A Three-Dimensional Approach To Male Chest Enhancement: A Surgical Algorithm Based On 300 Cases.

Gynecomastia is defined as a benign condition of the male caused by tissue overgrowth (Blau and Hazani in Plast Reconstruct Surg 135(2): 425-432, 2015). Its incidence ranges widely in the world population, ranging from 32 to 65% (Innocenti et al. in Ann Plast Surg 78(5):492-496, 2017). Pseudogynecomastia is a condition characterized by deposits of adipose tissue with alteration of the profile of the male thorax. It appears clinically similar to gynecomastia (Hoyos et al. in Plast Reconstr Surg 147:1072-1083, 2021). Several classification systems that characterize the severity of male breast hypertrophy have been described in the literature, and many surgical algorithms have been formulated for its treatment (Holzmer et al. in Plast Reconstruct Surg-Global Open 8:e3161, 2020). The purpose of this original article is to provide a comprehensive surgical algorithm for the management of male chest enhancement based on severity, as defined by the Moschella scale (Tambasco et al. in J Plast Reconstruct Aesthet Surg 90:99-100, 2024). A total of 300 patients treated for bilateral breast hypertrophy are included and reviewed in this retrospective study. Patients have been diversified according to the Moschella scale. For each grade up to grade III, two subgroups were distinguished: A) pinch test less than 0.7 cm and B) pinch test greater than 0.7 cm. For Grade IV, we distinguished: subgroup A) where the distance between the inframammary fold and the nipple was < 3 cm; and subgroup B) where the distance between the inframammary fold and the nipple was > 3 cm. We developed an algorithm, based on this experience, to help to choose the best surgical techniques to perform a three-dimensional result. All patients were treated using multiple surgical techniques. In all cases, we made a reduction in the hypertrophy of the chest, obtaining the three dimensionality. Associate techniques include ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL) and helium plasma radiofrequency technology (HPRF). A round block mastectomy (RBm) or skin-reducing mastectomy T inverted (SRM Tinv) is reserved only in limited cases.Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Hyaluronidase: A New and Powerful Ally for Post-Rhinoplasty Fibrosis.

Rhinoplasty outcome may depend on different factors: patient's selection, technique, surgeons' skills and patient's healing. Different surgical maneuvers can be performed in order to reduce post-operative risk of fibrosis such as dead spaces' closure, sub-perichondral and subperiosteal dissection and nasal ligaments preservation or reconstruction. However, in some patients, especially the ones with thick and sebaceous skin, these maneuvers may not be enough. Here we propose a new alternative to treat post-rhinoplasty fibrosis using a combination of Triamcinolone Acetonide and Hyaluronidase. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Alternative Hydration of the Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) to Reduce the Rate of Infection of Breast Reconstructions.

Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Longitudinal Ultrasound Study of Breast Implant Rupture Over a Six-Year Interval.

BACKGROUND: Silicone gel-filled implants as opposed to saline-filled breast implants are the most commonly used breast implants in Europe, and this has recently also become the case in the United States. Modern implants have a multiple layer silicone shell and high to very high levels of cohesive silicone gel inside. Although breast magnetic resonance imaging is at present considered the gold standard imaging method for breast implant rupture detection, breast ultrasound (US) imaging is still the first-step investigation in Europe. The aim of this study was to verify whether or not the stepladder sign at US is still associated to intracapsular rupture among the last generation silicone breast implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 156 patients presenting for breast augmentation, mastopexy with implants and breast reconstruction for a total number of 303 breast implants inserted were enrolled. A preoperative breast ultrasonography was performed, and patients underwent a routine US scan every 6 months for 24 months to evaluate the implant status. A final US evaluation 6 years after implantation was also performed. RESULTS: Stepladder signs were seen at 6 years in 170 implants (56%) of the examined implants at US scan, and only 2 implants showed signs of possible rupture because of severe distortion of the implant profile with or without external silicone collection. A third ruptured implant was detected at magnetic resonance imaging by the presence of breach of the shell at the posterior surface of the implant with small external silicon collection and was eventually confirmed at surgery. Therefore, the overall rupture rate found at the United States at 6 years was about 1% (3 of 303 implants). According to our findings, the stepladder sign at the United States is no longer associated to intracapsular rupture. CONCLUSIONS: Plastic surgeons, patients, and financial departments of hospitals would also be delighted to know that surgeons should not take patients back to theater for implant explantation when aging signs are not associated with a visible breach of the implant shell or external silicone collections.