Macrocyclic α-helical peptides have emerged as a compelling new therapeutic modality to tackle targets confined to the intracellular compartment. Within the scope of hydrocarbon-stapling there has been significant progress to date, including the first stapled α-helical peptide to enter into clinical trials. The principal design concept of stapled α-helical peptides is to mimic a cognate (protein) ligand relative to binding its target via an α-helical interface. However, it was the proclivity of such stapled α-helical peptides to exhibit cell permeability and proteolytic stability that underscored their promise as unique macrocyclic peptide drugs for intracellular targets. This perspective highlights key learnings as well as challenges in basic research with respect to structure-based design, innovative chemistry, cell permeability and proteolytic stability that are essential to fulfill the promise of stapled α-helical peptide drug development.
Drug Discovery/methods , Macrocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Macrocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/pharmacology , Animals , Humans , Macrocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Models, Molecular , Peptides/pharmacokinetics , Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
While the immune system is essential for the maintenance of the homeostasis, health and survival of humans, aberrant immune responses can lead to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Pharmacological modulation of drug targets in the immune system to ameliorate disease also carry a risk of immunosuppression that could lead to adverse outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand the 'immune fingerprint' of novel therapeutics as they relate to current and, clinically used immunological therapies to better understand their potential therapeutic benefit as well as immunosuppressive ability that might lead to adverse events such as infection risks and cancer. Since the mechanistic investigation of pharmacological modulators in a drug discovery setting is largely compound- and mechanism-centric but not comprehensive in terms of immune system impact, we developed a human tissue based functional assay platform to evaluate the impact of pharmacological modulators on a range of innate and adaptive immune functions. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to generate a qualitative and quantitative immune system impact of pharmacological modulators, which might help better understand and predict the benefit-risk profiles of these compounds in the treatment of immune disorders.
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Immune System/drug effects , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Chemokines/biosynthesis , Humans , Immune System/cytology , Immune System/immunology , Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects , Killer Cells, Natural/immunology , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology , Phagocytes/drug effects , Phagocytes/immunology , Phagocytes/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism , Transcriptome/drug effects
Alzheimer's disease is a major unmet medical need with pathology characterized by extracellular proteinaceous plaques comprised primarily of ß-amyloid. γ-Secretase is a critical enzyme in the cellular pathway responsible for the formation of a range of ß-amyloid peptides; one of which, Aß42, is believed to be responsible for the neuropathological features of the disease. Herein, we report 4,4 disubstituted piperidine γ-secretase inhibitors that were optimized for in vitro cellular potency and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Key agents were further characterized for their ability to lower cerebral Aß42 production in an APP-YAC mouse model. This structural series generally suffered from sub-optimal pharmacokinetics but hypothesis driven lead optimization enabled the discovery of γ-secretase inhibitors capable of lowering cerebral Aß42 production in mice.
Amides/chemical synthesis , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Piperidines/chemistry , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Amides/pharmacology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/biosynthesis , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Mice , Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
The development of a novel series of purines as gamma-secretase modulators for potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is disclosed herein. Optimization of a previously disclosed pyrimidine series afforded a series of potent purine-based gamma-secretase modulators with 300- to 2000-fold in vitro selectivity over inhibition of Notch cleavage and that selectively reduces Alphabeta42 in an APP-YAC transgenic mouse model.
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors , Purines/chemistry , Purines/therapeutic use , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/genetics , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Humans , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Purines/pharmacology , Receptors, Notch/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship
The successful application of both solid and solution phase library synthesis, combined with tight integration into the medicinal chemistry effort, resulted in the efficient optimization of a novel structural series of selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitors by the MRL-Boston Parallel Medicinal Chemistry group. An initial lead from a small parallel library was found to be potent and selective in biochemical assays. Advanced compounds were the culmination of iterative library design and possess excellent biochemical and cellular potency, as well as acceptable PK and efficacy in animal models.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors , Animals , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Dogs , Drug Design , Histone Deacetylase 1 , Histone Deacetylase 2 , Humans , Molecular Structure , Rats , Repressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Structure-Activity Relationship , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
