Topical Drug Delivery of Concentrated Cabazitaxel in an α-Tocopherol and DMSO Solution.

Topical chemotherapy approaches are relevant for certain skin cancer treatments. This study observes that cabazitaxel (CTX), a broad-spectrum second-generation taxane cytotoxic agent, can be dissolved in α-tocopherol at high concentrations exceeding 100 mg mL-1 . 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) are used to study this phenomenon. The addition of 30% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the α-tocopherol/CTX solution improves its working viscosity and enhances CTX permeation through human skin in vitro (over 5 µg cm-2 within 24 h), while no detectable drug permeates when CTX is dissolved in α-tocopherol alone. In a transepidermal water loss assay, the barrier impairment induced by CTX in 30% DMSO in α-tocopherol, but not in pure DMSO, is reversible 8 h after the formulation removal from the skin surface. Antitumor efficacy of the topical CTX formulation is evaluated in nude mice bearing A431 human squamous carcinoma skin cancer xenografts. With topical application of concentrated CTX solutions (75 mg mL-1 ), tumor growth is significantly suppressed compared to lower concentration groups (0, 25, or 50 mg mL-1 CTX). Taken together, these findings show that topical delivery of CTX using a DMSO and α-tocopherol solvent warrants further study as a treatment for skin malignancies.

Hybrid Curdlan Poly(γ -Glutamic Acid) Nanoassembly for Immune Modulation in Macrophage.

A nanoformulation composed of curdlan, a linear polysaccharide of 1,3-ß-linked d-glucose units, hydrogen bonded to poly(γ -glutamic acid) (PGA), was developed to stimulate macrophage. Curdlan/PGA nanoparticles (C-NP) are formulated by physically blending curdlan (0.2 mg mL-1 in 0.4 m NaOH) with PGA (0.8 mg mL-1 ). Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis demonstrates a heterospecies interpolymer complex formed between curdlan and PGA. The 1 H-NMR spectra display significant peak broadening as well as downfield chemical shifts of the hydroxyl proton resonances of curdlan, indicating potential intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. In addition, the cross peaks in 1 H-1 H 2D-NOESY suggest intermolecular associations between the OH-2/OH-4 hydroxyl groups of curdlan and the carboxylic-/amide-groups of PGA via hydrogen bonding. Intracellular uptake of C-NP occurs over time in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM). Furthermore, C-NP nanoparticles dose-dependently increase gene expression for TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 at 24 h in MDM. C-NP nanoparticles also stimulate the release of IL-lß, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23 from MDM. Overall, this is the first demonstration of a simplistic nanoformulation formed by hydrogen bonding between curdlan and PGA that modulates cytokine gene expression and release of cytokines from MDM.

Therapeutic surfactant-stripped frozen micelles.

Injectable hydrophobic drugs are typically dissolved in surfactants and non-aqueous solvents which can induce negative side-effects. Alternatives like 'top-down' fine milling of excipient-free injectable drug suspensions are not yet clinically viable and 'bottom-up' self-assembled delivery systems usually substitute one solubilizing excipient for another, bringing new issues to consider. Here, we show that Pluronic (Poloxamer) block copolymers are amenable to low-temperature processing to strip away all free and loosely bound surfactant, leaving behind concentrated, kinetically frozen drug micelles containing minimal solubilizing excipient. This approach was validated for phylloquinone, cyclosporine, testosterone undecanoate, cabazitaxel and seven other bioactive molecules, achieving sizes between 45 and 160 nm and drug to solubilizer molar ratios 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than current formulations. Hypertonic saline or co-loaded cargo was found to prevent aggregation in some cases. Use of surfactant-stripped micelles avoided potential risks associated with other injectable formulations. Mechanistic insights are elucidated and therapeutic dose responses are demonstrated.

Discrete stacking of aromatic oligoamide macrocycles.

Unlike the precise structural control typical of closed assemblies, curbing the stacking of disc- and ring-shaped molecules is quite challenging. Here we report the discrete stacking of rigid aromatic oligoamide macrocycles 1. With increasing concentration, the aggregation of 1 quickly plateaus, forming a discrete oligomer, as suggested by 1D (1)H, 2D nuclear Overhauser effect, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the tetramer of 1 is the most stable among oligomeric stacks. X-ray crystallography revealed a tetrameric stack containing identical molecules adopting two different conformations. With a defined length and an inner pore capable of accommodating distinctly different guests, the tetramers of 1 densely pack into 2D layers. Besides being a rare system of conformation-regulated supramolecular oligomerization, the discrete stacks of 1, along with their higher-order assemblies, may offer new nanotechnological applications.

(1)H NMR based profiling of spent culture media cannot predict success of implantation for day 3 human embryos.

BACKGROUND: Identification of a non-invasive technique to assess embryo implantation potential in assisted reproduction would greatly increase success rates and lead more efficiently to single embryo transfer. Early studies suggested metabonomic analysis of spent culture media could improve embryo selection. The goal of this study is to assess if embryo implantation can be predicted based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) profiles of spent embryo culture media from patients undergoing transfer of multiple embryos on cycle day 3. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective study in an academic assisted reproduction technology (ART) program and analyzed the data in a university research center. Two hundred twenty-eight spent culture media samples originating from 108 patients were individually analyzed. Specifically, five distinct sets (1 to 5) of different types of spent media samples (volume ~14 µL) from embryos that resulted in clinical pregnancy (positive heart rate at 6 weeks gestation) (n (1) = 29; n (2) = 19; n (3) = 9; n (4) = 12; n (5) = 33; n (total) = 102) and from embryos that did not implant (n (1) = 28; n (2) = 29; n (3) = 18; n (4) = 15; n (5) = 36; n (total) = 126) were collected on day 3 of embryo growth. The media samples were profiled using (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and the NMR profiles of sets 1 to 5 were subject to standard uni- and multi-variate data analyses in order to evaluate potential correlation of profiles with implantation success. RESULTS: For set 1 of the media samples, a borderline class separation of NMR profiles was obtained by use of principal component analysis (PCA) and logistic regression. This tentative class separation could not be repeated and validated in any of the other media sets 2 to 5. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the rigorous technical approach, (1)H NMR based profiling of spent culture media cannot predict success of implantation for day 3 human embryos.

Diagnosis of early stage ovarian cancer by 1H NMR metabonomics of serum explored by use of a microflow NMR probe.

We show that (1)H NMR based metabonomicsof serum allows the diagnosis of early stage I/II epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) required for successful treatment. Because patient specimens are highly precious, we conducted an exploratory study using a microflow probe requiring only 20 µL of serum. By use of logistic regression on principal components (PCs) of the NMR profiles, we built a 4-variable model for early stage EOC prediction (training set: 69 EOC specimens, 84 healthy controls; test set: 40 EOC, 44 controls) with operating characteristics estimated for the test set at 80% specificity [95% confidence interval (CI): 65-90%], 63% sensitivity (95% CI: 46-77%), and an area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (AUC) of 0.796. Independent validation (50 EOC, 50 controls) of the model yielded 95% specificity (95% CI: 86-99.5%), 68% sensitivity (95% CI: 53-80%) and an AUC of 0.949. A test on cancer type specificity showed that women diseased with renal cell carcinoma were not incorrectly diagnosed with EOC, indicating that metabonomics bears significant potential for cancer type-specific diagnosis. Our model can potentially be applied for women at high risk for EOC, and our study promises to contribute to developing a screening protocol for the general population.

Ascorbate protects endothelial barrier function during septic insult: Role of protein phosphatase type 2A.

Endothelial barrier dysfunction contributes to morbidity in sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that raising the intracellular ascorbate concentration protects the endothelial barrier from septic insult by inhibiting protein phosphatase type 2A. Monolayer cultures of microvascular endothelial cells were incubated with ascorbate, dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyliodonium, or the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid and then were exposed to septic insult (lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma). Under standard culture conditions that depleted intracellular ascorbate, septic insult stimulated oxidant production and PP2A activity, dephosphorylated phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues in the tight junction-associated protein occludin, decreased the abundance of occludin at cell borders, and increased monolayer permeability to albumin. NADPH oxidase inhibitors prevented PP2A activation and monolayer leak, showing that these changes required reactive oxygen species. Okadaic acid, at a concentration that inhibited PP2A activity and monolayer leak, prevented occludin dephosphorylation and redistribution, implicating PP2A in the response of occludin to septic insult. Incubation with ascorbate or DHAA raised intracellular ascorbate concentrations and mitigated the effects of septic insult. In conclusion, ascorbate acts within microvascular endothelial cells to inhibit septic stimulation of oxidant production by NADPH oxidase and thereby prevents PP2A activation, PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation and redistribution of occludin, and disruption of the endothelial barrier.

Standard operating procedure for metabonomics studies of blood serum and plasma samples using a 1H-NMR micro-flow probe.

A standard operating procedure (SOP) is presented for high-throughput metabonomics studies using a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a micro-flow probe that is connected to an auto-sampler. The procedure is designed to minimize random and systematic variation of NMR data collection. In addition, a protocol is described to assess the quality of the data acquired by a given NMR spectroscopist to ensure that (i) all researchers involved in the NMR data acquisition of a metabonomics research program perform equally and (ii) operator-associated variation of NMR data collection is statistically not relevant for the interpretation of results obtained from multivariate data analyses.

Highly selective synthesis of the ring-B reduced chlorins by ferric chloride-mediated oxidation of bacteriochlorins: effects of the fused imide vs isocyclic ring on photophysical and electrochemical properties.

The oxidation of bacteriopyropheophorbide with ferric chloride hexahydrate or its anhydrous form produced the ring-D oxidized (ring-B reduced) chlorin in >95% yield. Replacing the five-member isocyclic ring in bacteriopyropheophorbide- a with a fused six-member N-butylimide ring system made no difference in regioselective oxidation, and the corresponding ring-B reduced chlorin was isolated in almost quantitative yield. When the oxidant was replaced by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone, which is frequently used at the oxidizing stage of the porphyrin synthesis, the ring-B oxidized (ring-D reduced) chlorins were obtained. With both ring-B reduced and ring-D reduced chlorins in hand, their photophysical and electrochemical properties were examined and compared for the first time. The ring-B reduced chlorine 20, with a fused six-member N-butylimide ring, exhibits the most red-shifted absorption band (at lambda(max) = 746 nm), the lowest fluorescence quantum yield (4.5%), and the largest quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation (67%) among the reduced ring-B and ring-D chlorins investigated in this study. Measurements of the one-electron oxidation and reduction potentials show that compound 20 is also the easiest to oxidize among the examined compounds and the third easiest to reduce. In addition, the 1.62 eV HOMO-LUMO gap of 20 is the smallest of the examined compounds, and this agrees with values calculated using the DFT method. Spectroelectrochemical measurements afforded UV-visible absorption spectra for both the radical cations and radical anions of the examined chlorins. The ring-B reduced compound 20, with a fused six-member N-butylimide ring, is regarded as the most promising candidate in this study for photodynamic therapy because it has the longest wavelength absorption and the largest quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation among the compounds investigated.

Enantioselective synthesis of trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropanes.

The reaction of 1-aryl-2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethanes with alkenes, catalyzed by the adamantylglycine-derived dirhodium complex Rh2(R-PTAD)4, generates trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropanes with high diastereoselectivity (>94%) and enantioselectivity (88->98%).

NMR data collection and analysis protocol for high-throughput protein structure determination.

A standardized protocol enabling rapid NMR data collection for high-quality protein structure determination is presented that allows one to capitalize on high spectrometer sensitivity: a set of five G-matrix Fourier transform NMR experiments for resonance assignment based on highly resolved 4D and 5D spectral information is acquired in conjunction with a single simultaneous 3D 15N,13C(aliphatic),13C(aromatic)-resolved [1H,1H]-NOESY spectrum providing 1H-1H upper distance limit constraints. The protocol was integrated with methodology for semiautomated data analysis and used to solve eight NMR protein structures of the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium pipeline. The molecular masses of the hypothetical target proteins ranged from 9 to 20 kDa with an average of approximately 14 kDa. Between 1 and 9 days of instrument time were invested per structure, which is less than approximately 10-25% of the measurement time routinely required to date with conventional approaches. The protocol presented here effectively removes data collection as a bottleneck for high-throughput solution structure determination of proteins up to at least approximately 20 kDa, while concurrently providing spectra that are highly amenable to fast and robust analysis.

Helical aromatic oligoamides: reliable, readily predictable folding from the combination of rigidified structural motifs.

Factors responsible for the folding of aromatic oligoamides with backbones rigidified by local three-center H-bonds were investigated. The stability of the three-center H-bonds was quantified by the half-lives of amide proton-deuterium exchange reactions, which show that the three-center H-bonds were largely intact at room temperature in the oligomer examined. This result is consistent with our current and previous 2D NMR studies. The overall helical conformation of nonamer 1 was found by variable-temperature NOESY studies to be dynamic. As temperature rose, the end-to-end NOEs rapidly disappeared, while the amide side chain NOEs were still readily detectable, corresponding to the "breath" and stretching of the helix by slightly twisting the local H-bonded rings. Based on the simple repetition of the same structural motif and local conformational preference, undecamer 2 was found to fold into well-defined helical conformation. The predictability of the folding of these backbone-rigidified aromatic oligoamides was demonstrated by a simple modeling method using structural parameters from oligomers with known crystal structures. The reliability and generality of the modeling methods were shown by the excellent agreement between the modeled structures corresponding to 1 and 2 and data from NOESY studies.

Amine attack on coordinated alkenes: an interconversion from anti-Markovnikoff to Markovnikoff products.

A sequence of alkene complexes of platinum, PtCl(2)(PPh(3))(alkene) (alkene = ethylene, propene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene), has been prepared. These complexes are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, including assignment of each proton, and X-ray crystal structures of the 1-propene and 1-hexene complexes. Each complex was reacted with diethylamine. For the 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 1-decene complexes, the amine displaces the alkene. For the smaller alkenes, the diethylamine nucleophilically attacks the coordinated alkene. For propene and 1-butene, the low-temperature addition leads to the anti-Markovnikoff nucleophilic attack, which slowly converts at room temperature to the Markovnikoff product. The transformation from anti-Markovnikoff to Markovnikoff addition occurs without diethylamine dissociation.

Reduced-dimensionality NMR spectroscopy for high-throughput protein resonance assignment.

A suite of reduced-dimensionality (13)C,(15)N,(1)H-triple-resonance NMR experiments is presented for rapid and complete protein resonance assignment. Even when using short measurement times, these experiments allow one to retain the high spectral resolution required for efficient automated analysis. "Sampling limited" and "sensitivity limited" data collection regimes are defined, respectively, depending on whether the sampling of the indirect dimensions or the sensitivity of a multidimensional NMR experiments per se determines the minimally required measurement time. We show that reduced-dimensionality NMR spectroscopy is a powerful approach to avoid the "sampling limited regime"--i.e., a standard set of ten experiments proposed here allows one to effectively adapt minimal measurement times to sensitivity requirements. This is of particular interest in view of the greatly increased sensitivity of NMR spectrometers equipped with cryogenic probes. As a step toward fully automated analysis, the program AUTOASSIGN has been extended to provide sequential backbone and (13)C(beta) resonance assignments from these reduced-dimensionality NMR data.