High-resolution X-ray computed tomography for identifying herbal medicines was as effective as microscopic examination.

Microscopic examination is one of the important identification methods for crude drug test described in the 18th Japanese Pharmacopoeia. This method is useful for identification because it can be used for small amounts of samples regardless of their storage conditions; however, this method requires a lot of technical skill in sectioning intricate and/or small samples and is time-consuming. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) is a novel method for observing the internal morphology of materials. Previously, we used HRXCT to visualize the internal morphology of the Ephedra Herb, obtaining observations that closely match those obtained via microscopic examination. HRXCT employs a low-energy X-ray source and the permeation distance of the X-rays is very short. Therefore, HRXCT can be used for elucidating the morphology of small herbal medicines. In this study, Artemisia Capillaris Flower (capitulum with a diameter of approximately 2 mm) and Plantago Seed (seeds with a length of approximately 2 mm) were examined. The results showed that HRXCT examination was sufficient to illustrate the internal independent organs of Artemisia Capillaris Flower and that their inflorescences remained intact. When observing Plantago Seed, the internal morphology of more than one seed can be depicted simultaneously. Therefore, observation using HRXCT was easy, simple, and effective to illustrate the internal morphology of herbal medicines, which is typically time-consuming and requires advanced microscopy skills.

[Investigation of Foreign Particles in Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine].

Particular batches of Moderna mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine were recalled after foreign particles were found in some vaccine vials at the vaccination site in Japan in August 2021. We investigated the foreign particles at the request of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis suggested that the foreign particles found in the vials recalled from the vaccination sites were from stainless steel SUS 316L, which was in line with the findings of the root cause investigation by the manufacturer. The sizes of the observed particles ranged from <50 µm to 548 µm in the major axis. Similar foreign particles were also detected in 2 of the 5 vaccine vials of the same lot stored by the manufacturer, indicating that the foreign particles have already been administered to some people via vaccine. Observation of the vials of the same lot by digital microscope found smaller particles those were not detected by visual inspection, suggesting that more vials were affected. Contrarily, visual inspection and subvisible particulate matter test indicated no foreign particles in the vials of normal lots. Possible root cause and strategies to prevent such a deviation were discussed from technical and regulatory aspects.

A New Method to Visualize the Internal Morphology of Crude Drugs Using High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography.

The microscopic test method (microscopic examination) used to identify crude drugs is a common method in the identification of the original plant source by determining the characteristics from a small sample quantity. However, in recent years, the number of examiners who are familiar with the microscopic examination technique has decreased. In recent years, high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) has been used to visualize the internal structure of plants. HRXCT scans an object using X-rays and enables visualization of the internal structure of the crude drug using a computer. Therefore, in this report, HRXCT was used to easily observe the internal morphology of crude drugs using the Ephedra Herb as an example. The same internal morphological characteristics were observed using both, microscopic examination and HRXCT methods. Image analysis using HRXCT did not require specific techniques, such as sectioning, and the same tissue could be observed from any orientation using a single scan. It afforded remarkable technical simplification and reduction in time to inspect the organization's characteristics. Therefore, image analysis using HRXCT is a useful method for crude drug identifications.

Fluorescence Coupled with Macro and Microscopic Examinations of Morphological Phenotype Give Key Characteristics for Identification of Crude Drugs Derived from Scorpions.

Microscopic examination of crude drug components has been the traditional method to identify the origin of biological materials. For the identification of components in a given mixture via microscopy, standard reference photographs of fragments derived from different organs and tissues of individual species are required. In addition to these reference photographs, a highly observant eye is needed to compare the morphological characteristics observed under the microscope with those of the references and to then identify the origin of the materials. Therefore, if other indexes are available to be coupled with microscope examination, the accuracy of identification would be significantly improved. Here, we prepared standard reference photographs for microscopic examination to identify powdered and fragmented materials in the crude drug "Quanxie" derived from individual organs of dried scorpion (Buthus martensii KARSCH). Since a remarkable characteristic of scorpion bodies is that they fluoresce under UV light, two methods to identify "Quanxie" were established, including fluorescence fingerprint analysis and microscopic fluorescent luminance imaging analysis. In the former, at least 0.1 g of powered materials was used, which could be recovered after the measurement, and in the latter, only small amounts of powders were used for microscopic examinations. Both methods could distinguish powders of "Quanxie" from those of other micro-morphologically similar crude drugs, namely, "Chantui," "Sangpiaoxiao," and "Jiangcan." The combination of these methods should improve the swiftness and accuracy of "Quanxie" identification.

Chemical Analysis of Counterfeit Hepatitis C Drug Found in Japan.

In January 2017, counterfeits of the hepatitis C drug 'HARVONI® Combination Tablets' (HARVONI®) were found at a pharmacy chain through unlicensed suppliers in Japan. A total of five lots of counterfeit HARVONI® (samples 1-5) bottles were found, and the ingredients of the bottles were all in tablet form. Among them, two differently shaped tablets were present in two of the bottles (categorized as samples 2A, 2B, 4A, and 4B). We analyzed the total of seven samples by high-resolution LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR. In samples 2A, 3 and 4B, sofosbuvir, the active component of another hepatitis C drug, SOVALDI® Tablets 400 mg (SOVALDI®), was detected. In sample 4A, sofosbuvir and ledipasvir, the active components of HARVONI®, were found. A direct comparison of the four samples and genuine products showed that three samples (2A, 3, 4B) are apparently SOVALDI® and that sample 2A is HARVONI®. In samples 1 and 5, several vitamins but none of the active compounds usually found in HARVONI® (i.e., sofosbuvir and ledipasvir) were detected. Our additional investigation indicates that these two samples are likely to be a commercial vitamin supplement distributed in Japan. Sample 2B, looked entirely different from HARVONI® and contained several herbal constitutents (such as ephedrine and glycyrrhizin) that are used in Japanese Kampo formulations. A further analysis indicated that sample 2B is likely to be a Kampo extract tablet of Shoseiryuto which is distributed in Japan. Considering this case, it is important to be vigilant to prevent a recurrence of distribution of counterfeit drugs.

Detection of Nicotiana tabacum Leaf Contamination in Pharmaceutical Products.

Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) is the only species whose leaves can be legally marketed as tobacco according to the Japanese Tobacco Business Act. Nicotine, a major alkaloid produced by N. tabacum leaves, is regulated in pharmaceuticals by the Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law. However, the use of N. tabacum stems as an excipient in pharmaceuticals is permitted, because these contained only a small amount of nicotine. Recently, several reports showed that a substantial amount of nicotine was detected in an OTC pharmaceutical product, in which N. tabacum stems were used as an excipient. Therefore, products containing N. tabacum stems could be contaminated with the leaf material. In the present study, we established a method to detect contamination of N. tabacum stem materials with its leaves, using microscopy to obtain standard reference microphotographs for identification. Cultivated N. tabacum stems and leaves, commercial cigarette leaves, and N. tabacum tissue imported as excipient material were used for preparing the microphotographs. The characteristic N. tabacum leaf structures found in the powdered fragments included: epidermal cells with sinuous anticlinal cell walls, hairs, mesophyll parenchyma with crystalized calcium oxalate (calciphytoliths), and branching vascular bundles derived from reticulate net-veins. A comparison of the microscopic characteristics of an OTC powder with those from the standard reference microphotographs was an effective method for N. tabacum stem and leaf identification. Thus, we evaluated the powdered pharmaceutical product containing N. tabacum stem tissue and Hydrangea serrata (Hydrangeaceae) leaf tissue as excipients, and confirmed the presence of N. tabacum leaf material.

Transposon-mediated mutation of CYP76AD3 affects betalain synthesis and produces variegated flowers in four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa).

The variegated flower colors of many plant species have been shown to result from the insertion or excision of transposable elements into genes that encode enzymes involved in anthocyanin synthesis. To date, however, it has not been established whether this phenomenon is responsible for the variegation produced by other pigments such as betalains. During betalain synthesis in red beet, the enzyme CYP76AD1 catalyzes the conversion of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to cyclo-DOPA. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that the homologous gene in four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is CYP76AD3. Here, we show that in four o'clock with red perianths, the CYP76AD3 gene consists of one intron and two exons; however, in a mutant with a perianth showing red variegation on a yellow background, a transposable element, dTmj1, had been excised from the intron. This is the first report that a transposition event affecting a gene encoding an enzyme for betalain synthesis can result in a variegated flower phenotype.