Oncological outcomes of prophylactic urethrectomy at the time of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: A nationwide multi-institutional study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of prophylactic urethrectomy (PU) on oncological and perioperative outcomes in patients with bladder cancer (BC) undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed data on 1976 evaluable patients with BC who underwent RC. Patients were drawn from 36 institutions within the Japanese Urological Oncology Group. Oncological outcomes were compared using restricted mean survival times (RMSTs) based on inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves for non-urinary tract recurrence-free survival (NUTRFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Interaction terms within IPTW-adjusted Cox regression models were examined to assess the heterogeneity of treatment effect based on the risk of urethral recurrence (UR). The association between PU, estimated blood loss (EBL), and the incidence of severe postoperative surgical complications (SPSCs) (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or higher) was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 1976 patients, 1448 (73.3%) received PU. IPTW adjustment was used to balance baseline characteristics between the treatment groups. Within the 107-month window of patient monitoring, PU showed no survival benefits (NUTRFS difference: 0.2 months [95% confidence interval: -6.8 to 7.3]; CSS, 1.2 [-4.9 to 7.3]; OS, 0 [-6.5 to 6.5]). No significant interactions were observed with factors associated with UR, and PU was associated with unfavorable perioperative outcomes (EBL, 1179 mL vs. 983 mL; SPSC, 14.6% vs. 7.0%). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that (1) PU was not associated with survival in patients with BC undergoing RC, regardless of UR-associated factors, and (2) PU was associated with unfavorable perioperative outcomes.

A surgical checklist for optimizing the quality and outcomes of transurethral resection of bladder tumors: A literature review.

To preserve the bladder without compromising survival, further treatments need to be optimized to prevent the recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. In clinical practice, transurethral resection of bladder tumors is essential for bladder cancer management. The primary goal of surgery is to achieve accurate pathological evaluation and complete resection of bladder cancer; high resection quality is required for the procedure. A representative surrogate indicator of the resection quality is the presence of the detrusor muscle in the resection specimen. Therefore, complete visual resection of bladder cancer with a muscle layer is crucial for decreasing the recurrence and progression rates of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, this procedure is complex and requires sufficient experience and knowledge to be performed thoroughly, safely, and efficiently. Surgical checklists represent an approach to filling the knowledge and experience gaps and improving the quality and safety of surgery. By checking items during transurethral resection, it is expected that the recording of risk factors related to recurrence and progression will improve, the rate of visually complete resection with muscles will increase, and the rate of intravesical recurrence will decrease. The simplicity of checklists is an additional benefit. In recent years, surgical checklists have received increasing attention in order to achieve high-quality resections and reduce disparities between surgeons and institutions. This literature review outlines the evolving treatment strategies for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, focusing on surgical checklists for the transurethral resection of bladder tumors.

Impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and urologists' treatment behaviors: A single tertiary center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic affected the outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and urologists' treatment behaviors. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the medical records of 208 patients who had undergone RARP between August 2017 and December 2022. We compared the rate of preoperative androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), waiting period for RARP, patients' baseline characteristics and quality of life (QOL), proportion of adverse pathology on the RARP specimen, rate of Gleason grade group upgrading from biopsy to the RARP specimen, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence-free survival between the pre-pandemic and pandemic groups. RESULTS: The rate of preoperative ADT was significantly higher during than before the COVID-19 pandemic (13.7% vs. 1.9%; p = 0.002). The baseline physical and mental QOL scores did not differ significantly between the groups. The proportion of D'Amico low-risk patients was significantly lower (13.6% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.005) and waiting period for RARP was significantly shorter (median 3.5 months vs. 4.0 months, p = 0.016) in the pandemic group than in the pre-pandemic group. There was no significant difference in the proportion of adverse pathology between the groups (p = 0.104); however, the upgrading rate was significantly higher in the pre-pandemic group (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in PSA recurrence-free survival between the groups (log-rank, p = 0.752). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic did not adversely affect the oncologic outcomes of RARP and QOL before RARP. However, it caused urologists to increase the use of preoperative ADT and to reserve RARP for higher-risk cases.

Usefulness of fluorescent ureteral catheter during laparoscopic residual ureterectomy.

Introduction: There have been reports of surgery for residual ureteral tumors, most of them involved open surgeries. Herein, we report a case of retroperitoneal scopic left ureteral resection and partial cystectomy, performed by placing a fluorescent ureteral catheter in the residual ureter. Case presentation: A 79-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of gross hematuria. He had undergone transperitoneal left radical nephrectomy due to angiomyolipoma 20 years ago. Computed tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid tumor in the left residual ureter. Retroperitoneal scopic residual ureterectomy has been performed. During the operation, a fluorescent ureteral catheter proved to be very helpful in detecting the ureter. Conclusion: A fluorescent ureteral catheter is considered to be a useful tool in laparoscopic surgery, especially in cases where identification of the ureter is expected to be difficult, such as the residual ureter in this case.

Treatment patterns and prognosis in patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-exposed high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a real-world data analysis.

PURPOSE: The International Bladder Cancer Group designated the subgroup that is resistant to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) but does not meet the criteria for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC as "BCG-exposed high-risk NMIBC" to guide optimal trial design. We aimed to investigate the treatment patterns and prognoses of patients with BCG-exposed NMIBC. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 3283 patients who received intravesical BCG therapy for NMIBC at 14 participating institutions between January 2000 and December 2019. Patients meeting the criteria for BCG-exposed and BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, as defined by the Food and Drug Administration and International Bladder Cancer Group, were selected. To compare treatment patterns and outcomes, high-risk recurrence occurring more than 24 months after the last dose of BCG was defined as "BCG-treated NMIBC." In addition, we compared prognoses between BCG rechallenge and early cystectomy in patients with BCG-exposed NMIBC. RESULTS: Of 3283 patients, 108 (3.3%), 150 (4.6%), and 391 (11.9%) were classified as having BCG-exposed, unresponsive, and treated NMIBC, respectively. BCG-exposed NMIBC demonstrated intermediate survival curves for intravesical recurrence-free and progression-free survival, falling between those of BCG-unresponsive and treated NMIBC. Among patients with BCG-exposed NMIBC, 48 (44.4%) received BCG rechallenge, which was the most commonly performed treatment, and 19 (17.6%) underwent early cystectomy. No significant differences were observed between BCG rechallenge and early cystectomy in patients with BCG-exposed NMIBC. CONCLUSIONS: The newly proposed definition of BCG-exposed NMIBC may serve as a valuable disease subgroup for distinguishing significant gray areas, except in cases of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

Prognostic impact of histological discordance between transurethral resection and radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact of histological discordance of subtypes (subtypes or divergent differentiation [DD]) in specimens from transurethral resection (TUR) and radical cystectomy (RC) on the outcome of the patients with bladder cancer receiving RC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed data for 2570 patients from a Japanese nationwide cohort with bladder cancer treated with RC between January 2013 and December 2019 at 36 institutions. The non-urinary tract recurrence-free survival (NUTR-FS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by TUR or RC specimen histology were determined. We also elucidated the predictive factors for OS in patients with subtype/DD bladder cancer. RESULTS: At median follow-up of 36.9 months, 835 (32.4%) patients had NUTR, and 691 (26.9%) died. No statistically significant disparities in OS or NUTR-FS were observed when TUR specimens were classified as pure-urothelial carcinoma (UC), subtypes, DD, or non-UC. Among 2449 patients diagnosed with pure-UC or subtype/DD in their TUR specimens, there was discordance between the pathological diagnosis in TUR and RC specimens. Histological subtypes in RC specimens had a significant prognostic impact. When we focused on 345 patients with subtype/DD in TUR specimens, a multivariate Cox regression analysis identified pre-RC neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and pathological stage as independent prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.016 and P = 0.001, respectively). The presence of sarcomatoid subtype in TUR specimens and lymphovascular invasion in RC specimens had a marginal effect (P = 0.069 and P = 0.056, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the presence of subtype/DD in RC specimens but not in TUR specimens indicated a poor prognosis. In patients with subtype/DD in TUR specimens, pre-RC neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and pathological stage were independent prognostic factors for OS.

Validation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer risk stratification updated in the 2021 European Association of Urology guidelines.

Objective: The objective of this study is to validate the predictive ability of the 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) risk model compared to that of existing risk models, including the 2019 EAU model and risk scoring tables of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico, and Japanese Nishinihon Uro-oncology Extensive Collaboration Group. Patients and methods: This retrospective multi-institutional database study included two cohorts-3024 patients receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment (BCG cohort) and 789 patients not receiving BCG treatment (non-BCG cohort). The Kaplan-Meier estimate and log-rank test were used to visualize and compare oncological survival outcomes after transurethral surgery among the risk groups. Harrell's concordance index (C-index) was used to evaluate the predictive ability of the models. Results: We observed a risk shift from the 2019 EAU risk grouping to the 2021 EAU risk grouping in a substantial number of patients. For progression, the C-index of the 2021 EAU model was significantly higher than that of the 2019 EAU model in both the BCG (0.617 vs. 0.572; P = 0.011) and non-BCG (0.718 vs. 0.560; P < 0.001) cohorts. According to the 2021 EAU model, 731 (24%) and 130 (16%) patients in the BCG and non-BCG cohorts, respectively, were considered to have a very high risk. Survival analysis showed no significant differences among the five very high-risk subgroups in both cohorts. A major limitation was potential selection bias owing to the retrospective nature of this study. Conclusions: The updated 2021 EAU model showed better stratification than the three existing risk models, especially for progression, in both cohorts, determining the most appropriate postoperative treatment and identifying patients requiring intensified surveillance or early cystectomy.

Impact of frailty on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in outpatients with prostate cancer: a cross-sectional study of patient-reported outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of frailty and its effects on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life among patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, questionnaires were administered to 254 outpatients who visited the Department of Urology at Kagawa University Hospital for prostate cancer; finally, 108 outpatients were analyzed. Frailty, cancer-related fatigue and quality of life were assessed using the G8 screening tool, Japanese version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory and Japanese version of the Short Form 8 Health Survey, respectively. We defined frailty based on a score ≤14 points and divided the patients into frailty and no-frailty groups. We also compared the severity of cancer-related fatigue and quality of life between groups. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty among 108 outpatients was 63%. Older age correlated with frailty severity (P = 0.0007) but not cancer-related fatigue severity (P = 0.2391). The proportion of patients on treatment or with metastasis was not significantly different between groups. The frailty group had higher cancer-related fatigue severity (P = 0.004) and decreased levels of general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work and enjoyment of life, especially on the Brief Fatigue Inventory subscale. The frailty group had lower physical and mental quality of life than the no-frailty group or general population. CONCLUSIONS: The frailty rate for these patients increased with age, exceeding 60% regardless of the treatment status, and was associated with worsened cancer-related fatigue severity and reduced quality of life. Our study highlights the importance of assessing frailty when selecting treatment, especially in older patients.

Peripheral neuropathy and nerve electrophysiological changes with enfortumab vedotin in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: a prospective multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Enfortumab vedotin is a novel antibody-drug conjugate used as a third-line therapy for the treatment of urothelial cancer. We aimed to elucidate the effect of enfortumab vedotin-related peripheral neuropathy on its efficacy and whether enfortumab vedotin-induced early electrophysiological changes could be associated with peripheral neuropathy onset. METHODS: Our prospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 34 patients with prior platinum-containing chemotherapy and programmed cell death protein 1/ligand 1 inhibitor-resistant advanced urothelial carcinoma and received enfortumab vedotin. The best overall response, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety were assessed. Nerve conduction studies were also performed in 11 patients. RESULTS: The confirmed overall response rate and disease control rate were 52.9% and 73.5%, respectively. The median overall progression-free survival and overall survival were 6.9 and 13.5 months, respectively, during a median follow-up of 8.6 months. The patients with disease control had significantly longer treatment continuation and overall survival than did those with uncontrolled disease. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 12.5% of the patients. The overall response and disease control rates were 83.3% and 100%, respectively: higher than those in patients without peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.028 and p = 0.029, respectively). Nerve conduction studies indicated that enfortumab vedotin reduced nerve conduction velocity more markedly in sensory nerves than in motor nerves and the lower limbs than in the upper limbs, with the sural nerve being the most affected in the patients who developed peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated the importance of focusing on enfortumab vedotin-induced neuropathy of the sural nerve to maximize efficacy and improve safety.

The impact of second transurethral resection on survival outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Several guidelines recommended that second transurethral resection should be performed in patients with diagnosis of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, therapeutic benefits of second transurethral resection before bacillus Calmette-Guérin intravesical instillation were conflicting amongst previous studies. We investigated the prognostic impact of second transurethral resection before bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included 3104 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who received bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillations between 2000 and 2019 at 31 collaborative institutions. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the risk factors of intravesical recurrence, disease progression, cancer-specific mortality and overall mortality. RESULTS: In the entire population, patients undergoing second transurethral resection (33%, 1026/3104) had a lower risk of intravesical recurrence on univariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.73-0.98, P = 0.027), although it did not remain significant on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.76-1.07, P = 0.24). Subgroup analysis revealed that, in pT1 patients (n = 1487), second transurethral resection was significantly correlated with a lower risk of intravesical recurrence on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.64-1.00, P = 0.048), but lower risks of disease progression (hazard ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.56-1.00, P = 0.049), cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.85, P = 0.007) and overall mortality (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.97, P = 0.027) on univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Second transurethral resection confers accurate pathological staging and could be used to safely select good candidates for intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation. We further confirm that second transurethral resection could confer an oncological benefit in pT1 bladder cancer patients treated by bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation, and so strongly recommend second transurethral resection in this patient population.

Comparison of perioperative outcomes and complications between intracorporeal, extracorporeal, and hybrid ileal conduit urinary diversion during robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a comparative propensity score-matched analysis from nationwide multi-institutional study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the impact of different urinary diversion (UD) techniques on the peri- and postoperative complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with ileal conduit. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 373 patients undergoing RARC with ileal conduit at 11 institutions in Japan between April 2018 and December 2021. Propensity score weighting was performed to adjust for confounding factors such as age, sex, body mass index, performance status, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, previous abdominal surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and preoperative high T stage (≥ cT3) and high N stage (≥ cN1). Perioperative complications were then compared among three groups: extracorporeal, intracorporeal, and hybrid urinary diversion (ECUD, ICUD, and HUD, respectively). RESULTS: A total of 150, 68, and 155 patients received ECUD, HUD, and ICUD, respectively. Bowel reconstruction time and UD time were significantly shorter in the ECUD group (p < 0.001), and console time was significantly longer and blood loss was significantly higher in the ICUD group (p < 0.001). For postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo Classification grade ≥ 3), surgical site infection (p = 0.004), pelvic abscess (p = 0.013), anastomotic urine leak (p = 0.007), and pelvic organ prolapse (p = 0.011) significantly occurred in the ECUD group. For all grades, ileus was more common in the HUD group, whereas anastomotic stricture was more common in the ECUD group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Severe complications did not increase after HUD and ICUD compared with ECUD; however, console time tended to be longer and blood loss was slightly higher during RARC.

Second-line Pembrolizumab for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Differences in Treatment Outcomes According to the Primary Site.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the difference in the clinical efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab between patients with metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), which includes renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma (UC) and ureteral UC, and those with metastatic lower tract urothelial carcinoma (LTUC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 752 patients who received pembrolizumab for the treatment of chemoresistant UC were retrospectively analyzed. We compared progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and adverse events (AEs) in patients with renal pelvic UC, ureteral UC, and LTUC. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 42.5 [interquartile range (IQR)=35.1-47.4] months. The primary tumor site was in the upper tract in 362 (48.1%) patients [renal pelvis, n=219 (60.5%); ureter, n=143 (39.5%)] and in the lower tract in 390 (51.9%) patients. The estimated glomerular filtration rate before pembrolizumab treatment in the UTUC group was significantly lower than that in the LTUC group (p<0.001). The median PFS in the UTUC and LTUC groups was 3.4 months, respectively (p=0.271). The median OS in the UTUC and LTUC groups was 10.1 months and 11.7 months, respectively (p=0.195). In an analysis of UTUC divided into renal pelvic UC, ureteral UC, and LTUC, patients with renal pelvic UC had a significantly poorer prognosis in comparison to the other two groups (p=0.041). The incidence of any-grade AEs (51.7% vs. 47.9%, p=0.343) and grade ≥3 AEs (12.2% vs. 12.8%, p=0.826) in the two groups was not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found between the UTUC and LTUC groups with regard to the oncological outcomes and safety of pembrolizumab. Patients with renal pelvic UC had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with other ureteral UCs and LTUCs.

Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid administration before transurethral resection of bladder tumor induces perioperative nausea and vomiting.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of photodynamic diagnosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid during transurethral resection of bladder tumors has been demonstrated, albeit with limited information regarding its side effects. This study aimed to clarify the impact of oral 5-aminolevulinic acid on perioperative nausea and vomiting (NV) for the first time in a real-world clinical practice setting. METHODS: Patients who underwent transurethral surgery at Kagawa University between April 2017 and March 2020 were included. Perioperative NV and antiemetic use status were prospectively assessed and compared between the patients who received oral 5-aminolevulinic acid and those who did not. Additionally, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting. RESULTS: Of 214 patients, 74 (34.6%) received oral 5-aminolevulinic acid preoperatively. The proportions of preoperative NV and antiemetic use in the patients who received 5-aminolevulinic acid were 9.5% and 4.1%, respectively, and higher than in those who did not (0% and 0%; P < 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). Postoperative NV (25.7%) and antiemetics use (8.0%) ratios in the patients who received 5-aminolevulinic acid were significantly different from those in the non-users group (3.6% and 2.1%, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Although no differences in risk factors were found for postoperative NV between the two groups, multivariate analyses indicated 5-aminolevulinic acid use as an independent predictive factor for postoperative NV (odds ratio, 11.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.98-33.3; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study clearly showed that oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid was associated with perioperative NV even without risk factors, highlighting the need for addressing its application.

A national questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists on treatment perspectives for elderly prostate cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study conducted a national questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists from a treatment perspective for older patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 922 teaching hospitals of the Japanese Urological Association. Questionnaire items included years of urologist experience, gender, workplace, treatment equipment owned, daily specialty practice area, urological cancer specialty, treatment reference items for older adults, upper age limit for radical treatment, medication, and two hypothetical cases of Gleason grade group 2 prostate cancer with or without oligometastasis. RESULTS: In total, 1732 questionnaires were analyzed, with responses evenly distributed across all age groups. Workplaces included general hospitals (49.4%), university hospitals (40.3%), and cancer centers (4.2%). Performance status was the most frequently mentioned treatment-related item, followed by comorbidities and cognitive function. In addition, geriatric assessment was used by only 13.3% of respondents. No upper age limit was found for total prostatectomy, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation. Anti-androgens, androgen receptor-axis-targeted agents, chemotherapy, poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors were selected by 6.8%, 35.6%, 47.3%, 89%, 62.8%, 24.7%, 41.9%, and 41.7% of the respondents, respectively. Response rates for administration of hormone therapy for hypothetical cases of Gleason grade group 2 prostate cancer with or without oligometastases were 96.8% and 61.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Less than 15% of urologists used geriatric assessments. Several responded that they would set age limits for highly invasive radical and systemic therapies.

Subsequent Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma Related to Worse Survival in Patients Treated with BCG.

Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is rare, and its incidence, clinical impact, and risk factors are not fully understood. To elucidate the clinical implications of UTUC after intravesical BCG therapy, this retrospective cohort study used data collected between January 2000 and December 2019. A total of 3226 patients diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and treated with intravesical BCG therapy were enrolled (JUOG-UC 1901). UTUC impact was evaluated by comparing intravesical recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) rates. The predictors of UTUC after BCG treatment were assessed. Of these patients, 2873 with a medical history that checked UTUC were analyzed. UTUC was detected in 175 patients (6.1%) during the follow-up period. Patients with UTUC had worse survival rates than those without UTUC. Multivariate analyses revealed that tumor multiplicity (odds ratio [OR], 1.681; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.005-2.812; p = 0.048), Connaught strain (OR, 2.211; 95% CI, 1.380-3.543; p = 0.001), and intravesical recurrence (OR, 5.097; 95% CI, 3.225-8.056; p < 0.001) were associated with UTUC after BCG therapy. In conclusion, patients with subsequent UTUC had worse RFS, CSS, and OS than those without UTUC. Multiple bladder tumors, treatment for Connaught strain, and intravesical recurrence after BCG therapy may be predictive factors for subsequent UTUC diagnosis.

C-reactive protein as a prognostic predictor for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy: A Japan Urological Oncology Group study analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prognosis of patients who underwent intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS: The clinicopathological data of 1709 patients with NMIBC who underwent initial intravesical BCG therapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumor were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the outcome of intravesical BCG therapy in a multicenter study conducted by the Japan Urological Oncology Group. The prognoses of these patients were analyzed to determine whether the biomarkers (CRP and NLR) could predict the efficacy of intravesical BCG therapy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the pretreatment CRP and NLR, with cutoff values defined as CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl and NLR ≥ 2.5, based on several previous reports. RESULTS: In the univariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence, cancer-specific survival, and bladder cancer (BC) progression, while NLR ≥ 2.5 was not significantly associated with patient prognosis. In the multivariable analysis, CRP ≥ 0.5 mg/dl was significantly associated with intravesical recurrence and BC progression. The concordance index was used to examine the accuracy in predicting recurrence and progression events. While CRP was slightly, though not statistically significant, inferior to the European Association of Urology risk classification, the combination of them showed improved predictive accuracy. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that CRP can be a prognostic factor after intravesical BCG therapy and may provide useful data for determining treatment and follow-up strategies for patients with NMIBC.

Active surveillance in younger patients with prostate cancer: clinical characteristics including longitudinal patient-reported outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the active surveillance continuation period, treatment intervention rate and health-related quality of life in younger patients. METHODS: we prospectively conducted a health-related quality of life survey of patients enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance-JAPAN study at Kagawa University between January 2010 and December 2020. Health-related quality of life was assessed by mail using a validated Japanese version of the Short-Form 8 Health Survey and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index at active surveillance enrolment and annually thereafter until discontinuation of active surveillance. We divided the patients into two groups, younger (aged <65 years) and older (aged ≥65 years), and compared the two groups. RESULTS: of the 84 patients, 22 were in the younger group. The active surveillance continuation period was shorter in the younger group than in the older group. The 3-year treatment intervention rate was higher in the younger group than in the older group. The majority of the reasons for definitive treatment were related to the protocol, which was similar in both groups (80 versus 76%). The sexual summary scores at active surveillance enrolment were higher in the younger group than in the older group. During active surveillance, the younger group and the older group showed no deterioration in all health-related quality of life scores compared with the scores at the enrolment of active surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: patient-reported health-related quality of life survey indicated that the health-related quality of life of younger Japanese patients was maintained over time during active surveillance, similar to that of older patients.

A national questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists on active surveillance for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a national questionnaire survey of Japanese urologists on active surveillance (AS) for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 922 Japanese Urological Association Teaching Base Hospitals. The items included were years of experience as a urologist, sex, workplace, treatment equipment owned, specialty area of daily practice, specialty area of urological cancer, and six hypothetical cases of AS. The cases were categorized by the following Gleason scores: 3 + 3 low risk of PCa, 3 + 4 intermediate risk, and 4 + 3 intermediate risk, with or without comorbidities for each case. Comorbidities were defined as cardiovascular diseases or illnesses warranting anticoagulant therapy. RESULTS: Altogether, 1962 questionnaires were analyzed. Responses were almost equally distributed among all age groups. Workplaces included general hospitals (49.4%), university hospitals (40.3%), and cancer centers (4.2%). Percentages of proposed AS for low risk/no comorbidity, low risk/with comorbidity, intermediate-risk 3 + 4/no comorbidity, intermediate risk 3 + 4/with comorbidity, intermediate risk 4 + 3/no comorbidity, and intermediate risk 4 + 3/with comorbidity were 90.5%, 90%, 39.5%, 48.7%, 15%, and 22%, respectively. Analysis of the correspondents' backgrounds showed that the more the urologists' years of experience, the less they were to advise AS of low-risk patients. In the presence of comorbidities, urologists across all age groups tended to propose AS, even in the same Gleason grade group. Cancer center urologists recommended AS more often than their counterparts at general and university hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 40% of urologists proposed AS for intermediate-risk cases, confirming that AS for intermediate-risk patients is being considered in Japan.

Real-world treatment patterns and oncological outcomes in early relapse and refractory disease after bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess real-world oncological outcomes between the radical cystectomy (RC) group and non-RC group for early relapse and refractory disease. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 953 patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who received bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at 31 affiliated hospitals from 2000 to 2019. Patients with missing data on the timing of failure were excluded and 871 patients remained eligible, of whom 447, 357, and 67 were classified as early relapse/refractory disease, intermediate/late relapse disease, and intolerant disease, respectively. For early relapse/refractory disease, patients were divided into two salvage treatment groups: RC and non-RC. The clinicopathological variables of each group were examined using Kaplan-Meier plots and proportional Cox hazard ratios with matched score analyses to compare oncological outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: Significantly worse progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were confirmed in the early relapse/refractory disease group compared to the intermediate/late relapse group. Of the 88 salvage patients in the RC group with early relapse/refractory disease, ≤pT1 was observed in 47, pT2 in 11, and ≥pT3 in 28 (two patients with unknown pT category). In early relapse/refractory disease, the RC group showed significantly high-risk tumor compared to the non-RC group. However, no significant difference was observed in CSS after matched score analyses (p = 0.45) between the RC and non-RC groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the RC group showed no significant superiority compared to the non-RC group in CSS for early relapse/refractory disease in terms of first salvage therapy.