Efficiency of Glucosamine in Treating Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is a chronic disease that is a consequence of undue occlusal forces and is characterized by irreversible damage to the articular surfaces. Symptomatic slow-acting so-called nutraceutical drugs have been proposed as a treatment for osteoarthritis in comparison to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Oral glucosamine and chondroitin, slow-acting drugs, have been found to reduce pain and in- crease mouth opening in patients with TMJ OA. However, there is limited scientific evidence to confirm their clinical effectiveness. AIM: This systematic review was conducted to bolster the evidence supporting the assessment of the efficacy of glucosamine in the context of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA). METHODOLOGY: This review identified four review articles from databases like Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE till September 2023 after screening at the title, abstract, and full-text level. They were assessed for risk of bias with the JBI risk of bias assess- ment tool. RESULT: This review with meta-analysis focused on pooled estimate mean differences, revealing non-significant but discernible effects of glucosamine on maximum mouth opening (SMD = 0.288, p = 0.15) and pain reduction (SMD = 0.217, p = 0.476) in TMJ-related disorders. CONCLUSION: Compared to control groups with ibuprofen and tramadol, glucosamine showed slightly more favourable outcomes. However, the variability in methodology and study characteristics warrants further longitudinal studies to confirm its efficacy.

Advanced photocatalytic materials based degradation of micropollutants and their use in hydrogen production - a review.

The use of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides in modern healthcare and agriculture, along with expanding industrialization, heavily contaminates aquatic environments. This leads to severe carcinogenic implications and critical health issues in living organisms. The photocatalytic methods provide an eco-friendly solution to mitigate the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Sunlight-driven photocatalytic wastewater treatment contributes to hydrogen production and valuable product generation. The removal of contaminants from wastewater through photocatalysis is a highly efficient method for enhancing the ecosystem and plays a crucial role in the dual-functional photocatalysis process. In this review, a wide range of catalysts are discussed, including heterojunction photocatalysts and various hybrid semiconductor photocatalysts like metal oxides, semiconductor adsorbents, and dual semiconductor photocatalysts, which are crucial in this dual function of degradation and green fuel production. The effects of micropollutants in the ecosystem, degradation efficacy of multi-component photocatalysts such as single-component, two-component, three-component, and four-component photocatalysts were discussed. Dual-functional photocatalysis stands out as an energy-efficient and cost-effective method. We have explored the challenges and difficulties associated with dual-functional photocatalysts. Multicomponent photocatalysts demonstrate superior efficiency in degrading pollutants and producing hydrogen compared to their single-component counterparts. Dual-functional photocatalysts, incorporating TiO2, g-C3N4, CeO2, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-based composites, exhibit remarkable performance. The future of synergistic photocatalysis envisions large-scale production facilitate integrating advanced 2D and 3D semiconductor photocatalysts, presenting a promising avenue for sustainable and efficient pollutant degradation and hydrogen production from environmental remediation technologies.

Effects of Glucosamine in the Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Review.

Osteoarthritis in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a chronic disease characterized by irreversible damage to articular surfaces, including inflammation, loss of articular cartilage, and subchondral bone alterations, which would be radiographically evident only in later stages. Symptomatic slow-acting so-called nutraceutical drugs have been proposed as a treatment for osteoarthritis in comparison to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) because of their appreciable safety profile even in long-term intake. Glucosamine, being one among them, proved highly efficient in knee osteoarthritis. However, its application in TMJ osteoarthritis dates back only to 2001 and is still inconclusive in its efficiency even with systematic reviews, in restoring the structural and functional aspects of damaged TMJ. Glucosamine, being a natural compound and also a contributor to building the matrix of articular cartilage, can be utilized effectively for TMJ osteoarthritis as an adjunct along with other conventional treatment modalities available till now, which also have moderate prognosis in most of the clinical scenarios. This review summarizes data relating to the mechanism of osteoarthritis and its management using glucosamine formulations. The beneficial effects of glucosamine on the pathophysiology of TMJ osteoarthritis are possibly due to its contribution to hyaluronic acid regulation and in establishing a proper balance between anabolism/catabolism in the articular tissues.

Recent advances on the methods developed for the identification and detection of emerging contaminant microplastics: a review.

The widespread use of plastics, popular for their versatility and cost-efficiency in mass production, has led to their essential role in modern society. Their remarkable attributes, such as flexibility, mechanical strength, lightweight, and affordability, have further strengthened their importance. However, the emergence of microplastics (MPs), minute plastic particles, has raised environmental concerns. Over the last decade, numerous studies have uncovered MPs of varying sizes in diverse environments. They primarily originate from textile fibres and cosmetic products, with large plastic items undergoing degradation and contributing as secondary sources. The bioaccumulation of MPs, with potential ingestion by humans through the food chain, underscores their significance as environmental contaminants. Therefore, continuous monitoring of environmental and food samples is imperative. A range of spectroscopic techniques, including vibrational spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, facilitates the detection of MPs. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods employed for sample collection, characterization, and analysis of MPs. It also emphasizes the crucial criteria for selecting practical and standardized techniques for the detection of MPs. Despite advancements, challenges persist in this field, and this review suggests potential strategies to address these limitations. The development of effective protocols for the accurate identification and quantification of MPs in real-world samples is of paramount importance. This review further highlights the accumulation of microplastics in various edible species, such as crabs, pelagic fish, finfish, shellfish, American oysters, and mussels, shedding light on the extreme implications of MPs on our food chain.

Multicomponent Reaction Based Tolyl-substituted and Pyrene-Pyridine Conjugated Isomeric Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes: A Comparative Investigation of Photophysical and Hg(II)-Sensing Behaviors.

Herein, the synthesis of pyrene conjugated 2,6-di-ortho-tolylpyridine and 2,6-di-para-tolylpyridine structural isomers were achieved efficiently through multicomponent Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction. The DFT, TD-DFT and experimental investigations were carried out to investigate the photophysical behaviors of the synthesized novel pyrene-pyridine based isomeric probes. Our studies revealed that, due to the continuous conjugation of the pyrene, pyridine and tolyl moieties, the dihedral angles of the trisubstituents on the central pyridine moiety significantly influences the photophysical properties of the synthesized novel pyrene based fluorescent probes. Further, we have comparatively investigated the sensing behaviors of the synthesized tolyl-substituted isomeric ratiometric fluorescent probes with metal ions, our studies reveals that both the ortho and para tolyl ratiometric fluorescent probes have distinct photoemissive properties in selectively sensing of Hg2+ ions. Our studies indicates that, the para-tolyl substituted isomer displays more red-shift in wavelength of emission band compared to its ortho isomer analogue during ratiometric fluorescent specific detection of Hg2+ ions.

Using Sparfloxacin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles to Modify a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Sensor for Ethanol Determination.

Alcohol is a dangerous substance causing global mortality and health issues, including mental health problems. Regular alcohol consumption can lead to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and increased risk of alcohol-related disorders. Thus, monitoring ethanol levels in biological samples could contribute to maintaining good health. Herein, we developed an electrochemical sensor for the determination of ethanol in human salivary samples. Initially, the tetra-chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) was chemically reduced using sparfloxacin (Sp) which also served as a stabilizing agent for the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). As-prepared Sp-AuNPs were comprehensively characterized and confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and elemental mapping analysis. The average particle size (~25 nm) and surface charge (negative) of Sp-AuNPs were determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential measurements. An activated screen-printed carbon electrode (A-SPE) was modified using Sp-AuNPs dispersion, which exhibited greater electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity for ethanol (EtOH) oxidation in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). DPV showed a linear response for EtOH from 25 µM to 350 µM with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.55 µM. Reproducibility and repeatability studies revealed that the Sp-AuNPs/A-SPEs were highly stable and very sensitive to EtOH detection. Additionally, the successful electrochemical determination of EtOH in a saliva sample was carried out. The recovery rate of EtOH spiked in the saliva sample was found to be 99.6%. Thus, the incorporation of Sp-AuNPs within sensors could provide new possibilities in the development of ethanol sensors with an improved level of precision and accuracy.

Cobalt ferrite/semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes based field-effect transistor for determination of carbamate pesticides.

Carbaryl and carbofuran are the carbamate pesticides which have been widely used worldwide to control insects in crops and house. If the pesticides entered in to the food products and drinking water, they could cause serious health effects in humans. Therefore, the development of a rapid, simple, sensitive and selective analytical device for on-site detection of carbamates is crucial to evaluate food and environmental samples. Recently, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube-based field effect transistors (s-SWCNT/FETs) have shown several advantages such as high carrier mobility, good on/off ratio, quasi ballistic electron transport, label-free detection and real-time response. Herein, cobalt ferrite (CFO) nanoparticles decorated s-SWCNTs have been prepared and used to bridge the source and drain electrodes. As-prepared CFO/s-SWCNT/FET had been used for the non-enzymatic detection of carbaryl and carbofuran. When used as a sensing platform, the CFO/s-SWCNT hybrid film exhibited high sensitivity, and selectivity with a wide linear range of detection from 10 to 100 fMand the lowest limit of detections for carbaryl (0.11 fM) and carbofuran (0.07 fM) were estimated. This sensor was also used to detect carbaryl in tomato and cabbage samples, which confirmed its practical acceptance. Such performance may be attributed to the oxidation of carbamates by potent catalytic activity of CFO, which led to the changes in the charge transfer reaction on the s-SWCNTs/FET conduction channel. This work presents a novel CFO/s-SWCNT based sensing system which could be used to quantify pesticide residues in food samples.

Development of Electrochemical Sensor Using Iron (III) Phthalocyanine/Gold Nanoparticle/Graphene Hybrid Film for Highly Selective Determination of Nicotine in Human Salivary Samples.

Nicotine is the one of the major addictive substances; the overdose of nicotine (NIC) consumption causes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, stroke, lung cancer, and respiratory illnesses. In this study, we have developed a precise and sensitive electrochemical sensor for nicotine detection in saliva samples. It was built on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene (Gr), iron (III) phthalocyanine-4,4',4″,4'''-tetrasulfonic acid (Fe(III)Pc), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE). The AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr nanocomposite was prepared and characterized by using FE-SEM, EDX, and E-mapping techniques to confirm the composite formation as well as the even distribution of elements. Furthermore, the newly prepared AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE-nanocomposite-based sensor was used to detect the nicotine in phosphate-buffered solution (0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4). The AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE-based sensor offered a linear response against NIC from 0.5 to 27 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 17 nM using the amperometry (i-t curve) technique. This electrochemical sensor demonstrated astounding selectivity and sensitivity during NIC detection in the presence of common interfering molecules in 0.1 M PBS. Moreover, the effect of pH on NIC electro-oxidation was studied, which indicated that PBS with pH 7.4 was the best medium for NIC determination. Finally, the AuNPs/Fe(III)Pc/Gr/GCE sensor was used to accurately determine NIC concentration in human saliva samples, and the recovery percentages were also calculated.

Upcycling of surgical facemasks into carbon based thin film electrode for supercapacitor technology.

Polypropylene (PP), a commonly used plastic, is used for making the outer layers of a surgical face mask. In 2020, around 3 billion surgical face masks were disposed into the environment, causing a huge threat to wildlife, aquatic life, and ecosystems. In this work, we have reported the sulfonation technique for stabilizing the surgical face masks and their conversion into carbon nanoparticles for application as a supercapacitor electrode. The electrode is fabricated by preparing a slurry paste of carbon nanoparticles and pasting it on a conductive wearable fabric. To investigate the performance of the carbon thin film electrode, electrochemical techniques are employed. The Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis performed at different scan rates in a 6 molar KOH electrolyte reveals that the carbon thin film acts as a positive electrode. At 4 A g-1, the electrode shows a specific capacitance of 366.22 F g-1 and 100% retention of specific capacitance for 8000 cycles. A two-electrode asymmetric device is fabricated using carbon thin film as the positive electrode, NiO thin film as the negative electrode, and a KOH separator between two electrodes. The device shows a specific capacitance of 113.73 F g-1 at 1.3 A g-1 and glows a red LED for 6 min. This work is a step towards upcycling the waste produced from surgical face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic and its application for energy storage.

Facile Synthesis of Functionalized Porous Carbon by Direct Pyrolysis of Anacardium occidentale Nut-Skin Waste and Its Utilization towards Supercapacitors.

Preparing electrode materials plays an essential role in the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors. In general, heteroatom doping in carbon-based electrode materials enhances the electrochemical properties. Herein, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur co-doped porous carbon (PC) materials were prepared by direct pyrolysis of Anacardium occidentale (AO) nut-skin waste for high-performance supercapacitor applications. The as-prepared AO-PC material possessed interconnected micropore/mesopore structures and exhibited a high specific surface area of 615 m2 g-1. The Raman spectrum revealed a moderate degree of graphitization of AO-PC materials. These superior properties of the as-prepared AO-PC material help to deliver high specific capacitance. After fabricating the working electrode, the electrochemical performances including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution using a three-electrode configuration for supercapacitor applications. The AO-PC material delivered a high specific capacitance of 193 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. The AO-PC material demonstrated <97% capacitance retention even after 10,000 cycles of charge-discharge at the current density of 5 A g-1. All the above outcomes confirmed that the as-prepared AO-PC from AO nut-skin waste via simple pyrolysis is an ideal electrode material for fabricating high-performance supercapacitors. Moreover, this work provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for adding value to biomass waste by a simple pyrolysis route.

Future of Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Challenges in Processing, Packaging, and Food Safety.

Over the course of the last several decades, nanotechnology has garnered a growing amount of attention as a potentially valuable technology that has significantly impacted the food industry. Nanotechnology helps in enhancing the properties of materials and structures that are used in various fields such as agriculture, food, pharmacy, and so on. Applications of nanotechnology in the food market have included the encapsulation and distribution of materials to specific locations, the improvement of flavor, the introduction of antibacterial nanoparticles into food, the betterment of prolonged storage, the detection of pollutants, enhanced storage facilities, locating, identifying, as well as consumer awareness. Labeling food goods with nano barcodes helps ensure their security and may also be used to track their distribution. This review article presents a discussion about current advances in nanotechnology along with its applications in the field of food-tech, food packaging, food security, enhancing life of food products, etc. A detailed description is provided about various synthesis routes of nanomaterials, that is, chemical, physical, and biological methods. Nanotechnology is a rapidly improving the field of food packaging and the future holds great opportunities for more enhancement via the development of new nanomaterials and nanosensors.

Natural Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Obtained from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and Their Sensing Ability toward Heavy Metal Ions.

Chebulic Myrobalan is the main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala, which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. Herein, natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NN-CDs) were prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and were demonstrated to sense heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. Briefly, the NN-CDs were developed from Chebulic Myrobalan by a single-step hydrothermal carbonization approach under a mild temperature (200 °C) without any capping and passivation agents. They were then thoroughly characterized to confirm their structural and optical properties. The resulting NN-CDs had small particles (average diameter: 2.5 ± 0.5 nm) with a narrow size distribution (1-4 nm) and a relatable degree of graphitization. They possessed bright and durable fluorescence with excitation-dependent emission behaviors. Further, the as-synthesized NN-CDs were a good fluorometric sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. The NN-CDs showed sensitive and selective sensing platforms for Fe3+ ions; the detection limit was calculated to be 0.86 µM in the dynamic range of 5-25 µM of the ferric (Fe3+) ion concentration. Moreover, these NN-CDs could expand their application as a potential candidate for biomedical applications and offer a new method of hydrothermally carbonizing waste biomass.

Sustainable Synthesis of Bright Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Terminalia chebula for In Vitro Imaging.

In this study, sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly biomass (Terminalia chebula) was employed as a precursor for the formation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs). The hydrothermally assisted Terminalia chebula fruit-derived N-CDs (TC-CDs) emitted different bright fluorescent colors under various excitation wavelengths. The prepared TC-CDs showed a spherical morphology with a narrow size distribution and excellent water dispensability due to their abundant functionalities, such as oxygen- and nitrogen-bearing molecules on the surfaces of the TC-CDs. Additionally, these TC-CDs exhibited high photostability, good biocompatibility, very low toxicity, and excellent cell permeability against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells. The cell viability of HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells in the presence of TC-CDs aqueous solution was calculated by MTT assay, and cell viability was higher than 95%, even at a higher concentration of 200 µg mL-1 after 24 h incubation time. Finally, the uptake of TC-CDs by HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells displayed distinguished blue, green, and red colors during in vitro imaging when excited by three filters with different wavelengths under a laser scanning confocal microscope. Thus, TC-CDs could be used as a potential candidate for various biomedical applications. Moreover, the conversion of low-cost/waste natural biomass into products of value promotes the sustainable development of the economy and human society.

Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in Mucormycosis.

Mucormycosis is one among the life-threatening fungal infections with high morbidity and mortality. It is an uncommon and rare infection targeting people with altered immunity. This lethal infection induced by fungi belonging to the Mucorales family is very progressive in nature. The incidence has increased in recent decades owing to the rise in immunocompromised patients. Disease management involves a multimodal strategy including early administration of drugs and surgical removal of infected tissues. Among the antifungals, azoles and amphotericin B remain the gold standard drugs of choice for initial treatment. The order Mucorales are developing a high level of resistance to the available systemic antifungal drugs, and the efficacy still remains below par. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind the antifungal resistance in Mucormycosis would add vital information to our available antifungal armamentarium and design novel therapies. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the mechanisms behind Mucormycosis antifungal resistance. Moreover, this review also highlights the basic mechanisms of action of antifungal drugs and the resistance landscape which is expected to augment future treatment strategies.

2D MXene/graphene nanocomposite preparation and its electrochemical performance towards the identification of nicotine level in human saliva.

The quantitative analysis of neurological drugs is critical since the kinetics of body fluids is strongly dependent on the dosage of the drug levels. Thus, the study of neurological medicines is significant because of the major diseases connected to it, for instance, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Herein, a 2D hybrid MXene/graphene (MX/Gr) film was synthesized through a top-down approach and utilized to prepare an electrochemical transducer for the electrochemical sensing of nicotine. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the successful incorporation of MX with Gr sheets. The high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to confirm the formation of MX, graphene sheets and the MX/Gr hybrid film. Furthermore, the MX/Gr hybrid film composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared to selectively detect the nicotine in phosphate buffer medium (0.1 M PBS, pH~7.4). Under the optimized condition, the MX/Gr/GCE based sensor provided a linear response against nicotine from 1 to 55 µM and 30 nM - 600 nM with the lowest limit of detections (LOD) of 290 nM and 0.28 nM by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry, respectively. This newly developed MX/Gr hybrid film modified electrode displayed a remarkable selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility for accurate detection of nicotine. Finally, this new sensor was applied to detect nicotine in human/artificial saliva samples with high accuracy.

Lotus-biowaste derived sulfur/nitrogen-codoped porous carbon as an eco-friendly electrocatalyst for clean energy harvesting.

Recent research is focused on biomass-derived porous carbon materials for energy harvesting (hydrogen evolution reaction) because of their cost-effective synthesis, enriched with heteroatoms, lightweight, and stable properties. Here, the synthesis of porous carbon (PC) materials from lotus seedpod (LP) and lotus stem (LS) is reported by the pyrolysis method. The porous and graphitic structure of the prepared LP-PC and LS-PC materials were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. Heteroatoms in LP-PC and LS-PC materials were investigated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific surface area of LP-PC and LS-PC were calculated as 457 and 313 m2 g-1, respectively. Nitrogen and sulfur enriched LP-PC and LS-PC materials were found to be effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions. LP-PC catalyst showed a very low overpotential of 111 mV with the Tafel slope of 69 mV dec-1, and LS-PC catalyst achieved a Tafel slope of 85 mV dec-1 with a low overpotential of 135 mV. This work is expected to be extended for the development of biomass as a sustainable porous carbon electrocatalyst with a tunable structure, elements, and electronic properties. Furthermore, preparing carbon materials from the biowaste and applying clean energy harvesting might reduce environmental pollution.

Facile synthesis of novel molybdenum disulfide decorated banana peel porous carbon electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction.

Hydrogen is one of the cleanest renewable and environmentally friendly energy resource that can be generated through water splitting. However, hydrogen evolution occurs at high overpotential, and efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts are desired to replace state-of-the-art catalysts such as platinum. In the present work, a novel molybdenum disulfide decorated banana peel porous carbon (MoS2@BPPC) catalyst has been developed using banana peel carbon and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Banana peel porous carbon (BPPC) was initially synthesized from the banana peel (biowaste) by a simple carbonization method. Subsequently, 20 wt% of bare MoS2 was distributed on the pristine BPPC matrix using the dry-impregnation method. The resulting MoS2@BPPC composites were systematically investigated to determine the morphology and structure. Finally, using a three-electrode cell system, pristine BPPC, bare MoS2, and MoS2@BPPC composite were used as HER electrocatalysts. The developed MoS2@BPPC composite showed greater HER activity and possessed excellent stability in the acid solution, including an overpotential of 150 mV at a current density of -10 mA cm-2, and a Tafel slope of 51 mV dec-1. This Tafel study suggests that the HER takes place by Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism with a rate-determining Heyrovsky step. The excellent electrochemical performance of MoS2@BPPC composite for HER can be ascribed to its unique porous nanoarchitecture. Further, due to the synergetic effect between MoS2 and porous carbon. The HER activity using the MoS2@BPPC electrode advises that the prepared catalyst may hold great promise for practical applications.