Analyses of binding partners and functional domains for the developmentally essential protein Hmx3a/HMX3.

HMX3 is a homeodomain protein with essential roles in CNS and ear development. Homeodomains are DNA-binding domains and hence homeodomain-containing proteins are usually assumed to be transcription factors. However, intriguingly, our recent data suggest that zebrafish Hmx3a may not require its homeodomain to function, raising the important question of what molecular interactions mediate its effects. To investigate this, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified 539 potential binding partners of mouse HMX3. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we tested whether a prioritized subset of these interactions are conserved in zebrafish and found that Tle3b, Azin1b, Prmt2, Hmgb1a, and Hmgn3 bind Hmx3a. Next, we tested whether these proteins bind the products of four distinct hmx3a mutant alleles that all lack the homeodomain. Embryos homozygous for two of these alleles develop abnormally and die, whereas zebrafish homozygous for the other two alleles are viable. We found that all four mutations abrogate binding to Prmt2 and Tle3b, whereas Azin1b binding was preserved in all cases. Interestingly, Hmgb1a and Hmgn3 had more affinity for products of the viable mutant alleles. These data shed light on how HMX3/Hmx3a might function at a molecular level and identify new targets for future study in these vital developmental processes.

Nothingness Is All There Is: An Exploration of Objectless Awareness During Sleep.

Recent years have seen a heightened focus on the study of minimal forms of awareness during sleep to advance the study of consciousness and understand what makes a state conscious. This focus draws on an increased interest in anecdotical descriptions made by classic Indian philosophical traditions about unusual forms of awareness during sleep. For instance, in the so-called state of witnessing-sleep or luminosity sleep, one is said to reach a state that goes beyond ordinary dreaming and abide in a state of just awareness, a state in which one is not aware of anything else other than one's own awareness. Moreover, for these traditions, this state is taken to be the essence or background of consciousness. Reports on such a state opens the door to exciting new lines of research in the study of consciousness, such as inquiry into the so-called objectless awareness during sleep-states of awareness that lack an ordinary object of awareness. In this two-staged research project, we attempted to find the phenomenological blueprints of such forms of awareness during sleep in 18 participants by conducting phenomenological interviews, informed by a novel tool in qualitative research, the micro-phenomenological interview (MPI) method. Following a phenomenological analysis, we isolated a similar phase across 12 reported experiences labeled as "nothingness phase" since it described what participants took to be an experience of "nothingness." This common phase was characterized by minimal sense of self-a bodiless self, yet experienced as being "somewhere"-, the presence of non-modal sensations, relatively pleasant emotions, an absence of visual experience, wide and unfocused attention, and an awareness of the state as it unfolded.

Ventilación mecánica compartida: ¿Una herramienta fútil o una estrategia aceptable para superar la crisis? / Shared mechanical ventilation: A futile tool or an acceptable strategy to overcome the crisis?

Different events can trigger health crises, where demand exceeds the response capacity of the health system. In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, one edge of this demand may be the need for ventilatory support. Among the strategies to deal with the problem, a new possibility arises: using a single ventilator for more than one patient until adequate resources arrive. This work reviews the available evidence, exposes the physical foundations of its operation and draws attention to the warnings.

Diferentes eventos pueden desencadenar crisis sanitarias, donde la demanda excede la capacidad de respuesta del sistema de salud. En el contexto actual de la pandemia de COVID-19, una arista de esta demanda puede ser la necesidad de soporte ventilatorio. Dentro de las posibles estrategias para afrontar el problema, surge la posibilidad de utilizar un único ventilador para dar soporte a más de un paciente hasta que lleguen los recursos adecuados. Este trabajo pretende revisar la evidencia disponible, exponer los fundamentos físicos de su funcionamiento y llamar la atención sobre las advertencias.

Xanthommatin is Behind the Antioxidant Activity of the Skin of Dosidicus gigas.

Marine bioactive compounds have been found in very different sources and exert a very vast array of activities. Squid skin, normally considered a discard, is a source of bioactive compounds such as pigments. Recovering these compounds is a potential means of valorizing seafood byproducts. Until now, the structure and molecular properties of the bioactive pigments in jumbo squid skin (JSS) have not been established. In this study, methanol-HCl (1%) pigment extracts from JSS were fractionated by open column chromatography and grouped by thin-layer chromatography in order to isolate antioxidant pigments. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assay. Fractions 11-34 were separated and grouped according to flow rate values (F1-F8). Fractions F1, F3, and F7 had the lowest IC50 against ABTS●+ per milligram, and fractions F3 and F7 showed the lowest IC50 in the FRAP assay. Finally, fraction F7 had the highest DPPH● scavenging activity. The chemical structure of the F7 fraction was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. One of the compounds identified in the fraction was xanthommatin (11-(3-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl)-1-hydroxy-5-oxo-5H-pyrido[3,2-a]phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid) and their derivatives (hydro- and dihydroxanthommatin). The results show that JSS pigments contain ommochrome molecules like xanthommatin, to which the antioxidant activity can be attributed.

Early Clinical Exposure to Geriatric Psychiatry and Medical Students' Interest in Caring for Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: In the next 25 years, the population aged 65 and older will nearly double in many countries, with few new doctors wishing to care for older adults. The authors hypothesize that early clinical exposure to elderly patient care could increase student interest in caring for older adults during their future career. METHODS: The authors conducted a pragmatic medical education randomized controlled trial (RCT) at the Jewish General Hospital and the Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, in Montreal, Canada. Third-year medical students undergoing their mandatory 16-week half-time clerkship rotation in psychiatry were randomly assigned to the equivalent of 2-4 weeks of full-time exposure to clinical geriatric psychiatry (n = 84). RESULTS: Being randomly assigned to geriatric psychiatry exposure (n = 44 of 84) was associated with increased "comfort in working with geriatric patients and their families" at 16-week follow-up (59.1% versus 37.5%, χ2 (1) = 3.9; p = 0.05). However, there was no significant association found between geriatric psychiatry exposure and change "in interest in caring for older adults," or change in "interest in becoming a geriatric psychiatrist." CONCLUSION: The results of this pragmatic education RCT suggest that exposing third-year medical students to 2-4 weeks of geriatric psychiatry did not increase their interest to care for older adults or become a geriatric psychiatrist. However, it did increase their comfort level in working with older adults and their families. However, more research is necessary to identify potential interventions that could inspire and increase medical student interest in caring for older adults as part of their future careers.

Ursane derivatives isolated from leaves of Hylocereus undatus inhibit glycation at multiple stages.

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3ß, 16α, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3ß, 6ß, 19α, 22α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2α, 3ß, 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3ß-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3ß, 16α-dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3ß-acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1-3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications.

Calidad de vida relacionada a la salud en personas con VIH y factores asociados / Quality of life related to health in people with HIV and associated factors / Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em pessoas com HIV e fatores associados

Introducción: aunque existe una mejoría significativa en la sobrevida consecuencia del impacto del tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV), numerosos estudios demuestran que existe una afectación de la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud (CVRS) en personas con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Objetivo: evaluar CVRS en personas con VIH y variables socio-demográficas y clínicas asociados, con énfasis en la adherencia al TARV. Método: estudio transversal de una muestra no probabilística de personas con VIH, mayores de 18 años, recibiendo TARV, asistidas en el subsector público en un período de 24 meses. Se aplicó la encuesta MOS-HIV SF30 (CVRS). Se aplicó el cuestionario SMAQ para evaluar adherencia. Resultados: se incluyeron 101 personas. El cuestionario MOS-HIV SF30 mostró fiabilidad y buena consistencia interna. El score global de CVRS fue 71,71±17,76. Fue peor el score global y en algunas dimensiones en pacientes con carga viral indetectable: funcionamiento físico, p=0,016; energía/fatiga, p=0,008; calidad de vida percibida, p=0,025. En mujeres el score fue peor en dolor, p=0,034; funcionamiento físico, p=0,006; funcionamiento social, p=0,031; salud mental, p=0,040. El score fue significativamente mejor en algunos dominios entre adherentes (salud general percibida, p=0,027; funcionamiento social, p=0,030); en varones gay/bisexuales (dolor, p=0,025; actividad diaria, p=0,028); entre quienes tuvieron relaciones sexuales en el último mes (salud general percibida, p=0,011). Conclusiones: el score global de CVRS fue bueno a pesar de ser una población con múltiples vulnerabilidades. Si bien la adherencia se relacionó a mejor percepción de CVRS en algunos dominios, no tuvo impacto en el score global. La carga viral indetectable no fue predictor de mejor CVRS, lo que reafirma que los parámetros biológicos aislados no dan cuenta de la complejidad de la salud percibida.

Introduction: in spite of there being a meaningful improvement in the survival of individuals as a consequence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), several studies have shown it affects the health-related quality of life of HIV infected people. Objective: to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of HIV infected people, as well as social and demographic variables, associated clinical findings, in particular in the adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Method: transversal study of a non-probabilistic sample of HIV infected people, older than 18years old, undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART), who were seen in the public sub-sector during a 24 month period. The MOS-HIV SF30 (HRQoL) questionnaire survey was applied. The SMAQ questionnaire was applied to assess adherence. Results: 101 patients were included in the study. The MOS-HIV SF30 (HRQoL) questionnaire evidenced reliability and a good internal consistency. Global HRQoL score was 71.71±17.76. Global score was worse and in a few dimensions, in patients with an undetectable viral load the following was found: physical activity: p=0.016; energy/fatigue: p=0.008; perceived quality of life: p=0.025. Score for women was worse for pain: p=0.034; physical activity: p=0.006; social performance: p=0.031; mental health: p=0.040. The score was meaningfully better in a few domains among those who adhered to it (general health condition perceived p=0.027; social performance: p=0.030), in gay/bisexual boys (pain: p=0.025; daily activity: p=0.028); among those who had sex in the last month (general health condition perceived: p=0.011). Conclusions: the Global HRQoL score was good despite it being a population comprising multiple vulnerabilities. In spite of adherence being associated to a better perception of the HRQoL in a few domains, it had no impact on the global score. Undetectable viral load was no predictor of the HRQoL, what reinforces the idea that isolated biological parameters do not account for the complexity of perceived health condition.

Introdução: embora exista uma significativa melhoria na sobrevida, consequência do impacto do tratamento antirretroviral (TARV), numerosos estudos demostram que a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) em pessoas com VIH é afetada. Objetivo: avaliar QVRS em pessoas com VIH e as variáveis sócio demográficas e clínicas associadas, com ênfase na adesão ao TARV. Método. Estudo transversal de uma amostra não probabilística de pessoas com VIH, maiores de 18 anos, recebendo TARV, atendidas no subsetor público em um período de 24 meses. Foram utilizados os questionários MOS-HIV SF30 para QVRS e SMAQ para avaliar a adesão ao tratamento. Resultados: foram incluídas 101 pessoas. O questionário MOS-HIV SF30 mostrou fiabilidade e boa consistência interna. O score global de QVRS foi 71,71±17,76. O score global e em algumas dimensões foi pior em pacientes com carga viral indetectável: funcionamento físico, p=0,016; energia/fadiga, p=0,008; qualidade de vida percebida, p=0,025. Nas mulheres o score foi pior em dor, p=0,034; funcionamento físico, p=0,006; funcionamento social, p=0,031; saúde mental, p=0,040. O score foi significativamente melhor em alguns domínios entre os aderentes (saúde general percebida, p=0,027; funcionamento social, p=0,030); em homens gay/bissexuais (dor, p=0,025; atividade diária, p=0,028); entre os que tiveram relações sexuais no último mês (saúde general percebida, p=0,011). Conclusões: o score global de QVRS foi bom apesar de ser uma população com múltiplas vulnerabilidades. Embora a adesão ao tratamento estivesse relacionada a uma melhor percepção da QVRS em alguns domínios, não teve impacto no score global. A carga viral indetectável não foi preditor de melhor QVRS, o que confirma que os parâmetros biológicos isolados não explicam a complexidade da percepção de saúde.

Ursane derivatives isolated from leaves of Hylocereus undatus inhibit glycation at multiple stages / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3β, 16α, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3β, 6β, 19α, 22α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2α, 3β, 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3β, 16α-dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3β-acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1-3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications.

Ursane derivatives isolated from leaves of Hylocereus undatus inhibit glycation at multiple stages / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3β, 16α, 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3β, 6β, 19α, 22α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2α, 3β, 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3β-acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3β, 16α-dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3β-acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1-3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications.

Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory Profile of the Choroid Plexus in Depression and Suicide.

The inflammatory hypothesis of depression is one of the main theories that endeavors to explain and describe the underlying biological mechanisms of depression and suicide. While mounting evidence indicates altered peripheral and central inflammatory profiles in depressed patients and suicide completers, little is known about how peripheral and central inflammation might be linked in these contexts. The choroid plexus (ChP), a highly vascularized tissue that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lacks a blood-brain-barrier, is an interface between peripheral and central immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the cellular and molecular inflammatory profile of the ChP of the lateral ventricle in depressed suicides and psychiatrically healthy controls. Gene expression of macrophages, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and various factors implicated in immune cell trafficking were measured; and density of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1-positive (Iba1+) macrophages associated with the ChP epithelial cell layer (ECL) was examined. Significant downregulations of the genes encoding interleukin 1ß (IL1ß), a pro-inflammatory acute-phase protein; intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), a protein implicated in immune cell trafficking in the ChP; and IBA1, a monocyte/macrophage marker; were detected in depressed suicides as compared to controls. No difference in the density of Iba1+ macrophages associated with the ChP ECL was observed. While interpretation of these findings is challenging in the absence of corroborating data from the CSF, peripheral blood, or brain parenchyma of the present cohort, we hypothesize that the present findings reflect a ChP compensatory mechanism that attenuates the detrimental effects of chronically altered pro-inflammatory signaling caused by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, peripherally and/or centrally. Together, these findings further implicate neuroimmune processes in the etiology of depression and suicide.

Transcriptome sequencing of the anterior cingulate in bipolar disorder: dysregulation of G protein-coupled receptors.

OBJECTIVE: Gene expression dysregulation in the brain has been associated with bipolar disorder through candidate gene and microarray expression studies, but questions remain about isoform-specific dysregulation and the role of noncoding RNAs whose importance in the brain has been suggested recently but not yet characterized for bipolar disorder. METHOD: The authors used RNA sequencing, a powerful technique that captures the complexity of gene expression, in postmortem tissue from the anterior cingulate cortex from 13 bipolar disorder case subjects and 13 matched comparison subjects. Differential expression was computed, and a global pattern of downregulation was detected, with 10 transcripts significant at a false discovery rate ≤5%. Importantly, all 10 genes were also replicated in an independent RNA sequencing data set (N=61) from the anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS: Among the most significant results were genes coding for class A G protein-coupled receptors: SSTR2 (somatostatin receptor 2), CHRM2 (cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 2), and RXFP1 (relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1). A gene ontology analysis of the entire set of differentially expressed genes pointed to an overrepresentation of genes involved in G protein-coupled receptor regulation. The top genes were followed up by querying the effect of treatment with mood stabilizers commonly prescribed in bipolar disorder, which showed that these drugs modulate expression of the candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS: By using RNA sequencing in the postmortem bipolar disorder brain, an interesting profile of G protein-coupled receptor dysregulation was identified, several new bipolar disorder genes were indicated, and the noncoding transcriptome in bipolar disorder was characterized. These findings have important implications with regard to fine-tuning our understanding of the bipolar disorder brain, as well as for identifying potential new drug target pathways.

Bioactive Lipidic Extracts from Octopus (Paraoctopus limaculatus): Antimutagenicity and Antiproliferative Studies.

Fractions from an organic extract from fresh octopus (Paraoctopus limaculatus) were studied for biological activities such as antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties using Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 with metabolic activation (S9) and a cancer cell line (B-cell lymphoma), respectively. A chloroform extract obtained from octopus tentacles was sequentially fractionated using thin layer chromatography (TLC), and each fraction was tested for antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities. Organic extract reduced the number of revertants caused by aflatoxin B(1) showing a dose-response type of relationship. Sequential TLC fractionation of the active extracts produced several antimutagenic and/or antiproliferative fractions. Based on the results obtained, the isolated fractions obtained from octopus contain compounds with chemoprotective properties that reduce the mutagenicity of AFB(1) and proliferation of cancer cell lines.

Características de la Tuberculosis en niños menores de 15 años durante las gestiones 2009 -2010 en el Hospital del niño/a "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel" / Tuberculosis characteristics in children under 15 years efforts during 2009-2010 at "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel" child's hospital

La infección por Micobacterium tuberculosis constituye un problema frecuente en nuestra sociedad representando una de las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas de alta prevalencia en niños menores de 15 años. Se realizó un estudio de las características sociales como la procedencia de los casos y características personales como género, y edad de la enfermedad tomando en cuenta: tipo de presentación, complicaciones primarias o tardías, vías de transmisión y el tipo de diagnóstico en menores de 15 años de edad que fueron diagnosticados con tuberculosis (TB) durante las gestiones 2009 - 2010 en el Hospital del niño/a "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel", Cercado - Cochabamba. El estudio fue descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estableció el universo de 1444 casos registrados para atención en el servicio de consulta externa en menores de 15 años. El diagnóstico realizado para la detección de TB fue 100% mediante baciloscopía directa. Entre los resultados representativos, observamos que 54% de los casos corresponden al sexo femenino y los meses Marzo y Noviembre del 2009 y Noviembre de 2010 presentan un mayor número de casos, siendo la procedencia de los menores; zonas periurbanas (46%), zona rural con 38% y la zona central con 7%. Observando las características sociales y de presentación de la enfermedad podemos concluir que la condición social-económica son factores que agravan la prevalencia de esta enfermedad. La incidencia real de los casos que cursan con tuberculosis en menores de 15 años es una situación muy delicada, ya que la mayoría de los casos pueden ser diagnosticados como falsos positivos.

Infection with M.Tuberculosis is a common problem in our society it represents one of the infectious diseases of high prevalence in children under 15 years. A study of the social and the relevance of the cases, personal characteristics such as gender, age and disease, type of presentation, primary or delayed complications, modes of transmission and type of diagnosis in children under 15 years who were diagnosed with TB during 2009-2010 in the Hospital efforts of the child "Manuel Ascencio Villarroel," Cochabamba. The study was cross sectional. It established the universe of 1444 cases registered for care in the outpatient service under 15 years. Among the representative results, we note that 54% of cases are female and the months of March and November 2009 and November 2010 have a higher number of cases. As the origin of minors, peri-urban areas (46%), rural area with 38% and the central area with 7%. The diagnostic method for detection of tuberculosis was 100% by direct smear. Noting the social and presentation of the disease we can conclude that the social-economic statuses are factors that increase the prevalence of this disease.The actual incidence of tuberculosis cases that developed in children under 15 years is a very delicate situation, as most cases can be diagnosed as false positives.

Incidencia de niños con maltrato de enero 2008 - julio 2009 en la Defensoria de la niñez / Children’s incident with mistreatment of january 2008 to july 2009 in the defender of the childhood

El maltrato infantil - adolescente es un problema de suma importancia en la sociedad boliviana. Se realizó un estudio del número de denuncias registradas desde Enero 2008 al 1-julio 2009 en la Defensoría de la Niñez y Adolescencia de la provincia Cercado-Cochabamba. El estudio fue descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estableció que de 2392 casos registrados, 1956 niños- adolescentes de 0-15 años, predominan menores de 5 años; 52% pertenecían al sexo masculino que sufrieron algún tipo de maltrato, como: maltrato físico, psicológico, sexual, ausencia de reconocimiento de afiliación y utilización de la menor en conflictos familiares. Los resultados más destacados fueron: inserción escolar de niñas de 6 a 11 años (2008) con 52,83% y 58,39% de niños de la misma edad en el 2009. Dentro de niños y adolescente que trabajan tenemos que 1,03% de 14-15 años trabajan dependientemente (2008) y 0,8% entre 12 y 13 años (2009). En los casos registrados vemos que en un 22,44% los denunciados son hombres (2008) de edades 26-39 años y un 25,74%(2009) entre madres y personas ajenas. El denunciante en la mayoría de los casos del 2008 corresponde parientes cercanos al agredido con 45.75% y 50.40 % de personas ajenas al agredido que realizaron la denuncia. La incidencia real del maltrato infantil es muy difícil de determinar; ya que la mayoría de las veces sólo se detectan los casos más graves y se determinó que el número de denuncias registradas no muestran un valor verdadero de lo que se vive en nuestra realidad.

The infantile mistreatment - teen is a problem of supreme importance in the Bolivian society. There fulfilled a study of the number of denunciations registered from January, 2008 to 1 - July 2009 in the Defender of the Childhood and Adolescence of the province Cercado-Cochabamba. The study was descriptive of transverse cut. It was found that of 2392 registered cases, 1956 children - 0-15-year-old teenagers, 5-year-old minors prevail; 52 % concerned to the masculine sex that they suffered some type of mistreatment, like: physical, psychological, sexual mistreatment, absence of recognition of filiation and utilization of minor in family conflicts. The most out-standing results were: girls' school insertion of 6 to 6 to 11 years (2008) with 52,83 % and 58,39 % of children of the same age in 2009. Inside children and teenager that they work we have that 1,03 14-15-year-old % works dependently (2008 and 0,8 % between 12 and 13 years (2009). In the registered cases we see that in 22,44 % the denounced ones are men (2008) of ages 26-39 years and 25,74 % (2009) between mothers and foreign persons. The claimant in most cases of 2008 corresponds relatives near to the attacked one with 45.75 % and 50.40 % of persons foreign to the attacked one that they realized the denunciation. The royal(real) incident of the infantile mistreatment is very difficult to determine; since the majority of the times only detect the most serious cases to themselves and one determined that the number of registered denunciations do not show a real value of what one lives in our reality.