Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in children: a multicentric, emerging country perspective.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening condition, especially in extreme age groups and when kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is necessary. Studies worldwide report mortality rates of 10-63% in pediatric patients undergoing KRT. METHODS: Over 13 years, this multicenter study analyzed data from 693 patients with AKI, all receiving KRT, across 74 hospitals and medical facilities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: The majority were male (59.5%), under one year old (55.6%), and treated in private hospitals (76.5%). Sixty-six percent had comorbidities. Pneumonia and congenital heart disease were the most common admission diagnoses (21.5% and 20.2%, respectively). The mortality rate was 65.2%, with lower rates in patients over 12 years (50%). Older age was protective (HR: 2.35, IQR [1.52-3.62] for neonates), and primary kidney disease had a three-fold lower mortality rate. ICU team experience (HR: 0.74, IQR [0.60-0.91]) correlated with lower mortality, particularly in hospitals treating 20 or more patients. Among the deceased, 40% died within 48 h of KRT initiation, suggesting possible late referral or treatment futility. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high mortality in pediatric dialytic AKI in middle-income countries, underlining early mortality and offering critical insights for improving outcomes.

Efeitos do exercício intradialítico sobre a qualidade do sono e a modulação autonômica cardíaca / Effects of intradialytic exercise on sleep quality and cardiac autonomic modulation / Efectos del ejercicio intradialítico sobre la calidad del sueño y la modulación autonómica cardíaca

Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercício resistido intradialítico sobre a qualidade do sono e a modulação autonômica cardíaca de pacientes em hemodiálise. Método: ensaio clínico não randomizado, realizado entre fevereiro de 2019 e outubro de 2020, com 52 indivíduos renais crônicos dialíticos, alocados em grupo intervenção (GI; n=32) e grupo controle (GC; n=20). O GI realizou 12 semanas de treinamento físico intradialítico, três vezes por semana. Foram mensurados índices de qualidade do sono e modulação autonômica cardíaca. Resultados: houve incremento nos índices desvio padrão dos intervalos batimento a batimento (SDNN) (ms) (p=0,0004), raiz quadrada da média do quadrado dos intervalos batimento a batimento adjacentes (RMSSD) (ms) (p<0,0001), desvio padrão 1 (SD1) (ms) (p=0,03) e razão desvio padrão 1/desvio padrão 2 (SD1/SD2) (p=0,0003). Não houve melhora da qualidade do sono. Conclusão: O exercício resistido intradialítico, é capaz de melhorar a modulação autonômica cardíaca em pacientes com doença renal crônica(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the effects of an intradialytic resistance exercise program on sleep quality and cardiac autonomic modulation in hemodialysis patients. Method: non-randomized clinical trial, carried out between February 2019 and October 2020, with 52 individuals with chronic renal failure on dialysis, divided into an intervention group (IG; n=32) and a control group (CG; n=20). The IG performed 12 weeks of intradialytic physical training, three times a week. Indices of sleep quality and cardiac autonomic modulation were measured. Results: there was an increase in the standard deviation indices of beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN) (ms) (p=0.0004), square root of the mean square of adjacent beat-to-beat intervals (RMSSD) (ms) (p<0. 0001), standard deviation 1 (SD1) (ms) (p=0.03) and standard deviation 1/standard deviation 2 (SD1/SD2) ratio (p=0.0003). There was no improvement in sleep quality. Conclusion: Intradialytic resistance exercise is able to improve cardiac autonomic modulation in patients with chronic kidney disease(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar los efectos de un programa de ejercicios de resistencia e intradialíticos sobre la calidad del sueño y la modulación autonómica cardíaca en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Método: ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, realizado entre febrero de 2019 y octubre de 2020, junto a 52 individuos en diálisis con insuficiencia renal crónica, divididos en grupo intervención (GI; n=32) y grupo control (GC; n=20). El GI realizó 12 semanas de entrenamiento físico intradialítico, tres veces por semana. Se midieron índices de calidad del sueño y modulación autonómica cardíaca. Resultados: hubo un aumento en los índices de desviación estándar de los intervalos entre latidos (SDNN) (ms) (p=0,0004), raíz cuadrada del cuadrado medio de los intervalos entre latidos adyacentes (RMSSD) (ms) (p<0,0001), desviación estándar 1 (DE1) (ms) (p=0,03) y relación desviación estándar 1/desviación estándar 2 (DE1/DE2) (p=0,0003). No hubo mejoría en la calidad del sueño. Conclusión: el ejercicio de resistencia intradialítico puede mejorar la modulación autonómica cardíaca en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica(AU)

Socioeconomic Influences on the Outcomes of Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury in Brazil.

Introduction: Although research suggests that socioeconomic deprivation is linked to a higher incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and worse outcomes in high-income countries, there is limited knowledge about these epidemiologic factors in developing countries. In addition, the impact of medical institution administration (private versus public) on AKI outcomes remains to be determined. Methods: We studied 15,186 pediatric and adult patients with dialysis-requiring AKI (AKI-D) admitted to private and public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. According to Brazil's demographic census, socioeconomic indicators were derived from patient zip codes. Propensity score matching analysis and a mixed-effect Cox regression were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic indicators and hospital governance on patient survival. Results: Crude mortality rates were higher in private hospitals than in public hospitals (71.8% vs. 59.5%, P < 0.001) and were associated with significant differences in age (75 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 61-83 vs. 53 years, IQR: 31-66), baseline renal function (prevalence of chronic kidney disease [CKD]: 33.2% vs. 23%, P < 0.001), comorbidities (Charlson score: 2.03 ± 0.87 vs. 1.72 ± 0.75, P < 0.001), and severity of presentation (mechanical ventilation: 76.5% vs. 58% and vasopressors: 72.8% vs. 50.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustments and propensity score matching, we found no effect of different hospital administrations or socioeconomic factors on mortality. Baseline characteristics and the severity of presentation primarily influenced AKI-D prognosis. Conclusions: Despite significant racial and socioeconomic differences in hospital governance, these indicators had no independent influence on mortality. Future epidemiologic studies should investigate these relevant assumptions to allow healthcare systems to manage this severe syndrome promptly.

Transcranial sonography depicts a larger substantia nigra echogenic area in renal transplant patients on calcineurin inhibitors than on rapamycin.

BACKGROUND: After kidney transplantation neurologic manifestations may develop, including Parkinson's disease (PD). An enlarged substantia nigra (SN) by transcranial sonography has been recognized as a marker of PD. METHODS: In renal transplant recipients (RTRs = 95) and controls (n = 20), measurement of mesencephalon, SN, third ventricle, spleen and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and middle cerebral artery (MCA), kidney and spleen arteries Doppler resistive index (RI) were performed. RESULTS: RTRs had larger SN, third ventricle and cIMT and higher renal RI than controls. The SN was larger in the CNIs group than in controls and rapamycin group, while the third ventricle was similar between patients but larger than in controls. In RTRs, SN showed a direct linear correlation with spleen and the third ventricle with age, cIMT and RI of the MCA, kidney and spleen. In CNIs group the SN correlated positively with age and cIMT, while the third ventricle reproduced RTRs correlations. Rapamycin group showed a direct linear relationship between the third ventricle and age and RI of the MCA, kidney and spleen; SN showed no correlations. CONCLUSION: RTRs on CNIs present a larger SN area than on rapamycin, probably due to the antiproliferative effect of rapamycin. This finding might be relevant when interpreting TCS in RTRs.

The spleen size in patients undergoing hemodialysis / O tamanho do baço em pacientes em hemodiálise

Abstract Introduction: Inflammation promotes the progression of chronic renal failure, and the start of dialysis worsens inflammation. The enlargement of the spleen is associated with inflammation, and patients on hemodialysis may show a large spleen. The aim of the present study was to compare the spleen size of patients undergoing hemodialysis versus controls to update this thread. Methods: Controls and patients were eligible to participate in the study provided they were negative for serological markers of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV, if they had no lymphoproliferative disorder, and if they were at least 18 years of age. Age, sex, and the duration of dialysis were recorded. Laboratory variables (hemoglobin, hematological cell count, serum creatinine) and the underlying cause of end-stage renal disease were analyzed. The spleen sizes of the patients were divided into tertiles. Results: The 75 controls and 168 patients selected were sex-matched. The patients were older, had larger spleens and lower platelet counts than controls. The relationship between spleen size and age in the controls and patients was quite similar. The patients in the first tertile of spleen size compared with those in the third were older and had a higher platelet counts. The underlying disease and dialysis vintage had no effect on spleen size. Discussion: The patients had larger spleens and a greater range of spleen sizes than the controls. In patients, the association between larger and smaller spleen with lower and higher platelet counts, respectively, sparked the speculation of occurrence of hypersplenism and hyposplenism.

Resumo Introdução: A inflamação promove a progressão da insuficiência renal crônica, e o início da diálise agrava a inflamação. O aumento do baço está associado à inflamação e os pacientes em hemodiálise podem apresentar um baço grande. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o tamanho do baço de pacientes em hemodiálise versus aquele de controles, para atualizar este tópico. Métodos: Controles e pacientes foram elegíveis para participar do estudo desde que fossem negativos para marcadores sorológicos dos vírus da hepatite B, C e HIV, se não apresentassem distúrbio linfoproliferativo e tivessem pelo menos 18 anos de idade. Registramos idade, sexo e duração da diálise. Avaliamos as variáveis laboratoriais (hemoglobina, contagem de células hematológicas, creatinina sérica) e a causa básica da doença renal terminal. O tamanho dos baços dos pacientes foram divididos em tercis. Resultados: Os 75 controles e 168 pacientes selecionados foram pareados por sexo. Os pacientes eram mais velhos, tinham baços maiores e menor contagem de plaquetas do que os controles. A relação entre o tamanho do baço e a idade dos controles e pacientes foi bastante semelhante. Os pacientes do primeiro tercil de tamanho do baço, em comparação com os do terceiro, eram mais velhos e apresentavam contagens de plaquetas mais altas. A doença subjacente e o período de diálise não tiveram efeito no tamanho do baço. Discussão: Os pacientes tinham baços maiores e uma maior variedade de tamanhos de baço do que os controles. Entre os pacientes, a associação entre baço maior e menor com contagens de plaquetas mais baixas e mais altas, respectivamente, gerou a especulação da ocorrência de hiperesplenismo e hiposplenismo.

The spleen size in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation promotes the progression of chronic renal failure, and the start of dialysis worsens inflammation. The enlargement of the spleen is associated with inflammation, and patients on hemodialysis may show a large spleen. The aim of the present study was to compare the spleen size of patients undergoing hemodialysis versus controls to update this thread. METHODS: Controls and patients were eligible to participate in the study provided they were negative for serological markers of hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV, if they had no lymphoproliferative disorder, and if they were at least 18 years of age. Age, sex, and the duration of dialysis were recorded. Laboratory variables (hemoglobin, hematological cell count, serum creatinine) and the underlying cause of end-stage renal disease were analyzed. The spleen sizes of the patients were divided into tertiles. RESULTS: The 75 controls and 168 patients selected were sex-matched. The patients were older, had larger spleens and lower platelet counts than controls. The relationship between spleen size and age in the controls and patients was quite similar. The patients in the first tertile of spleen size compared with those in the third were older and had a higher platelet counts. The underlying disease and dialysis vintage had no effect on spleen size. DISCUSSION: The patients had larger spleens and a greater range of spleen sizes than the controls. In patients, the association between larger and smaller spleen with lower and higher platelet counts, respectively, sparked the speculation of occurrence of hypersplenism and hyposplenism.

Determinants of the serial changes in measurements of renal allograft Doppler resistive index in the first postoperative month / Determinantes de alterações seriadas nas medidas do índice de resistividade de Doppler do aloenxerto renal no primeiro mês pós-operatório

Abstract Introduction: The role of single Doppler-derived renal resistive index (RI) in renal allograft management is still a controversial issue, however detection of changes in serial duplex scanning has been reported as more valuable. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that early change in RI following transplantation may be related to factors associated with delayed graft function (DGF). Material and methods: 113 patients were included, in whom two RI measurements were performed within 30 days post-transplant. According to an RI change (equal to or more than 10%) in the second measurement, patients were assigned to decrease (Group I), no change (Group II), or increase (Group III) group. Results: 30 subjects had a decrease, 55 had no change, and 28 had an increase in the second RI measurement. The donors were younger in Group III in comparison to Group II. In comparison to Group I, Group III had a higher frequency of deceased donor, DGF, and presence of tubular necrosis and tubular vacuolization in peri-implantation biopsies. Conclusion: the increase of RI during the first weeks of the postoperative period seems to be associated with DGF and with tubular necrosis / tubular vacuolization in peri-implantation biopsies, likely related to ischemia reperfusion injury.

Resumo Introdução: O papel do índice de resistividade renal (IR) derivado de varredura por Doppler no manejo de aloenxertos renais, em exame isolado, ainda é uma questão controversa; no entanto, em exames seriados, a detecção de alterações nas imagens duplex tem sido relatada como mais relevante. Material e métodos: 113 pacientes foram incluídos, nos quais duas medidas de IR foram realizadas dentro de 30 dias após o transplante. De acordo com uma alteração do IR (igual ou superior a 10%) na segunda medida, os pacientes foram classificados em redução (Grupo I), nenhuma alteração (Grupo II) ou aumento (Grupo III). Resultados: 30 indivíduos tiveram redução, 55 não tiveram alterações e 28 tiveram aumento na segunda medição do IR. Os doadores eram mais jovens no Grupo III em comparação ao Grupo II. Em comparação ao Grupo I, o Grupo III apresentou maior frequência de doador falecido, FTE, presença de necrose tubular e vacuolização tubular nas biópsias peri-implantares. Conclusão: o aumento do IR durante as primeiras semanas no período pós-operatório parece estar associado à FTE e à necrose tubular/vacuolização tubular nas biópsias peri-implantares, provavelmente relacionadas à lesão por isquemia-reperfusão.

Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine.

We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.

Determinants of the serial changes in measurements of renal allograft Doppler resistive index in the first postoperative month.

INTRODUCTION: The role of single Doppler-derived renal resistive index (RI) in renal allograft management is still a controversial issue, however detection of changes in serial duplex scanning has been reported as more valuable. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that early change in RI following transplantation may be related to factors associated with delayed graft function (DGF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 113 patients were included, in whom two RI measurements were performed within 30 days post-transplant. According to an RI change (equal to or more than 10%) in the second measurement, patients were assigned to decrease (Group I), no change (Group II), or increase (Group III) group. RESULTS: 30 subjects had a decrease, 55 had no change, and 28 had an increase in the second RI measurement. The donors were younger in Group III in comparison to Group II. In comparison to Group I, Group III had a higher frequency of deceased donor, DGF, and presence of tubular necrosis and tubular vacuolization in peri-implantation biopsies. CONCLUSION: the increase of RI during the first weeks of the postoperative period seems to be associated with DGF and with tubular necrosis / tubular vacuolization in peri-implantation biopsies, likely related to ischemia reperfusion injury.