BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients on haemodialysis have a higher risk of mortality than non-diabetic patients. The aim of this COSMOS (Current management of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a multicentre observational study) analysis was to assess whether bone and mineral laboratory values [calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] contribute to this risk. METHODS: COSMOS is a multicentre, open-cohort, 3-year prospective study, which includes 6797 patients from 227 randomly selected dialysis centres in 20 European countries. The association between mortality and calcium, phosphate or PTH was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models using both penalized splines smoothing and categorization according to KDIGO guidelines. The effect modification of the association between the relative risk of mortality and serum calcium, phosphate or PTH by diabetes was assessed. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant effect modification of the association between the relative risk of mortality and serum PTH by diabetes (P = .011). The slope of the curve of the association between increasing values of PTH and relative risk of mortality was steeper for diabetic compared with non-diabetic patients, mainly for high levels of PTH. In addition, high serum PTH (>9 times the normal values) was significantly associated with a higher relative risk of mortality in diabetic patients but not in non-diabetic patients [1.53 (95% confidence interval 1.07-2.19) and 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.91-1.52)]. No significant effect modification of the association between the relative risk of mortality and serum calcium or phosphate by diabetes was found (P = .2 and P = .059, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results show a different association of PTH with the relative risk of mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. These findings could have relevant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders.
Calcium , Diabetes Mellitus , Humans , Calcium, Dietary , Diabetes Mellitus/etiology , Minerals , Parathyroid Hormone , Phosphates , Prospective Studies , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects
Healthcare for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) on conservative treatment very often poses healthcare problems that are difficult to solve. At the end of 2011, we began a program based on the care and monitoring of these patients by Primary Care Teams. ACKD patients who opted for conservative treatment were offered the chance to be cared for mainly at home by the Primary Care doctor and nurse, under the coordination of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department. During 2012, 2013, and 2014, 76 patients received treatment in this program (mean age: 81 years; mean Charlson age-comorbidity index: 10, and mean glomerular filtration rate: 12.4 mL/min/1.73 m²). The median patient follow-up time (until death or until 31 December 2014) was 165 days. During this period, 51% of patients did not have to visit the hospital's emergency department and 58% did not require hospitalization. Forty-eight of the 76 patients died after a median time of 135 days in the program; 24 (50%) died at home. Our experience indicates that with the support of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department, ACKD patients who are not dialysis candidates may be monitored at home by Primary Care Teams.
Introducción: La atención sanitaria de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA) bajo tratamiento conservador plantea con gran frecuencia problemas asistenciales de difícil solución. Muchos de ellos son enfermos añosos, con dificultad de movilidad, en los que los desplazamientos al centro hospitalario suponen una gran dificultad. A finales del año 2011 iniciamos un programa basado en la asistencia y el control de estos enfermos por los equipos de Atención Primaria. Material y métodos: A los pacientes con ERCA que han elegido tratamiento conservador, se les ofrece la posibilidad de recibir una asistencia fundamentalmente domiciliaria por el médico de Atención Primaria, bajo la coordinación de la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos y del Servicio de Nefrología. Resultados: Durante los años 2012 y 2013, 50 enfermos recibieron tratamiento en este programa. Edad media: 81 años, índice edad-comorbilidad de Charlson: 10, y filtrado glomerular medio 11,8 ml/min/1,73 m². El tiempo de seguimiento medio por enfermo (hasta el fallecimiento o hasta el 31/12/2013) fue de 184 días. Durante este período, el 44 % de los enfermos no tuvo que acudir al Servicio de Urgencias del hospital, y el 58 % no precisó ingreso hospitalario. Fallecieron 29 de los 50 enfermos, tras un tiempo medio de permanencia en el programa de 163 días; en 14 de ellos (48 %), el sitio de fallecimiento fue su domicilio. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia indica que con soporte de la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos y del Servicio de Nefrología, el paciente con ERCA no candidato a diálisis puede ser controlado en su domicilio por Atención Primaria (AU)
Introduction: Healthcare for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) on conservative treatment very often poses healthcare problems that are difficult to solve. Many patients are elderly and have mobility problems, and it is very difficult for them to travel to hospital. At the end of 2011, we began a programme based on the care and monitoring of these patients by Primary Care teams. Material and method: ACKD patients who opted for conservative treatment were offered the chance to be cared for mainly at home by the Primary Care doctor, under the coordination of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department. Results: During 2012 and 2013, 50 patients received treatment in this programme. Mean age: 81 years, Charlson age-comorbidity index: 10 and mean glomerular filtration rate: 11.8ml/min/1.73.m². The mean patient follow-up time (until death or until 31/12/2013) was 184 days. During this period, 44% of patients did not have to visit the hospitals Emergency Department and 58% did not require hospitalisation. 29 of the 50 patients died after a mean time of 163 days on the programme; 14 (48%) died at home. Conclusions: Our experience indicates that with the support of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department, ACKD patients who are not dialysis candidates may be monitored at home by Primary Care (AU)
Humans , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Palliative Care/organization & administration , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration
INTRODUCTION: Healthcare for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) on conservative treatment very often poses healthcare problems that are difficult to solve. Many patients are elderly and have mobility problems, and it is very difficult for them to travel to hospital. At the end of 2011, we began a programme based on the care and monitoring of these patients by Primary Care teams. MATERIAL AND METHOD: ACKD patients who opted for conservative treatment were offered the chance to be cared for mainly at home by the Primary Care doctor, under the coordination of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department. RESULTS: During 2012 and 2013, 50 patients received treatment in this programme. Mean age: 81 years, Charlson age-comorbidity index: 10 and mean glomerular filtration rate: 11.8ml/min/1.73.m². The mean patient follow-up time (until death or until 31/12/2013) was 184 days. During this period, 44% of patients did not have to visit the hospital’s Emergency Department and 58% did not require hospitalisation. 29 of the 50 patients died after a mean time of 163 days on the programme; 14 (48%) died at home. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience indicates that with the support of the Palliative Care Unit and the Nephrology Department, ACKD patients who are not dialysis candidates may be monitored at home by Primary Care.
Home Care Services , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , Diabetic Nephropathies/complications , Drug Substitution , Female , Humans , Kidney Diseases/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Proteinuria/drug therapy , Proteinuria/etiology , Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects , Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Information about the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in population treated in primary care (PC) is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine undetected CKD prevalence in dyslipidemic population measuring creatinine clearance according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for surface area. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study including patients with diagnosis of dyslipidemia selected by consecutive sampling in PC. CKD was diagnosed when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We assessed sociodemographic and clinical data, cardiovascular risk factors, coronary disease risk categories, dyslipidemia characteristics, functional CKD stage, and pharmacological treatments. RESULTS: The sample included 5,990 patients (50.2% women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 60.9 (11.1) years. The main reason for iclusion was hypercholesterolemia (65%), followed by mixed hyperlipidemia (26.4%), low high density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol (4.9%) and hypertrigliceridemia (3.7%). According to the Cockcroft-Gault equation, CKD prevalence was 16.2% (95% confidence interval, 15.3-17.1) and it was significantly higher in women (22.7%) than in men (9.8%) (p < 0.0001). Patients with CKD were older compared with patients with normal GFR, and had higher systolic blood pressure, glucose and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001), as well as lower levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins-cholesterol, and triglycerides (p < 0.01). The probability of presenting CKD was related to female gender, age, and lower body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The LIPICAP study results indicate that almost 20% of PC dyslipidemic patients in Spain present undetected CKD when the GFR is measured according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for surface area.
Dyslipidemias/complications , Kidney Diseases/complications , Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dyslipidemias/therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Primary Health Care
Fundamento y objetivo: Se dispone de poca información sobre la prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en atención primaria (AP). El objetivo del estudio LIPICAP ha sido determinar la prevalencia de ERC oculta en población dislipémica mediante el cálculo del aclaramiento de creatinina con la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault corregida por superficie corporal. Pacientes y método: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal en pacientes dislipémicos seleccionados consecutivamente en AP. Se diagnosticó ERC cuando la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) era inferior a 60 ml/min/1,73 m2. Se evaluaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, características de la dislipemia, estadio funcional de ERC y tratamientos farmacológicos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 5.990 pacientes (un 50,2% mujeres) con una edad media (desviación estándar) de 60,9 (11,1) años. El principal motivo de inclusión fue la hipercolesterolemia (65%), seguida de la hiperlipemia mixta (26,4%), cifras bajas de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL) (4,9%) e hipertrigliceridemia (3,7%). El 16,2% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 15,3-17,1) presentó ERC según la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault, siendo la prevalencia mayor en las mujeres (22,7%) que en los varones (9,8%) (p < 0,0001). En comparación con los pacientes con una TFG normal, los pacientes con ERC tenían más edad, cifras mayores de presión arterial sistólica, glucosa y cHDL (p < 0,001) y valores inferiores de colesterol total, colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad y triglicéridos (p < 0,01). La probabilidad de presentar ERC se relacionó con el sexo femenino, la edad y un índice de masa corporal inferior. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio LIPICAP indican que casi 2 de cada 10 pacientes diagnosticados de dislipemia y atendidos en AP presentan ERC oculta cuando se estima la TFG con la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault corregida por superficie corporal
Background and objective: Information about the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in population treated in primary care (PC) is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine undetected CKD prevalence in dyslipidemic population measuring creatinine clearance according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for surface area. Patients and method: Cross-sectional study including patients with diagnosis of dyslipidemia selected by consecutive sampling in PC. CKD was diagnosed when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We assessed sociodemographic and clinical data, cardiovascular risk factors, coronary disease risk categories, dyslipidemia characteristics, functional CKD stage, and pharmacological treatments. Results: The sample included 5,990 patients (50.2% women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 60.9 (11.1) years. The main reason for iclusion was hypercholesterolemia (65%), followed by mixed hyperlipidemia (26.4%), low high density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol (4.9%) and hypertrigliceridemia (3.7%). According to the Cockcroft-Gault equation, CKD prevalence was 16.2% (95% confidence interval, 15.3-17.1) and it was significantly higher in women (22.7%) than in men (9.8%) (p < 0.0001). Patients with CKD were older compared with patients with normal GFR, and had higher systolic blood pressure, glucose and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001), as well as lower levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins-cholesterol, and triglycerides (p < 0.01). The probability of presenting CKD was related to female gender, age, and lower body mass index. Conclusions: The LIPICAP study results indicate that almost 20% of PC dyslipidemic patients in Spain present undetected CKD when the GFR is measured according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for surface area
Humans , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Creatinine/urine , Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology
BACKGROUND/AIM: The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been related to hypoalbuminemia and the necessity of erythropoietin in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. However, in several studies, the patients' clinical situation is not taken into account. The aim of the present work was to analyze the relationship between CRP and serum albumin and hemoglobin and the erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) in a population of patients on chronic hemodialysis classified according to their clinical situation. METHODS: In a cohort of 53 patients followed for 12 months, we analyzed the CRP level and its association with albumin and hemoglobin levels and the ERI (ratio of total weekly erythropoietin dose in units/weight to hemoglobin concentration in g/dl) at the start of the study and at 6 and 12 months thereafter. The patients were divided into three groups based on the presence of inflammatory/infectious disorders during the 4 weeks prior to CRP determination (group A) or the use of a jugular catheter (group B) or an arteriovenous fistula (group C) as vascular access for hemodialysis. RESULTS: At baseline, the CRP levels (47.1 mg/l in group A, 30.7 mg/l in group B, and 9.4 mg/l in group C) and the ERI (23.9 in group A, 24.6 in group B, and 10.7 in group C) were higher in groups A and B than in group C (p < 0.001 for both parameters). Serum albumin (3.9 g/dl in group A, 4.1 g/dl in group B, and 4.4 g/dl in group C) and hemoglobin (10.4 g/dl in group A, 11.3 g/dl in group B, and 12 g/dl in group C) were lower in groups A and B than in group C (p < 0.05 for serum albumin and p < 0.01 for hemoglobin). In all patients, the baseline CRP level correlated with the albumin level (r = -0.3853, p < 0.01), with the hemoglobin level (r = -0.2950, p < 0.05), and with the ERI (r = 0.4378, p < 0.01). However, if we only considered the group C patients, there was no correlation between baseline CRP and albumin, hemoglobin, and ERI. Similar results were observed at 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The CRP, albumin, and hemoglobin levels and the ERI mostly depend on the existence of ongoing inflammatory/infectious disorders and the use of a catheter as vascular access. In the absence of these clinical conditions, we could not correlate the CRP level with the other parameters. The relationship between CRP, albumin, and anemia may be an epiphenomenon.
C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Renal Dialysis , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Drug Resistance , Erythropoietin/therapeutic use , Female , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Serum Albumin/analysis
Platelets of patients with uremia develop a defective platelet function and have a decreased production of thromboxane B2 (TxB2). Activated platelets generate thromboxane from free arachidonate that is previously released from the membrane phospholipids (PLs) by phospholipases. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) release up to 70% of the arachidonate in normal platelets, and to date, the activity of this enzyme in uremia is unknown. This work studied the PLA2 activity in the platelets of nine uremic patients and nine healthy volunteers. Washed platelets were labelled with [(14)C]arachidonic acid and activated with calcium ionophore A-23187 (4 microgr/ml). Lipids were resolved by TLC and identified by autoradiography. The distribution of [(14)C]arachidonic acid in the five major platelet phospholipids was found to be normal. Uremic platelets released more radioactivity than normal platelets (19.0 +/- 5.2% versus 11.3 +/- 1.6%, P = 0.001). The production of both, radioactive thromboxane B2 and hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid was normal (2.6 +/- 1.2% and 3.5 +/- 1.6% of total radioactivity respectively), but the formation of the lipoxygenase metabolite hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was increased with respect to the controls (12.9 +/- 4.6% vs 7.0 +/- 1.3% of total radioactivity, P = 0002). In conclusion, platelets of patients with uremia have an increased activity of phospholipase A2 and produce increased amounts of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, an inhibitor of the platelet function.
Blood Platelets/enzymology , Phospholipases A/metabolism , Uremia/blood , Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Calcimycin/pharmacology , Case-Control Studies , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/enzymology , Phospholipases A2 , Platelet Function Tests , Thromboxane B2/biosynthesis , Uremia/enzymology
