reached a consensus. Artificial cervical disc replacement (ACDR) has been shown to be efficient in reducing symptoms after CDDD, although the topic remains highly controversial in this field. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ACDR on the treatment of CDDD on the aspect of radiographic reconstruction and clinical improvement compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS: This was a retrospective comparative study with 47 patients who underwent single-level ACDR and 46 patients who underwent single-level ACDF. The radiographic reconstruction was assessed by the cervical sagittal alignment parameters, consisting of two aspects, distance and angle, such as cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), cervical lordosis (CL), T1 slope (T1s), and intervertebral space height (ISH). The clinical improvement was assessed by patient-related outcomes (PROs), consisting of two aspects, relief of axial neck pain and recovery of cervical dysfunction, measured through the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA). RESULTS: Significant variations were achieved on aspects of radiographic reconstruction and clinical improvement after ACDR (P < 0.05), which were similar to that of the ACDF group (P < 0.05). A significantly larger postoperative range of motion (ROM) was found in patients less than 45 years of age in the ACDR group (P < 0.05). In addition, a significantly better postoperative JOA was found in patients with a preoperative ISH less than 4 mm in the ACDF group than that in the ACDR group (P < 0.05). Other than that mentioned above, no significant variations in radiographic and clinical outcomes were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study showed that a similar capability in terms of radiographic reconstruction and clinical improvement was found between the two methods. Specific concerns should be analyzed while choosing between an ACDR and an ACDF. It should be pointed out that, based on our experience, if the patient is younger, ACDR is recommended; for patients with preoperative ISH less than 4 mm, ACDF is more recommended.

Do sandwich vertebral bodies increase the risk of post-augmentation fractures? A retrospective cohort study.

Until now, there have been only a few retrospective studies that focused on the outcomes of sandwich vertebral bodies (SVBs). This is a long-term retrospective cohort study to investigate the SVBs. We found that although patients with SVBs had a relatively high risk of developing new fractures after VA, the incidence rate of new fractures was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the statistical power of this study was very limited. Therefore, and because the refracture rate in these patients is substantial, routine long-term monitoring of patients after VA for osteoporosis is strongly recommended. BACKGROUND: Sandwich vertebral bodies (SVBs) are intact unaugmented vertebral bodies between two previously augmented vertebrae. Until recently, only a few studies have reported the outcomes and strategies for SVBs. This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the clinical features and incidence of new fractures in patients with SVBs. METHODS: The clinical data were collected from 179 patients with 237 symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures who underwent vertebral augmentation (VA). Among them, 23 patients with 24 levels of SVBs were included. Spinal radiographs (X-ray and CT) of all patients were evaluated prior to surgery 1 day after primary VA and during follow-up. RESULTS: All patients successfully underwent PKP with an average follow-up period of 21.48 months. Asymptomatic cement leakage occurred in four patients (17.4%), and eight patients (34.8%) developed new fractures following primary PKP, including four sandwich, six adjacent, four remote vertebral fractures, and one re-collapse of cemented vertebrae. The incidence of new fractures in the SVB and control groups was 16.7% (4/24) and 13.0% (6/46), respectively, but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with SVBs had a relatively high risk of developing new fractures after VA, the incidence rate of new fractures was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the statistical power of this study was very limited. Therefore, and because the refracture rate in these patients is substantial, routine long-term monitoring of patients after VA for osteoporosis is strongly recommended.

Is Osteoporotic Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture a Contraindication to Percutaneous Kyphoplasty? A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The management of pain after osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fracture has not reached a treatment consensus. Percutaneous kyphoplasty has been shown to be efficient in reducing acute pain after burst fracture, although the topic remains highly controversial in this field. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the current literature to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous kyphoplasty on the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fracture. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed through PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane library without time restriction. Among the studies meeting the eligible criteria, any study in which percutaneous kyphoplasty was utilized alone in the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fracture was included in the current review. For radiographic outcome evaluation, vertebral height and kyphotic angle were analyzed. VAS (Visual Analog Scale) and ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) were utilized for clinical outcome evaluation. Complications such as cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fracture or relapse were also analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 289 patients (338 vertebral bodies) were included in the 8 studies. Clinical outcomes indicated that patients achieved pain relief (VAS) from 6.8 preoperatively to 1.1 postoperatively, and improvement of quality of life (ODI) ranged from 87.0 ± 6.0% to 23.9 ± 4.4%. The radiological outcome indicated that anterior vertebral height restoration ranged from 20.1 ± 2.3 to 85.3 ± 10.6, and posterior vertebral height restoration ranged from 27.3 ± 1.7 to 83.3 ± 7.4. Kyphotic angle achieved correction ranged from 21.7 ± 7.8° preoperatively to 3.17° postoperatively. The main complications after PKP were cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fracture or relapse, which had an incidence of 7.7% -45.4% and 4.3% -74.1%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Due to the good quality of the English publications, only English-language research searches were conducted, but they do not unduly affect our aggregate results impact. More prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to provide higher evidence for clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: To osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fracture is absolutely not a contraindication to percutaneous kyphoplasty. Percutaneous kyphoplasty can obtain satisfactory effectiveness for the treatment of osteoporotic thoracolumbar burst fractures. Complications can be effectively decreased by meticulous evaluation, careful manipulation, and appropriate precautionary measures.

Traditional growing rod for early-onset scoliosis in high-altitude regions: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Children with early-onset scoliosis living in high-altitude areas have severe deformities and poor nutritional status. However, no reports on early-onset scoliosis treatment using traditional growing rods in such children exist. Thus, we analyzed the outcomes of traditional growing rods treatment in such patients and the effect of altitude on therapy. METHODS: Between September 2007 and December 2017, 59 consecutive patients with EOS underwent systematic surgical correction using traditional growing rods. They were divided into the high-altitude and low-altitude groups, and differences in surgical efficacy and complications between the groups were analyzed pre- and postoperatively. Radiographic measurements, including the Cobb angle, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, T1-S1 and T1-T12 heights, sagittal and coronal balance, distance between C7PL and sagittal vertical axis, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and pelvic tilt were assessed preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up. Continuous data were analyzed using paired or independent Student's t tests, and they were compared preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Enumerated data were analyzed using the χ2 test. RESULTS: The mean patient age at the initial surgery and mean follow-up duration were 8.9 ± 2.4(5-14) years and 51.91 ± 25.23 months, respectively. Altogether, 234 operations were conducted for all patients with an average interval between operations of 11.4 ± 3.0 months. The average Cobb angle was similar in both groups preoperatively and at the last follow-up, it was significantly different postoperatively. TK was significantly different in all three periods. T1-S1 and T1-T12 heights were significantly different only during the preoperative period. The overall rates of complications and implant-related complications did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Deformity in patients with EOS in high-altitude areas was more severe, and treatment using TGRs yielded a satisfactory therapeutic effect.

How helpful is the halo-gravity traction in severe spinal deformity patients?: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the complications and clinic outcome in radiographic parameters, pulmonary function, and nutritional status of halo-gravity traction (HGT) in treating severe spinal deformity. METHODS: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science databases were searched comprehensively for relevant studies from inception to February 2021, by using combined text and MeSH terms and English language restriction was used. The data, including radiographic parameters, pulmonary function (FVC %), and nutritional status (BMI) was extracted from included studies. All meta-analyses were conducted using random or fixed-effects models according the between-study heterogeneity, estimated with I2. RESULTS: Four hundred and forty-six studies were identified and twelve studies with a total of 372 patients were included in this review. Compared with pre-traction values, there were reduction in cobb angle of 28.12° [95% CI (22.18, 34.18)], decrease in thoracic kyphosis of 26.76°[95% CI (20.73, 32.78)], improvements in spine height[SMD = -0.89, 95% CI (- 1.56, - 0.21)] and in coronal balance[WMD = - 0.03, 95% CI (- 1.56, - 0.21), P = 0.84] with preoperative halo-gravity traction for severe spinal deformity patients. Besides, our pooled analysis showed the improvement in pulmonary function (FVC %) [WMD = - 9.56, 95% CI (- 1.56, - 0.21)] and increase in nutritional status (BMI) [WMD = - 0.50, 95% CI (- 1.56, - 0.21)]. CONCLUSION: Partial correction can be achieved by preoperative HGT, thereby reducing the difficulty of the operation and the risk of neurologic injury caused by excessive correction. Moreover, preoperative HGT can improve pulmonary function and nutritional status and, thus, increase patients' tolerance to surgery.

Posterior thoracolumbar hemivertebra resection and short-segment fusion in congenital scoliosis: surgical outcomes and complications with more than 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of congenital hemivertebra is challenging and data on long-term follow-up (≥ 5 years) are lacking. This study evaluated the surgical outcomes of posterior thoracolumbar hemivertebra resection and short-segment fusion with pedicle screw fixation for treatment of congenital scoliosis with over 5-year follow-up. METHODS: This study evaluated 27 consecutive patients with congenital scoliosis who underwent posterior thoracolumbar hemivertebra resection and short-segment fusion from January 2007 to January 2015. Segmental scoliosis, total main scoliosis, compensatory cranial curve, compensatory caudal curve, trunk shift, shoulder balance, segmental kyphosis, and sagittal balance were measured on radiographs. Radiographic outcomes and all intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: The segmental main curve was 40.35° preoperatively, 11.94° postoperatively, and 13.24° at final follow-up, with an average correction of 65.9%. The total main curve was 43.39° preoperatively, 14.13° postoperatively, and 16.06° at final follow-up, with an average correction of 60.2%. The caudal and cranial compensatory curves were corrected from 15.78° and 13.21° to 3.57° and 6.83° postoperatively and 4.38° and 7.65° at final follow-up, with an average correction of 69.2% and 30.3%, respectively. The segmental kyphosis was corrected from 34.30° to 15.88° postoperatively and 15.12° at final follow-up, with an average correction of 61.9%. A significant correction (p < 0.001) in segmental scoliosis, total main curve, caudal compensatory curves and segmental kyphosis was observed from preoperative to the final follow-up. The correction in the compensatory cranial curve was significant between preoperative and postoperative and 2-year follow-up (p < 0.001), but a statistically significant difference was not observed between the preoperative and final follow-up (p > 0.001). There were two implant migrations, two postoperative curve progressions, five cases of proximal junctional kyphosis, and four cases of adding-on phenomena. CONCLUSION: Posterior thoracolumbar hemivertebra resection after short-segment fusion with pedicle screw fixation in congenital scoliosis is a safe and effective method for treatment and can achieve rigid fixation and deformity correction.

A systematic review of surgical procedures on thoracic myelopathy.

PURPOSE: The surgical treatment of thoracic myelopathy is still controversial and also a challenge for spine surgeons. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the related literature on the surgical treatment of thoracic myelopathy and try to define treatment guidelines for spine surgeons on thoracic myelopathy. METHODS: Relevant literatures were searched based on the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library between January 2008 and December 2018. Some data on the characteristics of patients were extracted, including number of patients, mean age, surgical procedures, blood loss, complications, and pre-/post-operation modified JOA score. Recovery rate was used to assess the effect of surgery outcome, and the safety was evaluated by blood loss and incidence of complications. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were retrieved. A total of 2183 patients were included in our systematic review, with the average age of 55.2 years. There were 69.8% patients diagnosed as ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF), 20.0% as ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), 9.3% as disk herniation (DH), and 0.9% as others including diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The volume of blood loss was more in the treatment of circumferential decompression (CD) than posterior decompression (PD), and the incidence of complications was higher in CD (P < 0.05). The volume of blood loss in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) was lowest and the incidence of complications was 19.2%. Post-operation recovery rate was 0.49 in PD, 0.35 in CD, and 0.29 in MIS while the recovery rate was 0.54 in PD, 0.55 in CD, and 0.49 in MIS at the last follow-up. When focusing on the OLF specifically, incidence of complications in PD was much lower than CD, with less blood loss and higher recovery rate. Focusing on the OPLL specifically, incidence of complications in PD was much lower than CD, with less blood loss while there was no statistical difference in recovery rate between these two methods. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review showed that posterior decompression for thoracic myelopathy is safer and better than circumferential decompression according to the complication rate and surgical outcome. And we should also consider the location of compression before the operation.

Risk factors of cemented vertebral refracture after percutaneous vertebral augmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the risk factors of cemented vertebral refracture after percutaneous vertebral augmentation (PVA) for patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). We performed a literature search on cemented vertebral refracture after PVA using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library medical databases. The clinical data, including literature information, basic patient information, observational factors, and interventional factors, were extracted by two authors. The pooled results and related heterogeneity of each factor between the refracture group and the non-refracture group were evaluated using Review Manager software 5.35. A total of 3185 patients from 10 studies were included, with 195 patients in the refracture group and 2990 patients in the non-refracture group. The mean follow-up duration was 18.9 months. According to the meta-analysis, age, low bone marrow density (BMD), intravertebral cleft (IVC), high anterior vertebral height (AVH) restoration/high Cobb angle restoration, and low cement dose were the risk factors of cemented vertebral refracture after PVA. Our results showed that age, low BMD, IVC, high AVH restoration, high Cobb angle restoration, and low cement dose were the risk factors for cemented vertebral refracture after PVA.

The treatment of osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures by unilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty: A prospective observation study.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures with serious pain are very common, and the optimal treatment of burst fractures without any neurological deficits has not yet been properly codified. The objective of this study was to evaluate prospectively the clinical effects and pain relief of unilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures. METHODS: Forty-six patients with osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures were treated by PKP in our hospital from January 2016 to January 2017. The height of posterior wall (HPW), the height of anterior wall (HAW) and kyphotic angle (KA) were measured via x-ray radiographs before surgery, one day after surgery and at final follow-up. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score and the oswestry disability index (ODI) score were evaluated preoperatively, postoperatively and at final follow-up. All the patients with osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures were treated by unilateral PKP. Radiological evaluation (anteroposterior and lateral x-ray radiographs and CT) was performed. RESULTS: All patients were followed-up, and the mean follow-up was 28.8 ± 7.0 months. The preoperative HAW was 20.1 ± 2.3 mm, and the HAW was significantly improved to 22.9 ± 2.4 mm after operation (p < .05), and at the final follow-up, the HAW was 19.9 ± 2.1 mm, which was lower than the postoperative HAW. The HPW was also significantly corrected after surgery (p < .05). There were no significant differences between postoperative HPW and HPW at the final follow-up (p > .05). The KA was significantly corrected after operation (p < .05), but relapse occurred at the final follow-up, and at the final follow-up, the average of KA was 19.4 ± 1.6 degree. The VAS and ODI were significantly improved at the final follow-up compared to the preoperative period (p < .05). Cement leakage was found in eight patients, and adjacent vertebral fracture (VF) was found in two patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that unilateral PKP acquired satisfactory treatment effect and pain relief in the management of osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures. Meticulous evaluation of preoperative images and careful repetitious injection of cement are important to prevent cement leakage. SIGNIFICANCE: Our present results showed that unilateral PKP was an effective method to obtain satisfactory pain relief in the management of osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures. It may a good indication for the patients with osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar burst fractures, and the patients could not tolerate the serious acute pain by conservative treatment.

The therapeutic effects of percutaneous kyphoplasty on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with or without intravertebral cleft.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) on osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) with or without intravertebral cleft (IVC). METHODS: From 2010 to 2016, 309 OVCFs patients (43 males, 266 females) treated with PKP were included in our study. All patients were divided into no intravertebral cleft (NIVC) group and intravertebral cleft (IVC) group according to pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging. Anterior wall height (AWH), posterior wall height (PWH), and kyphotic angle (KA) of the injured vertebral body were evaluated pre-operatively, post-operatively, and at final follow-up. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 12~34 months, with an average of 16.2 months. The incidence of IVC was associated with older age and lower bone mineral density (BMD). The anterior wall, posterior wall, and kyphotic angle of vertebral bodies of patients from both groups were significantly improved immediately after surgery. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) also improved significantly without significant difference between the two groups. At the final follow-up, compared to that immediately after surgery, the anterior wall height decreased and kyphotic angle increased significantly in both groups. Compared to the NIVC group, the kyphotic angle in the IVC group increased more significantly within 1 year after surgery. The volume of bone cement injected in the IVC group was larger and consequent. The IVC group had higher incidence of bone cement leakage than the NIVC group, but there was no statistic difference between two groups. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that unilateral PKP was a safe and reliable treatment for OVCFs with IVC. However, the IVC group had higher incidence of bone cement leakage during surgery and more severe KA rebound during the follow-up period. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of bone cement leakage, it is very important to evaluate the pre-operative imaging and inject the cement carefully and repetitiously. When cement leakages are found, injection should be stopped immediately. Longer rehabilitation interventions such as wearing suitable brace, doing exercise to strengthen low-back muscle, and replacing bending with squatting in ordinary living are essential to prevent KA rebound in patients with OVCFs with IVC. However, extended follow-up may be necessary for patients with OVCFs with IVC.

Percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures via unilateral versus bilateral approach: A meta-analysis.

The objective of the research was to compare the efficacy of lateral and bilateral PKP approaches for OVCFs. A comprehensive literature search was performed from the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase between January 2008 and May 2017. The clinical efficacy of the two approaches was evaluated by comparing perioperative outcomes (operation time, the volume of injected cement, X-ray exposure times and mean radiation dose), clinical outcomes (kyphotic angle reduction, restoration rate, visual analogue scale [VAS], Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] and SF-36), and operation-related complications (cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fracture). Data was analyzed using Review Manger 5.3.A total of 791 patients from 10 studies were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled results showed significant difference in operation time (weighted mean difference [WMD] -19.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-25.20 to -14.14]; P < 0.001); volume of injected cement (WMD -2.03, 95%CI [-2.63 to -1.42]; P < 0.001); mean radiation dose in patients (WMD -1.06 95CI [-1.23 to -0.90]; P < 0.001); and the rate of cement leakage (WMD 0.58 95CI [0.38-0.90]; P = 0.01) between these two approaches. However, the pooled results revealed no significant difference in X-ray exposure times, kyphotic angle reduction, restoration rate, VAS, ODI, SF-36 and adjacent vertebral fracture. Our study presented that patients with OVCFs could obtain similar satisfactory clinical results via both unilateral and bilateral PKP approaches. Considering less operation time, less cement volume, lower mean radiation dose of patients, a lower rate of cement leakage and less surgery-related costs, we suggest that a unilateral PKP approach is advantageous.