Eccentric, but not concentric muscle contraction induce inflammation and impairs fibrinolysis in healthy young men.

Different types of muscle contraction can cause different damage to the musculature and differences in inflammatory responses. Acute increases in circulatory inflammation markers can influence the crosstalk between coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, increasing the risk of thrombus formation and detrimental cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of concentric and eccentric exercise on hemostasis markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the relationship between these variables. Eleven healthy subjects with a mean age of 25.4 ± 2.8, non-smokers, with no history of cardiovascular disease and blood type O, randomly performed an isokinetic exercise protocol consisting of 75 concentric (CP) or eccentric (EP) contractions of knee extension, divided into five sets of 15 repetitions combined with 30-s rest. Blood samples for analysis of FVIII, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), and CRP were collected pre, post, 24 h, and 48 h after each protocol. Increased levels of CRP at 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.002), increased PAI-1 activity 48 h in EP versus CP (p = 0.044), and a reduction in t-PA at 48 h when compared with post-protocol in both protocols (p = 0.001). A correlation was found between CRP and PAI-1 at 48 h of PE (r2 = 0.69; p = 0.02). This study showed that both EP and CP increase the clotting process, albeit only the exercise performed eccentrically induces inhibition of fibrinolysis. This is possibly due to the increase in PAI-1 48 h after the protocol, which correlates with the increase in inflammation as demonstrated by the CRP levels.

Análise do perfil de resiliência psicológica de atletas amadores de beach tennis / Analysis of the psychological resilience profile of amateur beach tennis athletes / Análisis del perfil de resiliencia psicológica de deportistas aficionados al tenis playa

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o perfil da Resiliência Psicológica (RP) em praticantes amadores de Beach Tennis (BT) em eventos competitivos e estabelecer parâmetros iniciais de RP por categorias do BT. Participaram 50 atletas com idade de 37,4 ± 7,92 anos. As coletas foram feitas via Google Forms® entre os meses de março a maio de 2022 durante as competições realizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, sendo aplicada a Escala de Resiliência no Esporte (RS-Sp). O escore total da RS-Sp foi de 10,75 ± 1,57 pontos, sendo classificado como baixa, segundo o parâmetro para atletas brasileiros. Conclui-se o perfil de RPE em praticantes amadores de BT está abaixo do esperado para a medida podendo influenciar em menor capacidade de lidar com processos estressores advindos das situações esportivas (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify the profile of Psychological Resilience in amateur Beach Tennis practitioners in competitive events. Fifty athletes with age of 37.4 ±7.92 years participated. The Scale of Resilience in Sport (RS-Sp) was applied. The collections were made via Google Forms® between the months of March to May 2022 during the competitions held in the state of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The total score of the SR-Sp was 10.75, ±1.57 points (low SR-Sp) according to the parameter for Brazilian athletes. It is concluded that Beach tennis practitioners presented lower PR indexes than expected for athletes, which can influence in a lower capacity to deal with stressful processes arising from sportive situations (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil de la Resiliencia Psicológica (RP) en practicantes amateurs de Tenis Playa (BT) en eventos competitivos y establecer parámetros iniciales de RP para categorías de BT. Participaron 50 atletas con edad de 37,4 ± 7,92 años. Las colectas fueron realizadas vía Google Forms® entre los meses de marzo a mayo de 2022 durante competiciones realizadas en el Estado de Minas Gerais y Rio de Janeiro, siendo aplicada la Escala de Resiliencia en el Deporte (RS-Sp). La puntuación total de RS-Sp fue de 10,75 ± 1,57 puntos, siendo clasificada como baja, de acuerdo con el parámetro para los atletas brasileños. Se concluyó que los atletas de BT presentaron índices de RP inferiores a los esperados, lo que puede influir en una menor capacidad de lidiar con procesos estresantes derivados de situaciones deportivas (AU).

Moderate intensity cycling is better than running on recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of moderate intensity running and cycling on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage in men. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty volunteers were randomized in three groups [running (RG; n = 10), cycling (CG; n = 10) and control (CON; n = 10)] and were evaluated at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h of knee extensors' muscle damage protocol. CON performed passive recovery, while RG and CG performed active recovery immediately after the protocol, as well as 24 h and 48 h afterwards. MAIN OUTCOMES: (i) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); (ii) delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS); (iii) plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS: No group-by-time interaction was found in any outcome evaluated (p > 0.05). All groups presented decreases in MVIC and increases in DOMS (p < 0.001), without differences in CK and LDH. Compared with CON, exercise groups presented likely beneficial effects for LDH, while only CG had a likely beneficial effect for DOMS. Lastly, CG presented likely/very likely beneficial effects for MVIC and DOMS compared to RG. CONCLUSION: Although the null hypothesis analysis did not find differences, the magnitude-based inference analysis suggested that moderate intensity cycling have likely beneficial effects on knee extensor muscle recovery after eccentric exercise protocol.

Aerobic exercise improves postprandial inflammatory and hemostatic markers after a high-fat meal: a randomized crossover study.

Exercise intensity modulates postprandial lipemia. However, its effect on hemostatic and pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in the postprandial state is still unknown. Eleven young males performed a 2-day trial on different conditions: (i) REST: rest for 45 min; (ii) MIE: moderate-intensity exercise; and (iii) HIE: heavy-intensity exercise. Experimental conditions were performed in the evening. On the following morning, blood samples were taken in the fasted state (0 h) and at 1, 3, and 5 h after the consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were higher in the HIE vs. MIE trial at 0 and 1 h (p < 0.033) and IL-10 incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was greater in the MIE (p = 0.027) and HIE (p = 0.045) trials vs. REST. Lower levels of anti-coagulation factor VII (FVII) were observed at 1 h in the MIE condition vs. REST (p = 0.043). In comparison with REST, MIE improved hemostatic (FVII) and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10 iAUC) whereas HIE enhanced IL-10 in the postprandial state. Regardless of the exercise intensity, aerobic exercise mitigates the deleterious consequences of an HFM. Novelty: Prior aerobic exercise at moderate-intensity attenuates next day's postprandial FVII and IL-10 levels whereas exercise performed at heavy-intensity increases IL-10 levels. Moderate-intensity exercise may be more beneficial to improve hemostatic (FVII) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) responses while heavy-intensity exercise may improve anti-inflammatory (IL-10) levels only.

Correction to: Periodontal Disease Impairs Muscle Recovery by Modulating the Recruitment of Leukocytes.

The original version of this article contained mistakes, and the authors would like to correct them.

Effects of Traditional and Vascular Restricted Strength Training Program With Equalized Volume on Isometric and Dynamic Strength, Muscle Thickness, Electromyographic Activity, and Endothelial Function Adaptations in Young Adults.

Ramis, TR, Muller, CHdL, Boeno, FP, Teixeira, BC, Rech, A, Pompermayer, MG, Medeiros, NdS, Oliveira, ÁRd, Pinto, RS, and Ribeiro, JL. Effects of traditional and vascular restricted strength training program with equalized volume on isometric and dynamic strength, muscle thickness, electromyographic activity, and endothelial function adaptations in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 689-698, 2020-The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the acute and chronic effects of partial vascular occlusion training in young, physically active adults. Neuromuscular, morphological, and endothelial function responses were compared between high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT) and low-intensity resistance training with partial vascular occlusion (LI-BFR), despite the same training volume. The 28 subjects (age, 23.96 ± 2.67 years) were randomly assigned into 2 groups: LI-BFR (n = 15) and HI-RT (n = 13). Both groups performed unilateral exercise of elbow flexion (EF) and knee extension (KE) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. This study was approved by the ethics committee. Flow-mediated dilation showed a significant difference in baseline and post-training in the LI-BFR group (4.44 ± 0.51 vs. 6.35 ± 2.08 mm, respectively). For nitrite/nitrate concentrations only, there was a significant difference when comparing pre- and post-acute exercise in both groups. The torque and rep. Sixty percent 1 repetition maximum had improvements in both groups. There were differences between groups only in isometric delta EF and isokinetic delta KE (EF 3.42 ± 5.09 and 9.61 ± 7.52 N·m; KE 12.78 ± 25.61 and 42.69 ± 35.68 N·m; LI-BFR and HI-RT groups, respectively). There was a significant increase of muscle thickness in both groups. An increase of both isokinetic and isometric electromyography (EMG) of biceps of the HI-RT group was observed. The same was observed for the LI-BFR group regarding isokinetic and isometric EMG of vastus lateralis. Thus, in addition to strength and hypertrophy gains, this study also shows benefits related to vascular function. For practical applications, this study demonstrates a clinical importance of LI-BFR training as an alternative methodology.

Periodontal Disease Impairs Muscle Recovery by Modulating the Recruitment of Leukocytes.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of periodontal disease (PD) associated with physical exercise on inflammatory mediators and muscle repair. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (SH), healthy trained (TH), sedentary with PD (SP), and trained with PD (TP). PD was induced in groups SP and TP while the trained groups performed treadmill exercises for 8 weeks. For the analysis of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and leukocyte count, we collected blood samples. Cryolesions were induced in the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, which were analyzed for morphological changes. The presence of PD modified leukocyte counts, while exercise showed an additive role. PD increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and physical exercise changed only values of IL-10. The association between physical exercise and PD was responsible for an increased concentration of leukocytes in the region of the inflammation. Serum levels of inflammatory markers were modified by PD and, when combined with exercise, may negatively modulate inflammation. The association between PD and physical exercise showed the most significant changes in the number of inflammatory cells and may negatively influence the process of muscle repair.

Hypotensive response to continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval exercise matched by volume in sedentary subjects / Resposta hipotensiva ao exercício aeróbio contínuo e intervalado de alta intensidade pareados por volume em indivíduos sedentários

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for heart disease. Among the benefits linked to different modalities of physical exercise, post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a key point for exercise prescription in this condition. Objective: To investigate and compare PEH in response to continuous aerobic exercise (CONT) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matched by volume, in sedentary individuals. Methods: A randomized cross-over study, composed of sedentary, healthy male subjects submitted to two acute physical exercise protocols matched by volume, HIIE and CONT, on a treadmill. Hemodynamic measures for the evaluation of PEH were performed pre, immediately after exercise and every five minutes thereafter, during one hour of recovery. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used for comparisons between groups and Bonferroni post hoc test as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Both exercise protocols promoted significant PEH, with reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HIIE promoted a reduction of SBP and MAP at the 15th minute, whereas the same effect was observed at the 30th following CONT. Conclusion: Both HIIE and CONT, matched by volume, promote PEH of similar magnitude. However, PEH occurs earlier following HIIE, suggesting a better time /effectiveness ratio, and an additional beneficial effect of this modality

Influence of hand paddles and fins on blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion behavior / Influência do uso de palmares e nadadeiras no comportamento do lactato sanguíneo, da frequência cardíaca e do esforço percebido

Abstract - One of the great challenges for swim coaches is proper control of the training intensity. This issue is more complex when using equipment such as paddles and fins. Among intensity control parameters, blood lactate concentration is the standard for monitoring metabolic responses, and heart rate and perceived effort are practical and inexpensive methods. The aim of this study was to compare blood lactate concentration ([LA]), heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in swimming training series without equipment and with paddles and fins. We evaluated 11 swimmers on three different days during sessions in a series of 12 repetitions of 50 m in front crawl. The first session was performed without equipment, maintaining perception exertion at 15 (15 points) of the 6-20 point Borg scale. In the second and third sessions, athletes should swim in the series with: (i) paddles and (ii) fins, at the same swimming speed of the series without equipment, in random order. [LA], HR and RPE at rest (after warm-up and before swimming series) and after the sixth and 12th repetitions were measured and compared. The mean speed for all series was 1.30 ± 0.13 m.s-1; fins and paddles presented lower final [LA] (respectively, 5.9 ± 0.3 and 8.1 ± 0.4 mmol.l-1) and HR values (respectively, 161.1 ± 15, 5 161.1 and 170.3 ± 13.3 170.3 bpm) in comparison to series without equipment (respectively, 10.8 ± 0.7 mmol.l-1 and 178.2 ± 4.3 bpm). Fins had lower final RPE values (12.5 ± 0.6 points) in relation to series without equipment (15.8 ± 0.2 points) and similar values in relation to swimming with paddles. Swimming series with equipment produced lower physiological demands in relation to swimming without equipment if performed at the same swimming speed as swimming without equipment.

Resumo Um dos grandes desafios para treinadores de natação é o adequado controle da intensidade de treino. Essa questão é mais complexa quando utilizados equipamentos como palmares e nadadeiras. Dentre os parâmetros de controle de intensidade, a concentração sanguínea de lactato [LA] é padrão para acompanhamento de respostas metabólicas, e a frequência cardíaca (FC) e o esforço percebido (EP) são métodos práticos e baratos. Esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar a concentração sanguínea de lactato, a frequência cardíaca e o esforço percebido em série de treinamento de natação sem equipamentos, com palmares ou com nadadeiras. Foram avaliados 11 nadadores em três diferentes dias durante série de 12 repetições de 50 m nado crawl. A primeira foi realizada sem equipamentos mantendo a percepção relativa ao escore 15 da escala de 6 a 20 pontos de Borg. A segunda e terceira séries os atletas realizavam (i) utilizando palmares e (ii) utilizando nadadeiras, na mesma velocidade de nado da série sem equipamentos, em ordem aleatória. Foram mensuradas e comparadas [LA], FC e EP nos momentos repouso (pós-aquecimento e antes da série), após a sexta e a 12ª repetições. A velocidade média para todas as séries foi de 1,30 ± 0,13 m.s-1; nadadeiras e palmares apresentaram menores valores finais de [LA] (respectivamente, 5,9 ± 0,3 e 8,1 ± 0,4 mmol.l-1) e de FC (respectivamente, 161,1 ± 15,5 e 170,3 ± 13,3 bpm) em relação ao nado sem equipamentos (respectivamente, 10,8 ± 0,7 mmol.l-1 e 178,2 ± 4,3 bpm). O nado com nadadeiras apresentou menores valores finais de EP (12,5 ± 0,6 pontos) em relação ao nado sem equipamentos (15,8 ± 0,2 pontos) e similares valores em relação ao nado com palmares. Séries de natação com equipamentos produzem menores demandas fisiológicas em relação ao nado sem equipamentos se realizadas na mesma velocidade de nado que o nado sem equipamentos.

Combined and Isolated Effects of Alcohol Intake and One Night of Sleep Deprivation on Mood States, Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Male Adults: a Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial.

Alcohol (ALC) intake and sleep deprivation (SDP) are conditions that cause changes in the physiological status. However, the relationship between biological markers and mood states is not entirely clear yet. The purpose of the study was to compare isolated and combined effects of ALC intake and SDP on hormonal and inflammatory responses and in changes in the state of mood. Also, we intended to explain possible changes in mood states through biochemical variations using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Ten healthy male were randomized in four situations: (1) placebo intake + normal sleep (PLA + SLE); (2) ALC intake + SLE; (3) PLA intake + SDP; (4) ALC intake + SDP. While subjects ingested ALC (1 g/kg of beer), PLA intake was a non-alcoholic beer. The subjects had one night of SLE or were subjected to SDP in the lab for 8 h. After each experimental condition, morning blood samples were taken for assessments of serum levels of glucose, cortisol, testosterone, epinephrine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The subjects were also asked to fill in a Profile of Mood State questionnaire. The results showed that the glucose level was significant lower in ALC + SDP compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Total Mood Disturbance was lower in ALC + SDP and PLA + SDP compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Fatigue was higher under SDP conditions compared to PLA + SLE. Vigor was lower under the ALC + SDP condition compared to the PLA + SLE condition. Regression analysis showed that Total Mood Disturbance and fatigue under ALC + SDP were associated with changes in the cortisol levels. Our results showed that combined and isolated ALC intake and one night of SDP did not change the hormonal and inflammatory responses tested, and the combined effects caused a reduction in the glucose levels. Vigor, fatigue and Total Mood Disturbance were affected by each condition. Furthermore, Total Mood Disturbance and fatigue were possibly explained by changes in the cortisol levels in the combined condition.

Altered extracellular ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis in blood serum of sedentary individuals after an acute, aerobic, moderate exercise session.

Nucleotidases participate in the regulation of physiological and pathological events, such as inflammation and coagulation. Exercise promotes distinct adaptations, and can influence purinergic signaling. In the present study, we investigated soluble nucleotidase activities in the blood serum of sedentary young male adults at pre- and post-acute moderate aerobic exercise. In addition, we evaluated how this kind of exercise could influence adenine nucleotide concentrations in the blood serum. Sedentary individuals were submitted to moderate aerobic exercise on a treadmill; blood samples were collected pre- and post-exercise, and serum was separated for analysis. Results showed increases in ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis post-exercise, compared to pre-exercise values. The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase was also evaluated, showing an increased activity post-exercise, compared to pre-exercise. Purine levels were analyzed by HPLC in the blood serum, pre- and post-exercise. Decreased levels of ATP and ADP were found post-exercise, in contrast with pre-exercise values. Conversely, post-exercise levels of adenosine and inosine increased compared to pre-exercise levels. Our results indicate an influence of acute exercise on ATP metabolism, modifying enzymatic behavior to promote a protective biological environment.

Estresse oxidativo e a função endotelial: efeitos do exercício físico associado à lipemia pós-prandial / Oxidative stress and endothelial function: effects of physical exercise on results of postprandial lipemia

Estratégias que possam prevenir o aparecimento da aterosclerose são de extrema importância para a saúde pública. O aumento da lipemia pós-prandial tem sido investigado, dentre os fatores de risco modificáveis para o desenvolvimento dessa doença, pois pode induzir dano oxidativo e disfunção endotelial. Nesse sentido, o exercício físico é indicado na prevenção do desenvolvimento desses fatores de risco. Esta revisão tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento e comparar os estudos publicados na literatura acerca dos efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico associado à lipemia pós-prandial sobre o estresse oxidativo e a função endotelial. A busca foi realizada nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, compreendendo trabalhos publicados até fevereiro de 2015. Com base nos estudos selecionados, conclui-se que os efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico podem ser capazes de atenuar os parâmetros de risco cardiovascular após o consumo de refeição hiperlipídica.

It is extremely important for public health to identify strategies that can prevent development of atherosclerosis. There are several modifiable metabolic risks that can induce onset of this disease, but the most investigated of these risk is increased postprandial lipemia after a high fat meal because this factor can increase oxidative damage and endothelial dysfunction. Physical exercise is indicated for prevention of development of these risk factors. The objective of this study was to search the literature for published studies investigating the acute and subacute effects on oxidative stress and endothelial function of physical exercise associated with postprandial lipemia and compare their results. Articles published up to February 2015 in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included. After an extensive review, it was concluded that the acute and subacute effects of physical could be capable of attenuating parameters of cardiovascular risk after consumption of a high fat meal.

The influence that hepatic cirrhosis provides in exercise capacity and muscle strength: a review / Influência da cirrose hepática na potência aeróbia e força muscular: uma revisão

AbstractIntroduction Hepatic cirrhosis leads to a series of physiological changes, among which stand out cardiorespiratory and muscle impairments. These changes determine a negative impact on quality of life and may cause physical inactivity.Objective The objective of this study was to review, in the most current scientific literature, the influence that hepatic cirrhosis provides in exercise capacity and muscle strength, and the effect of exercise when applied to this situation.Materials and methods For this review, research on original studies was carried out on Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (assessed by PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science between the years 1990 to 2015. In order to be included, studies had to meet the following criteria: a) be from original articles; b) evaluate exercise capacity or muscle strength; and c) provide relevant results.Results and Discussion : The majority of studies concluded that the exercise capacity and muscle strength are decreased in individuals with cirrhosis when compared to control subjects.Final considerations Hepatic cirrhosis has negative effect on cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular capacity during physical exercise in individuals with liver disease.

ResumoIntrodução A cirrose hepática acarreta uma série de alterações fisiológicas, dentre as quais se destacam as alterações cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares. Estas determinam um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, induzindo a inatividade física.Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar, na literatura científica, a influência que a cirrose hepática tem na potência aeróbia e na força muscular esquelética, bem como o efeito do exercício físico aplicado nessa situação.Materiais e métodos Foram investigadas as principais revistas que compõem as bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) (acessada via PubMed), Scopus e Web of Science publicados entre 1990 e 2015. Para serem incluídos, os estudos deveriam preencher os seguintes critérios: a) ser oriundo de artigos originais; b) avaliar potência aeróbia ou força muscular; e c) apresentar resultados relevantes.Resultados e discussão A maioria dos estudos concluiu que a potência aeróbia e a força muscular encontram-se diminuídas em indivíduos com cirrose quando comparadas com as de sujeitos não portadores da doença.Considerações finais A cirrose hepática tem efeito negativo nas capacidades cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares durante o exercício físico em indivíduos acometidos pela doença.

High-volume resistance training reduces postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 11 weeks of low-volume resistance training (LVRT) and high-volume resistance training (HVRT) on muscle strength, muscle thickness (MT), and postprandial lipaemia (PPL) in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six healthy and untrained postmenopausal women (age, 58.9 ± 5.8 years; 68.6 ± 10.3 kg; and BMI, 26.9 ± 4.8 kg · m(-2)) participated in resistance training 3× per week for 11 weeks (HVRT = 12; LVRT = 13; and control group = 11). Biochemical variables, both pretraining and post-training, were evaluated 16 h after the administration of an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and metabolic variable during [energy expenditure (EE)] and after training session [excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)]. Muscle strength (1 RM) and MT were also calculated, and no significant differences were observed between the groups for PPL (mmol · L(-1) per 5 h) as measured by glucose, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. EE total (EE + EPOC; 6.12 ± 1.21 MJ vs. 2.26 ± 0.85 MJ), resting fat oxidation (5.52 ± 1.69 g · h(-1) vs. 4.11 ± 1.12 g · h(-1)); MT (vastus medialis, 21.4 ± 1.8 mm vs. 18.4 ± 1.2 mm and vastus lateralis 22.3 ± 1.2 mm vs. 20.8 ± 1.3 mm); triacylglycerol (TAG) 0, 1, 2, 4; and 5 h after OFTT, TAG area under the curve (AUC) (5.79 ± 0.42 vs. 7.78 ± 0.68), and incremental AUC (-46.21 ± 14.42% vs. 7.78 ± 4.68%) were all significantly different post-training for HVRT versus LVRT, respectively (P < 0.05). The results of this investigation suggest that HVRT reduces PPL in postmenopausal women.

Validation of predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in eutrophic and obese subjects / Validação de equações de predição da taxa metabólica basal em sujeitos eutróficos e obesos

Prediction equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) continue to be the most common clinical tool for diet prescription; however, the values estimated may differ from those measured by indirect calorimetry (IC), especially in obese subjects. The objective of this study was to determine the BMR of obese and eutrophic subjects by IC, and to compare the results obtained with those estimated by prediction equations in order to identify whether differences exist between predicted values and those measured by IC. Forty men aged 18 to 30 years were evaluated; of these, 20 were grade 1 obese and 20 were eutrophic. The agreement between the prediction equations and IC was evaluated using Bland-Altman (1986) plots. The results showed a variation between the prediction equations and IC of -19.6% to -91% in obese subjects and of 4.2% to 4.4% in eutrophic subjects. In both groups, the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation (1990) was the most accurate, with a difference of -9.1% compared to IC in obese subjects and of 0.9% in eutrophic subjects. This study indicates the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation to be the most adequate to estimate BMR. However, it is important to measure the BMR of obese subjects more accurately and safely in order to establish the best intervention based on physical exercise and healthy eating.

Equações de predição para taxa metabólica basal (TMB) são amplamente utilizadas para prescrição dietética, porém podem apresentar valores diferentes daqueles medidos por calorimetria indireta (CI), principalmente, em indivíduos obesos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os valores de TMB por meio da CI em indivíduos obesos de grau I e eutróficos e comparar com os resultados obtidos pelas equações de predição, a fim de identificar se existe discrepância nos valores obtidos entre o medido pela CI e o estimado pelas equações. O estudo avaliou 40 homens entre 18 e 30 anos, sendo 20 eutróficos e 20 obesos grau I. Foi verificado o grau de concordância entre as equações e CI por meio da metodologia sugerida por Bland e Altman (1986). Os resultados mostram a variação entre os métodos de predição de -19,6% a -9,1%, quando comparadas a CI nos sujeitos obesos, e de -4,2% a 4,4% nos eutróficos. Em ambos os grupos, a equação que mais se aproxima da estimativa real é a de Miflin St. Jeor (1990), com -9,1% de diferença da CI nos sujeitos obesos e 0,9% nos eutróficos. Desta forma, o presente estudo indica a utilização da equação de Mifflin St. Jeor (1990) para estimar a TMB. Entretanto, é fundamental que se consiga medir a TMB de sujeitos obesos de maneira mais precisa e segura, para melhor conduzir a intervenção baseada em exercícios físicos e boa alimentação.

Acute exercise in treated phenylketonuria patients: Physical activity and biochemical response.

BACKGROUND: In phenylketonuria, dietary treatment prevents most of the severe brain disease. However, patients have to follow a diet restricted in several natural components, what may cause decreased bone density and obesity. Exercise is known to improve both mental functioning and bone density also avoiding obesity, and could optimize aspects of central and peripheral outcome, regardless changes in phenylalanine (Phe) levels. However, the acute effects of exercise on metabolic parameters in phenylketonuria patients are unknown and thereby long-term adaptations are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate patients' basal metabolic rate (BMR), and their acute response to an aerobic exercise session on plasma concentrations of Phe, tyrosine (Tyr), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), as well as metabolic and hormonal responses. METHODS: Five early- and four late diagnosed phenylketonuria patients aged 21 ± 4 years and 17 sex-, age-, and BMI-matched controls were evaluated for BMR, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and plasma amino acid, glucose, lipid profile and hormonal levels. At least one week later, participants performed a 30-min aerobic exercise session (intensities individually calculated using the VO2peak results). Blood samples were collected in fasted state (moment 1, M1) and immediately after a small breakfast, which included the metabolic formula for patients but not for controls, and the exercise session (moment 2, M2). RESULTS: Phenylketonuria patients and controls showed similar BMR and physical capacities. At M1, patients presented higher Phe concentration and Phe/Tyr ratio; and lower levels of BCAA and total cholesterol than controls. Besides that, poorly controlled patients tended to stay slightly below the prescribed VO2 during exercise. Both patients and controls showed increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL at M2 compared with M1. Only controls showed increased levels of Tyr, lactate, and HDL; and decreased Phe/Tyr ratio and glucose levels at M2 compared to values at M1. CONCLUSIONS: Acute aerobic exercise followed by a Phe-restricted breakfast did not change Phe concentrations in treated phenylketonuria patients, but it was associated with decreased Phe/Tyr only in controls. Further studies are necessary to confirm our results in a higher number of patients.

Concurrent strength and endurance training exercise sequence does not affect neuromuscular adaptations in older men.

Concurrent training is an effective method for increasing skeletal muscle performance in aging individuals, but controversy exists as to whether chronic neuromuscular and functional adaptations are affected by the intra-session exercise sequence. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concurrent endurance and power-like strength training exercise sequence on muscular and functional adaptations of older participants. Thirty-six healthy older men not engaged in systematic exercise training programs for at least 6 months were divided into a control group (CON; 65.8±5.3 years), or in the training groups: endurance-strength (ES; 63.2±3.3 years), or strength-endurance (SE; 67.1±6.1 years). Training groups underwent 12 weeks of concurrent endurance and power-like strength training, starting every exercise session with either endurance (in ES) or strength (in SE) exercises. Measurements included knee extension one repetition maximum (1RM), knee extension power, 30 second sit-to-stand test (30SS), maximum vastus lateralis surface electromyographic activity, and rectus femoris echo intensity (RFEI). Significant increases in maximal strength (ES +18±11.3%; SE +14.2±6.0%; p≤0.05), peak power (ES +22.2±19.4%; SE +26.3±31.3%; p≤0.05), and 30SS performance (ES +15.2±7.2%; SE +13.2±11.8%; p≤0.05) were observed only in the training groups, with no differences between ES and SE. Maximum muscular activity was greater after 12weeks at training groups (p≤0.05), and reductions in RFEI were found only in ES and SE (p≤0.05). These results demonstrate that concurrent strength and endurance training performed twice a week effectively increases muscular performance and functional capacity in older men, independent of the intra-session exercise sequence. Additionally, the RFEI decreases indicate an additional adaptation to concurrent training.