Clinical Outcomes and Risk Stratification in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer Treated With New-Generation Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Optimal drug selection for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) remains unclear. We therefore assessed the clinical outcomes of mHSPC treated with new-generation androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARSIs) and identified risk factors associated with the prognosis of mHSPC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 324 patients with mHSPC who were treated with ARSIs, including abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, and apalutamide, between January 2018 and December 2022. In addition to assessing the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response and overall survival (OS) during ARSI treatment, we investigated several potential risk factors for a poor OS in patients with mHSPC. RESULTS: Patients with a ≥ 90% PSA reduction (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.58; P = .002) and those whose PSA declined to ≤ 0.2 ng/mL (HR: 0.22, 95% CI, 0.08-0.63; P = .005) showed significantly better OS than other patients. Gleason grade group 5 (GG5), presence of liver metastasis, and an LDH ≥ 250 U/L were identified as prognostic factors significantly associated with a poor OS, with HRs of 2.31 (95% CI, 1.02-5.20; P = .044), 7.87 (95% CI, 2.61-23.8; P < .001) and 3.21 (95% CI, 1.43-7.23; P = .005). CONCLUSION: We identified GG5, the presence of liver metastasis, and elevated LDH at the diagnosis as significant factors predicting the OS of mHSPC, but the choice of ARSIs did not affect the prognosis. The potential prognostic impact of these markers requires further investigation.

Adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: Surgical outcomes and preoperative risk factors for hemodynamic instability.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection for pheochromocytoma (PCC) is still challenging. This study assessed the perioperative outcomes of adrenalectomy for PCC and investigated the risk factors for intraoperative hemodynamic instability (HI). METHODS: This retrospective study included 571 patients with adrenal tumors who underwent adrenalectomy at Kobe University Hospital and other related hospitals between April 2008 and October 2023. The perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy were compared between PCC (n = 92) and non-PCC (n = 464) groups. In addition, we investigated several potential risk factors for intraoperative HI in patients with PCC (n = 107; open, n = 11; laparoscopic, n = 92; robot-assisted, n = 4). RESULTS: While patients with PCC had a significantly larger amount of blood loss in comparison to those with non-PCC (mean, 70 and 30 mL, respectively; p = 0.004), no significant difference was observed in the rate of perioperative grade ≥III complications (1.1% vs. 0.6%; p = 0.516), and no perioperative mortality was observed in either group. A tumor size of ≥40 mm, with preoperative hypertension and urinary metanephrines at a level ≥3 times the upper limit of the normal value, were found to be significant predictors of HI, with odds ratios of 2.74 (p = 0.025), 3.91 (p = 0.005), and 3.83 (p = 0.004), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that laparoscopic adrenalectomy for PCC may be as safe as that for other types of adrenal tumors and that large tumors and hormonally active disease may be risk factors for intraoperative HI. The optimal perioperative management for PCC with these risk factors should be established.

Efficacy of Combination Therapy With Radium-223 and Enzalutamide in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer With Bone Metastases.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Radium-223 therapy has been reported to improve prognosis in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and bone metastases. Occasionally, radium-223 and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) are used in combination for disease control, but the efficacy of this combination is unclear. This study assessed the efficacy of the addition of enzalutamide in patients treated with radium-223. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included patients with CRPC and bone metastases who were treated with radium-223 at our institution. Patients were assigned to the enzalutamide combination group or non-combination group. We compared progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the completion rate of radium-223 between the two groups. RESULTS: In total, 39 patients with CRPC were included in this retrospective study. The median follow-up duration was 8.8 months. The enzalutamide combination and non-combination groups included 22 (56.4%) and 17 patients (43.6%), respectively. Median PFS was 11.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI)=3.9-19.9] in the combination group, versus 3.0 months (95%CI=1.9-5.5) in the non-combination group (p=0.004). Median OS did not significantly differ between the groups. The radium-223 completion rate was higher in the combination group than in the non-combination group (72.7% vs. 35.3%, p=0.026). CONCLUSION: The combined use of enzalutamide with radium-223 therapy improved PFS and treatment completion rates in patients with CRPC and bone metastases. This combination may be associated with a more favorable prognosis.

Prognostic model using postoperative normalization of C-reactive protein levels in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

INTRODUCTION: To improve the prediction of outcomes in patients who will undergo radical nephroureterectomy (RN U) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), we investigated the preoperative prognostic factors and developed a risk classification model. METHODS: A total of 144 patients who underwent RNU with history of neither neoadjuvant nor adjuvant chemotherapy between 2008 and 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Associations between perioperative/clinicopathologic factors and outcomes, including cancer-specific survival (CSS), were assessed. We specifically focused on preoperative serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and its postoperative normalization. RESULTS: Non-normalization of postoperative serum CRP level and pathologic T3 stage were identified as independent predictive factors of shorter CSS in univariate and multivariate analysis (p=0.0150 and 0.0037, hazard ratio: 3.628 and 4.470, respectively). We classified the patients into three groups using these factors and found that five-year CSS was 88%, 42.5%, and 0% in the low-risk group (zero factors), intermediate-risk group (one factor), and high-risk group (two factors), respectively (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-normalization of postoperative serum CRP level and pathologic T stage were identified as independent postoperative prognostic factors in patients with UTUC who underwent RNU. These factors can stratify three prognostic groups and may help urologists in clinical decision-making for adjuvant therapy.

Multidisciplinary treatment for small cell carcinoma of the bladder: a case report.

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of bladder cancer. Most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, and its therapeutic strategy remains unestablished. Here, we report a case of bladder SCC in which multidisciplinary treatment has resulted in relatively long-term survival. A 68-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. A cystoscopy revealed an invasive bladder tumor. A transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed, and the pathological diagnosis was SCC. After systemic chemotherapy using etoposide and carboplatin and subsequent TURBT, a radical cystectomy and ileal conduit were performed. Three months postoperatively, the patient had a recurrence in the para-aortic lymph node. Systemic combination chemotherapy with carboplatin plus irinotecan (CBDCA + CPT-11) was administered, followed by amrubicin and an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In addition to this treatment, radiation therapy for the metastatic region led to the reduction of pain and shrinkage of the metastatic lesion. The patient survived for 2 years after the initial diagnosis. Our report indicates that multidisciplinary treatment can be effective for SCC of the bladder, and a therapeutic strategy including the identification of novel biomarkers should be established.

Prognostic factors among patients with pathological Grade Group 5 prostate cancer based on robot-associated radical prostatectomy specimens from a large Japanese cohort (MSUG94).

PURPOSE: There are no definitive prognostic factors for patients with pathological Grade Group 5 (pGG 5) prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing robot-associated radical prostatectomy (RARP). This study aimed to explore the prognostic factors among patients with pGG 5 PCa in a large Japanese cohort (MSUG94). METHODS: This retrospective, multi-institutional cohort study was conducted between 2012 and 2021 at ten centers in Japan and included 3195 patients. Patients with clinically metastatic PCa (cN1 or cM1) and those receiving neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapy were excluded. Finally, 217 patients with pGG5 PCa were analyzed. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 28.0 months. The 3- and 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) rates of the overall population were 66.1% and 57.7%, respectively. The optimal threshold value (47.2%) for the percentage of positive cancer cores (PPCC) with any GG by systematic biopsy was chosen based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that the prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis, pT, pN, positive surgical margins (PSMs), lymphovascular invasion, and PPCC were independent prognostic factors for BCRFS. A multivariate analysis revealed that PSMs and PPCC were independent prognostic factors for BCRFS. Using these two predictors, we stratified BCRFS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and castration-resistant PCa-free survival (CRPC-FS) among patients with pGG 5 PCa. CONCLUSION: The combination of PSMs and PPCC may be an important predictor of BCRFS, MFS, and CRPC-FS in patients with pGG 5 PCa undergoing RARP.

Therapeutic outcome of combination therapy using immune-checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for metastatic non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to clarify the therapeutic outcome of combination therapy using immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for meta-static non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC). METHODS: We have been retrospectively investigating the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in 36 patients with metastatic nccRCC undergoing combination therapy using two ICIs, ipilimumab plus nivolumab (ICI-ICI), and ICI plus TKI (ICI-TKI), at Kobe University and affiliated institutions since 2018. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse event (AE) were compared. RESULTS: The first-line regimen was ICI-ICI in 26 cases and ICI-TKI in 10 cases. The ORRs in the ICI-ICI and ICI-TKI groups were 34.6 and 30.0%, respectively (p=0.9433). The 50% PFS for the ICI-TKI group was 9.7 months, significantly longer than that for the ICI-ICI group (4.6 months, p=0.0499), and there was no significant difference in OS between groups (p=0.3984). There was no significant difference in the occurrence rate of AE for below grade 2 (p=0.8535), nor above grade 3 (p=0.3786) between the ICI-ICI and ICI-TKI groups. CONCLUSIONS: From our analysis of real-world data, a better outcome of PFS was expected in the ICI-TKI group compared with that in the ICI-ICI group, while there was no significant difference in OS or ORR.

Prognostic Importance of Lymphovascular Invasion for Specific Subgroup of Patients with Prostate Cancer After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (The MSUG94 Group).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether lymphovascular invasion (LVI) was associated with oncological outcomes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). METHODS: This retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted on 3195 patients with PCa who underwent RARP in nine institutions in Japan. The primary endpoints were the associations between biochemical recurrence (BCR) and LVI and between BCR and clinicopathological covariates, while the secondary endpoints were the association between LVI and the site of clinical recurrence and metastasis-free survival (MFS). RESULTS: In total, 2608 patients met the inclusion criteria. At the end of the follow-up period, 311 patients (11.9%) were diagnosed with BCR and none died of PCa. In patients with pathological stage T2 (pT2) + negative resection margins (RM-), and pT3+ positive RM (RM+), LVI significantly worsened BCR-free survival (BRFS). For patients with PCa who had pT3 and RM+, the 2-year BRFS rate in those with LVI was significantly worse than in those without LVI. Patients with LVI had significantly worse MFS than those without LVI with respect to pT3, RM+, and pathological Gleason grade (pGG). In multivariate analysis, LVI was significantly associated with BRFS in patients with pT3 PCa, and with worse MFS in PCa patients with pT3, RM+, and pGG ≥ 4. CONCLUSIONS: LVI was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and metastasis after RARP, particularly in patients with pT3 and RM+ PCa. Locally advanced PCa with positive LVI and RM+ requires careful follow-up because of the high likelihood of recurrence.

Incidence and risk factors of inguinal hernia after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in Japan (the MSUG94 group).

To investigate the incidence and risk factors of inguinal hernia (IH) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) using a multicentric database. The present study used a multicentric database (the MSUG94) containing data on 3,195 Japanese patients undergoing RARP between 2012 and 2021. Surgical procedures utilized for IH prevention were as follows: isolation of the vas deferens, transection of the vas deferens, isolation of the spermatic vessels, and separation of the peritoneum from the internal inguinal ring. The primary and secondary endpoints were IH-free survival and any association between post-RARP IH and clinical covariates. The prophylactic effect of the above procedures were also assessed. IH prevention was attempted in 1,465 (46.4%) patients at five of the nine hospitals. During follow-up (median 24 months), post-RARP IH developed in 243 patients. The post-RARP IH-free survival rates at years 1, 2, and 3 were 94.3%, 91.7%, and 90.5%, respectively. Old age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.037; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.014-1.061; p = 0.001), low BMI (HR 0.904; 95% CI 0.863-0.946: p < 0.001), and low hospital volume (HR 1.385; 95% CI 1.003-1.902; p = 0.048) were independently associated with IH development. None of the procedures for IH prevention were associated with IH development. Our findings may represent the current, real-world status of post-RARP IH in Japan. The prophylactic effects of the surgical procedures for IH prevention should be further investigated in well-designed, prospective studies to optimize the surgical technique.

Ureteral obstruction following transurethral resection of bladder cancer within the Hutch's diverticulum.

Here, we report a rare case of bladder cancer within the left congenital periureteral diverticulum, termed the Hutch's diverticulum. Following transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, repeated pyelonephritis was caused by stricture of the diverticulum orifice and ureter. We attempted transurethral dilation and ureteral stenting, but the obstruction did not improve. The patient's renal dysfunction showed gradual progression due to recurrent left pyelonephritis as well as the ureteral obstruction. Therefore, we finally performed a partial cystectomy, involving stricture and ureteral reimplantation. No tumor recurrence was observed over 39 months, and renal dysfunction did not progress following partial cystectomy.

Cine magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma arising from the inferior vena cava.

Introduction: Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava is associated with poor prognosis. Complete resection is the only curative treatment. We present a patient with this disease in whom cine magnetic resonance imaging was valuable in selecting the surgical strategy and mitigating invasiveness. Case presentation: A 68-year-old woman presented with right-sided abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed an 86 mm tumor in the right retroperitoneal space that extended into the inferior vena cava and reached superiorly to the right atrium. Percutaneous needle biopsy confirmed leiomyosarcoma. Cine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no adhesions between the tumor and the upper segment of inferior vena cava wall, nor with the right atrial wall, indicating resectability. Radical tumor resection was successfully performed without requiring thoracotomy. Conclusion: Cine magnetic resonance imaging appears to be useful in inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma for evaluating adhesions between the tumor and vessel wall.

Cine magnetic resonance imaging predicts thrombus adhesion in metastatic renal cell carcinoma with an inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: A case of pathological complete response with pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib.

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma with an inferior vena cava tumor thrombus is a challenging disease that requires a multimodal treatment approach. Pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib has displayed promising efficacy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Case presentation: A 61-year-old man was diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and a tumor thrombus adhering to the inferior vena cava wall by cine magnetic resonance imaging. After 6 months of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib therapy, tumor shrinkage was detected, excluding the advanced portion of the inferior vena cava thrombus, and nephrectomy and thrombectomy were performed. Adhesion of the tumor thrombus to the inferior vena cava wall was observed during surgery. Resection produced a remarkable pathological complete response with no viable cells in the resected specimens, including the thrombus site. Conclusion: This case highlights the potential of pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma with an inferior vena cava thrombus and the utility of cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating thrombus adhesion to the inferior vena cava.

Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma in real-world clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) using regimens including gemcitabine and platinum on the improvement of the prognosis of patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has been recently demonstrated. This study aimed to determine the utility of ACT for patients with locally advanced UTUC in real-world clinical practice and the differences in efficacy among regimens. METHODS: Of 206 UTUC patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy, 78 were pathologically diagnosed as T3 or higher and/or had pathologically identified lymph node metastasis; 36 in the ACT group and 42 in the non-ACT group were evaluated for patient background, recurrence, and prognosis. In the ACT group, either cisplatin (GC group, 12 cases) or carboplatin (GCa group, 24 cases) was administered as the platinum agent to be combined with gemcitabine. RESULT: The median patient age in the ACT group and that in the non-ACT group was 71 and 79 years, respectively (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between these two groups in terms of other patient parameters. The two- and five-year cancer-specific survival (CSS ) and the two- and five-year disease-free survival (DFS) for the ACT group were 81.7%, 66.0%, 60.6%, and 56.6%, respectively, and for the non-ACT group were 68.4%, 40.5%, 42.8%, and 29.3%, respectively (p=0.0399 for CSS and p=0.0814 for DFS). There was no significant difference in CSS and DFS between the GC group and GCa group (p=0.9846 and p=0.9389, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In real-world clinical practice in Japan, UTUC patients who receive ACT after radical nephroureterectomy may be expected to have better cancer control than those who do not receive ACT.

The Negative Impact of Inflammation-Related Parameters in Prostate Cancer after Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study in Japan (the MSUG94 Group).

Background and Objectives: We aimed to examine the relationship between the inflammation-related parameters, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the pathological findings and biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Materials and Methods: A retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients with PCa who underwent RARP at 10 institutes in Japan was conducted. This study enrolled 3195 patients. We focused on patients undergoing RARP who underwent the preoperative measurement of their inflammation-related parameters and who did not receive any neo- or adjuvant therapy. Data on the pre- and postoperative variables for the enrolled patients were obtained. The primary endpoint of this study was the association between BCR and the inflammation-related parameters after RARP. The secondary endpoint was the association between the inflammation-related parameters and the pathological diagnosis of PCa. Results: Data from 2429 patients with PCa who met the study's eligibility criteria were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 25.1 months. The inflammation-related parameters were divided into two groups, and cutoff values were determined based on the receiver operating characteristics. There were no statistically significant differences in biochemical recurrence-free survival for any of the parameters. In the univariate analysis, the NLR was predictive of pathological T3 and lymphovascular invasion; however, there were no significant differences in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The inflammation-related parameters did not significantly affect the incidence of BCR, at least among patients with PCa who underwent RARP.

Early and late urinary continence outcomes after unilateral and bilateral nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: A retrospective multicentre cohort study in Japan (the MSUG94 group).

BACKGROUND: The impact of unilateral and bilateral nerve-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (NS-RARP) procedures on continence and the time to continence recovery have not been established. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a total of 2801 patients who underwent RARP in 9 institutions. Procedures were classified as NS or non-NS; NS procedures were further classified as unilateral or bilateral. The recovery of continence was analysed using propensity score matching method. RESULTS: The pad-free rates at 12 months after surgery were higher in the NS group (95% confidence interval of odds ratio, 1.06-1.51). Pad-free rates at all time points within 12 months of surgery did not significantly differ between the unilateral and bilateral NS groups. CONCLUSIONS: NS-RARP resulted in better urinary continence outcomes than non-NS-RARP in the first 12 months after surgery. Urinary recovery rates did not significantly differ between unilateral and bilateral NS-RARP.

The impact of primary region resection on the therapeutic outcome of combination regimens for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between the therapeutic outcome of combination regimens, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The present study retrospectively assessed the association between treatment efficacy and prognosis with or without CN, and the timing of CN in 151 patients treated with combination regimens for mRCC who were categorized as intermediate/poor risk. The first-line regimens included the ICI-ICI and ICI-TKI regimens in 98 and 53 cases, respectively. In patients with recurrence after radical surgery (n=66), the 50% PFS times of the ICI-ICI and the ICI-TKI groups were 33.6 months and not reached (NR) (P=0.4032), respectively, and the 50% OS times were 53.7 months and NR (P=0.6886), respectively. Among the 38 patients with metastasis from the initial diagnosis who underwent upfront CN, the 50% PFS times of the ICI-ICI and the ICI-TKI groups were 10.5 and 8.2 months (P=0.5806), respectively, and the 50% OS times were NR and 15.8 months (P=0.0587), respectively. Among the 51 patients who did not receive upfront CN, the 50% PFS time of the ICI-TKI group was significantly higher than that in the ICI-ICI group (4.1 months and NR, respectively; P=0.0210), and the 50% OS times were 29.8 months and NR (P=0.7343), respectively. In conclusion, according to the analysis of real-world data, good therapeutic efficacy can be achieved with any regimen in patients with recurrence after radical surgery. In addition, improved results could be achieved through treatment with ICI-TKI in patients without upfront CN.

Significance of timing of therapeutic line on effectiveness of nivolumab for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the significance of therapeutic timing on the effectiveness of nivolumab for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Marterials and methods: Fifty-eight patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab monotherapy were retrospectively studied. Patients who were treated with nivolumab as second-line therapy were included in the second-line group, while the others were included in the later-line group. The clinicopathological characteristics, effects of nivolumab, and prognoses of these groups were compared. Results: Twenty and thirty-eight patients were included in the second-line and later-line groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the distribution of International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consotium risk and other clinicopathological characteristics between the 2 groups. The proportion of patients whose objective best response was progressive disease in the second-line group was significantly lower than that in the later-line group (15% vs. 50%, p = 0.0090). The 50% progression-free survival with nivolumab in the second-line group was significantly better than that in the later-line group (not reached and 5 months, p = 0.0018). Multivariate analysis showed that the second-line setting was an independent predictive factor for better progression-free survival (p = 0.0028, hazard ratio = 0.108). The 50% overall survival after starting nivolumab in the second-line and later-line groups was not reached and 27.8 months, respectively (p = 0.2652). Conclusions: The therapeutic efficacy of nivolumab as second-line therapy is expected to be better than that of later therapy.

Nomogram Predicting Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer in Patients with Clinically Organ-Confined Disease Who Underwent Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study in Japan (The MSUG94 Group).

PURPOSE: We created a clinically applicable nomogram to predict locally advanced prostate cancer using preoperative parameters and performed external validation using an external independent validation cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a retrospective multicenter cohort study of 3622 Japanese patients with prostate cancer who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at ten institutions, the patients were divided into two groups (MSUG cohort and validation cohort). Locally advanced prostate cancer was defined as pathological T stage ≥ 3a. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors strongly associated with locally advanced prostate cancer. Bootstrap area under the curve was calculated to assess the internal validity of the prediction model. A nomogram was created as a practical application of the prediction model, and a web application was released to predict the probability of locally advanced prostate cancer. RESULTS: A total of 2530 and 427 patients in the MSUG and validation cohorts, respectively, met the criteria for this study. On multivariable analysis, initial prostate-specific antigen, prostate volume, number of cancer-positive and cancer-negative biopsy cores, biopsy grade group, and clinical T stage were independent predictors of locally advanced prostate cancer. The nomogram predicting locally advanced prostate cancer was demonstrated (area under the curve 0.72). Using a nomogram cutoff of 0.26, 464 of 1162 patients (39.9%) could be correctly diagnosed with pT3, and 2311 of 2524 patients (91.6%) could avoid underdiagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a clinically applicable nomogram with external validation to predict the probability of locally advanced prostate cancer in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.