The effects of different protocols of physical exercise and rest on long-term memory.

Whilst there are many studies comparing the different effects of exercise on long-term memory, these typically adopt varying intensities, durations, and behavioural measures. Furthermore, few studies provide direct comparisons between exercise and different types of rest. Therefore, by providing a standardised methodological design, this study will ascertain the most effective intensity and protocol of exercise for the modulation of long-term memory, whilst directly comparing it to different types rest. This was achieved using the same old/new recognition memory test and an 80-90 min retention interval. Three experiments were performed (total N = 59), each with a three-armed crossover design measuring the extent to which physical exercise and wakeful rest can influence long-term memory performance. In Experiment 1, the effects of continuous moderate intensity exercise (65-75% HRmax), passive rest (no cognitive engagement) and active rest (cognitively engaged) were explored. In Experiment 2, continuous moderate intensity exercise was compared to a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and passive rest. Experiment 3 observed the effects of low- (55-65% HRmax), moderate- and high-intensity (75-85% HRmax) continuous exercise. Across the three experiments moderate intensity exercise had the greatest positive impact on memory performance. Although not significant, HIIT was more effective than passive-rest, and passive rest was more effective than active rest. Our findings suggest that it is not necessary to physically overexert oneself in order to achieve observable improvements to long-term memory. By also investigating wakeful rest, we reaffirmed the importance of the cognitive engagement during consolidation for the formation of long-term memories.

Effect of Lactococcus lactis 1370 on the formation of artificial plaque

Streptococcus mutans is the most important causative bacteria of dental caries among the oral bacteria. Lactococcus lactis 1370 was isolated from the oral cavity of child. The effect of Lactococcus lactis 1370 on the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans was studied. 1. The insoluble substances and bacteria were much more attached on the wall of disposable cuvette in the culture of Streptococcus mutans than in the combined culture of Streptococcus mutans and Lactococcus lactis 1370. 2. The mean weight of produced artificial plaque on the wires in the beaker was 131.7 mg in the culture of Streptococcus mutans only, whereas being reduced to 6.4 mg in the combined culture of Streptococcus mutans and Lactococcus lactis 1370 (p<0.05). The viable cell didn't show the significant difference between them after culturing. 3. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media containing culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 cultured in M17 broth containing 0.5% yeast extract and 5% sucrose, the mean weight of produced artificial plaque was 8.0 mg on the wires, whereas being 125.4 mg in the media without culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 (p<0.05). The viable cell didn't show the significant difference between them after culturing. 4. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media containing soluble polymer produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370, the mean weight of produced artificial plaque was significantly reduced compared with being cultured in the media without soluble polymer (p<0.05). The viable cell didn't show the significant difference between them after culturing. 5. The soluble polymer produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370 was glucan. 6. The glucan produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370 was water-soluble glucan containing alpha-1,6-glucose linkage as the main linkage. These results suggest that the artificial plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans is inhibited by water-soluble glucan produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370.

Blood lipid levels in Korean Air force Pilots

This study was conducted to identify the factors for serum cholesterol level among Korean Air Force pilots. We obtained risk factors for 408 pilots examined during period from January 1996 through March 1997. The associations between total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and age, body mass Index(BMI), smoking, drinking, blood pressure, flight time and fat intake were analyzed. The mean serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were 161.8+/-31.0 mg/dl, 475+/-11.0 mg/dl, 93.1+/-30.2 mg/dl, and 106.5+/-61.3 mg/dl respectively. Possible risk factors were total flight time, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, flight, and fighter or not. Total flight time and BMI were statistically significant factors In serum cholesterol level while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. The longer the total flight time, the higher the level of serum total cholesterol. Total flight time, BMI, and drinking amount were statistically significant factors in serum HDL-cholesterol while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. The higher the BIM, the lower the level of HDL-cholesterol. BMI was a statistically significant factor in seurm LDL-cholesterol while controlling for the effect of remaining factors. Total flight time, BIM, and flight were statistically significant factors in serum triglyceride while controlling for the effect of the remaining factors. Conclusively, BIM was a only significant factor in all four lipid levels, and total flight time took an affect to total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.

Radiologic imaging of hypernephroma

Hypernephroma comprises about 85-90% of renal malignancy in adults. The natural course of hypernephroma isvery diverse and unpredictable from abrupt explosive growth with wide spread metastasis to asymptomatic slowgrowth for several years. Reports from aliens indicated that hypernephroma with histopathological papillary growthpattern has better prognosis and more frequently hypovascular on renal angiography and less echogenic onultrasonography than non-papillary hypernephroma. Reviewed here retrospectively all the patients who were admittedand diagnosed as hypernephroma histopathologically at the Severance Hospital from March, 1973 through September,1984, in respective of angiographic vascularity, ultrasonographic echogenicity, histopathologic cell type andgrowth pattern, and following results were obtained. 1. The incidence of calcification in hypernephroma was 7cases out of 53 cases(13%). The incidence of hypernephroma according to cell type was clear cell type 20 cases(56%), mixed cell type 11 cases (31%), granular cell type 4 cases (11%), sarcomatous cell type 1 case(2%). Theincidence of hypernephroma according to growth pattern was papillary growth pattern 14 cases(45%) andnon-papillary growth pattern 17 cases(55%). 2. Renal angiographically, hypervascular hypernephroma was 19cases(73%), hypovascular hypernephromas was 6 cases(23%), all of which showed abnormal marginal vessels. 3.Angiographically hypervascular hypernephroma had high incidence of predominantly high echogenicity andangiographically hypervascular hypernephroma had high incidence of predominantly low echogenicity. 4. Clear celltype hypernephroma had high incidence of predominantly low echogenicity on ultrasonography. 5. Predominantly lowechogneic hypernephroma had high incidence of papillary growth pattern and predominantly high echogenichypernephroma had high incidence of non-papillary growth pattern. In summary, clear cell type hypernephroma hadhigh incidence of hypovascularity angiographically and hypovascularity on angiography was correlated withpredominantly low echogenicity on ultrasonography, and predominantly low echognicity had high incidence ofpapillary hypernephroma which was reported to have more good prognosis than non-papillary hypernephroma. So, itcan be suggested that if a hypernephroma show hypovascularity on angiography or predominantly low echogenicity onultrasonography, it has a good prognosis than hypervascular or predominantly high echogenic hypernephroma.

Residual biliary stone removal using basket

Residual biliary stone can be effectively treated by nonoperative procedure using steerable catheter andbasket in the recent year. We analysed the 27 cases of residual biliary stone, which were refered to radiologydepartement of Yonsei University during last 2 years, from June 1982 to June 1984. The results as follows; 1. Thelocation of residual stones are extrahepatic in 14 cases (51.9%), intrahepatic in 5 cases(18.5%) and both intraand extrahepatic duct in 8 cases(29.6%). 2. In 13 of 27 cases(48.1%) were required multiple sessions. 3.Fragmentation of stone was done in 16(59.3%) in 27 cases. 4. Success rate in extrahepatic duct is 13 in 14casese(92.6%), intrahepatic duct 3 cases in 5(60%), and both intra and extrahepatic duct 7 in 8 cases(87.5%).Overal success rate in 27 cases is 85.2%