NIR Sensing Technologies for the Detection of Fraud in Nuts and Nut Products: A Review.

Food fraud is a major threat to the integrity of the nut supply chain. Strategies using a wide range of analytical techniques have been developed over the past few years to detect fraud and to assure the quality, safety, and authenticity of nut products. However, most of these techniques present the limitations of being slow and destructive and entailing a high cost per analysis. Nevertheless, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and NIR imaging techniques represent a suitable non-destructive alternative to prevent fraud in the nut industry with the advantages of a high throughput and low cost per analysis. This review collects and includes all major findings of all of the published studies focused on the application of NIR spectroscopy and NIR imaging technologies to detect fraud in the nut supply chain from 2018 onwards. The results suggest that NIR spectroscopy and NIR imaging are suitable technologies to detect the main types of fraud in nuts.

Seguridad y eficacia de la biopsia ambulatoria en trasplante renal / Safety and efficacy of outpatient biopsy in renal transplantation

Antecedentes: La biopsia del aloinjerto renal se realiza habitualmente con el paciente hospitalizado. Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de un programa de biopsias ambulatorio en receptores de trasplante renal. Métodos: En diciembre de 2011 se inició un programa ambulatorio de biopsias en trasplante renal. Se contraindica la biopsia ambulatoria en los casos siguientes: 1) tratamiento anticoagulante, 2) trombocitopenia < 50 000/mm3, 3) índice de masa corporal > 35 kg/m2, 4) hipertensión arterial no controlada. Se compara la seguridad y eficacia de las biopsias realizadas bajo hospitalización en el período 2007-2011 (n = 124) con las biopsias ambulatorias realizadas durante el período 2011-2013 (n = 219) y las realizadas en este mismo período bajo hospitalización (n = 42). Resultados: Entre diciembre de 2011 y diciembre de 2013 se han indicado 230 biopsias desde la consulta externa y se han realizado 219 (95 %) en régimen ambulatorio. La incidencia de complicaciones mayores (necesidad de transfusión y/o embolización) ha sido de 0,8 % para el período 2007-2011 y de 2,4 % para las realizadas bajo hospitalización del período 2011-2013 (p = 0,475). No se observaron complicaciones mayores en el grupo de pacientes con biopsias realizadas de forma ambulatoria. La tasa de complicaciones menores (hematuria macroscópica, hematoma o fístula que no requirieron transfusión ni embolización) no ha sido distinta entre los grupos (3,2 %, 7,1 % y 2,7 %, respectivamente). La adecuación de la muestra obtenida según los criterios de Banff no ha sido distinta entre los grupos (p = 0,052). Conclusión: La realización ambulatoria de la biopsia de injerto renal es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz (AU)

Background: In many centers patients are hospitalised to perform a renal allograft biopsy. Aim: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of outpatient renal allograft biopsies. Methods: Since December 2011 we perform renal allograft biopsies as an outpatient procedure. Exclusion criteria for performing an outpatient biopsy included: 1.) anticoagulant treatment, 2.) thrombocytopenia <50,000/mm3, 3.) body mass index >35kg/m2 and 4.) uncontrolled hypertension. The number and severity of complications were compared with an historical cohort of 124 biopsies done between 2007 and 2011 when all patients were hospitalised for the procedure and with 42 patients biopsied during hospitalisation between 2011 and 2013. Results: Between 2011 and 2013, 210 (95%) out of 230 biopsies indicated in the outclinic were performed as an outpatient procedure (95%). The incidence of major complications (bleeding requiring blood transfusion and/or embolisation) was 0.8% between 2007 and 2011 and 2.4% in biopsies between 2011 and 2013 in hospitalised patients (p=0.475). No major complications were observed in the outpatient biopsy group. Minor complications (hematuria, hematoma or fistula not requiring transfusion or embolisation) were also not different between groups (3.2%, 7.1% and 2.7%; respectively). Sample size adequacy according to the Banff criteria was not different among groups (p=0.052). Conclusion: Ambulatory renal allograft biopsy is a safe and efficient procedure (AU)

Safety and efficacy of outpatient biopsy in renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: In many centers patients are hospitalised to perform a renal allograft biopsy. AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of outpatient renal allograft biopsies. METHODS: Since December 2011 we perform renal allograft biopsies as an outpatient procedure. Exclusion criteria for performing an outpatient biopsy included: 1.) anticoagulant treatment, 2.) thrombocytopenia <50,000/mm3, 3.) body mass index >35kg/m2 and 4.) uncontrolled hypertension. The number and severity of complications were compared with an historical cohort of 124 biopsies done between 2007 and 2011 when all patients were hospitalised for the procedure and with 42 patients biopsied during hospitalisation between 2011 and 2013. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2013, 210 (95%) out of 230 biopsies indicated in the outclinic were performed as an outpatient procedure (95%). The incidence of major complications (bleeding requiring blood transfusion and/or embolisation) was 0.8% between 2007 and 2011 and 2.4% in biopsies between 2011 and 2013 in hospitalised patients (p=0.475). No major complications were observed in the outpatient biopsy group. Minor complications (hematuria, hematoma or fistula not requiring transfusion or embolisation) were also not different between groups (3.2%, 7.1% and 2.7%; respectively). Sample size adequacy according to the Banff criteria was not different among groups (p=0.052). CONCLUSION: Ambulatory renal allograft biopsy is a safe and efficient procedure.