Blood safety in Mexico and a perspective on Latin America.

Blood safety has been of paramount concern worldwide over the last decades, and Latin America and Mexico are no exception. Factors of utmost importance include the use of highly efficient screening tests and the encouragement of voluntary donation. This review summarizes the current situation in Latin America and particularly in Mexico with respect to these key issues. Except for some specific regions, there is a lack of progress of voluntary donation in Mexico compared with other Latin American countries. A more efficient voluntary donation system could provide donors with lower prevalence of infectious agents such as human immunodeficiency, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C viruses. In Latin America, and specifically in countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Nicaragua, voluntary donation and blood safety are strongly encouraged. However, to date, in Mexico there has not been a specific blood safety project because of fragmentation of the health system model with structural differences among organisations. Although national policies are established to grant health coverages in Mexico, blood safety is still limited and outdated because of oversights in technical fields and regulations. Individual molecular biological tests for donor screening have recently been incorporated into the Mexican national regulations. Although the routine use of these tests as part of effective donor screening is still not compulsory, it is enabling a progressive improvement of blood safety.

Homocisteína, polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, A1298C y variables clínico-bioquímicas en población mexicana / Homocysteine, MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, and clinical and biochemical variables in the mexican population / Homocisteína, polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, A1298C e variáveis clínico-bioquímicas em populaþÒo mexicana

El objetivo del trabajo consistió en analizar la relación del nivel sérico de homocisteína (Hcy) con los polimorfismos de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa MTHFR C677T y A1298C y variables clínicas y bioquímicas en población mexicana. Se determinó el nivel de Hcy (inmunoensayo) y de polimorfismos (PCR/RFLP) en 102 individuos de la población general. El genotipo 677TT mostró asociación significativa con el peso corporal (r=0,012) y el genotipo 1298CC tuvo tendencia a asociarse con el IMC (r~0,06). Los valores séricos de Hcy en mujeres (51/102) fueron 8,33±1,86 Amol/L y en hombres (51/102) 11,64±4,15 Amol/L. La Hcy mostró asociación positiva con peso corporal (r=0,004) y asociación negativa con Hb y Hto (r=0,001). Se encontró mayor nivel de Hcy en individuos fumadores (r=0,009) y una tendencia hacia hiperhomocisteinemia en alcohólicos y en mujeres menopáusicas. No se evidenció asociación de Hcy con los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T y A1298C, sin embargo, el análisis con el modelo de herencia dominante para el polimorfismo C677T (TT+CT vs. CC) mostró un efecto semidominante (r<0,10). En este estudio, la presencia de los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T y A1298C no representó ser un factor de riesgo significativo para hiperhomocisteinemia, sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias que puntualizan la posible dependencia de los niveles de Hcy en relación con los genotipos modificados con diversos factores ambientales.(AU)

The objective of the current work was to analyze the relationship of serum homocysteine (Hcy) with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and clinical and biochemical variables in the Mexican population. Hcy (immunoassay) levels and polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) levels were determined in 102 individuals from the general population. The 677TT genotype showed significant association with body weight (r=0.012) and the 1298CC genotype tended to be associated with BMI (r~0.06). Serum levels of Hcy in women (51/102) were 8.33±1.86 Amol/L and in men (51/102) 11.64± 4.15 Amol/L. The Hcy was positively as-sociated with body weight (r=0.004) and negatively with Hb and Hct (r=0.001). Higher levels of Hcy were found in smokers (r=0.009) and a tendency to hyperhomocysteinemia in alcoholics and in menopausal women. There was no association of Hcy with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, although the analysis with dominant inheritance model for the C677T polymorphism (TT + CT vs. CC) showed a semi-dominant effect (r<0.10). In this study, the presence of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms did not represent a significant risk factor for hyperhomocysteinemia; however, those differences may point out the dependence of the relative levels of Hcy modifed genotypes on various environmental factors.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relaþÒo do nível sérico de homocisteína (Hcy) com os polimorfismos da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase MTHFR C677T e A1298C e variáveis clínicas e bioquímicas na po-pulaþÒo mexicana. Foi determinado o nível de Hcy (imunoensaio) e de polimorfismos (PCR/RFLP) em 102 indivíduos da populaþÒo geral. O genótipo 677TT mostrou associaþÒo significativa com o peso corporal (r =0,012) e o genótipo 1298CC teve tendÛncia a se associar com o IMC (r~0,06). Os níveis séricos de Hcy em mulheres (51/102) foram 8,33±1,86 Amol/L e em homens (51/102) 11,64±4,15 Amol/L. A Hcy mos-trou associaþÒo positiva com o peso corporal (r=0,004) e associaþÒo negativa com Hb e Hto (r=0,001). Encontraram-se níveis mais elevados de Hcy em fumantes (p=0,009) e uma tendÛncia para hiperhomo-cisteinemia em alcoólatras e em mulheres na menopausa. Nenhuma associaþÒo se mostrou entre Hcy e os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C, no entanto, a análise com modelo de heranþa dominante para o polimorfismo C677T (TT+CT vs. CC) mostrou um efeito semidominantes (r<0,10). Neste estudo, a presenþa dos polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C nÒo representou ser um fator de risco significativo para a hiper-homocisteinemia, no entanto, foram encontradas diferenþas que apontam a possível dependÛncia dos níveis de Hcy relativos aos genótipos modificados com diversos fatores ambientais.(AU)

Homocisteína, polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, A1298C y variables clínico-bioquímicas en población mexicana / Homocysteine, MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, and clinical and biochemical variables in the mexican population / Homocisteína, polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, A1298C e variáveis clínico-bioquímicas em população mexicana

El objetivo del trabajo consistió en analizar la relación del nivel sérico de homocisteína (Hcy) con los polimorfismos de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa MTHFR C677T y A1298C y variables clínicas y bioquímicas en población mexicana. Se determinó el nivel de Hcy (inmunoensayo) y de polimorfismos (PCR/RFLP) en 102 individuos de la población general. El genotipo 677TT mostró asociación significativa con el peso corporal (r=0,012) y el genotipo 1298CC tuvo tendencia a asociarse con el IMC (r~0,06). Los valores séricos de Hcy en mujeres (51/102) fueron 8,33±1,86 µmol/L y en hombres (51/102) 11,64±4,15 µmol/L. La Hcy mostró asociación positiva con peso corporal (r=0,004) y asociación negativa con Hb y Hto (r=0,001). Se encontró mayor nivel de Hcy en individuos fumadores (r=0,009) y una tendencia hacia hiperhomocisteinemia en alcohólicos y en mujeres menopáusicas. No se evidenció asociación de Hcy con los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T y A1298C, sin embargo, el análisis con el modelo de herencia dominante para el polimorfismo C677T (TT+CT vs. CC) mostró un efecto semidominante (r<0,10). En este estudio, la presencia de los polimorfismos MTHFR C677T y A1298C no representó ser un factor de riesgo significativo para hiperhomocisteinemia, sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias que puntualizan la posible dependencia de los niveles de Hcy en relación con los genotipos modificados con diversos factores ambientales.

The objective of the current work was to analyze the relationship of serum homocysteine (Hcy) with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and clinical and biochemical variables in the Mexican population. Hcy (immunoassay) levels and polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) levels were determined in 102 individuals from the general population. The 677TT genotype showed significant association with body weight (r=0.012) and the 1298CC genotype tended to be associated with BMI (r~0.06). Serum levels of Hcy in women (51/102) were 8.33±1.86 µmol/L and in men (51/102) 11.64± 4.15 µmol/L. The Hcy was positively as-sociated with body weight (r=0.004) and negatively with Hb and Hct (r=0.001). Higher levels of Hcy were found in smokers (r=0.009) and a tendency to hyperhomocysteinemia in alcoholics and in menopausal women. There was no association of Hcy with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, although the analysis with dominant inheritance model for the C677T polymorphism (TT + CT vs. CC) showed a semi-dominant effect (r<0.10). In this study, the presence of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms did not represent a significant risk factor for hyperhomocysteinemia; however, those differences may point out the dependence of the relative levels of Hcy modifed genotypes on various environmental factors.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relação do nível sérico de homocisteína (Hcy) com os polimorfismos da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase MTHFR C677T e A1298C e variáveis clínicas e bioquímicas na po-pulação mexicana. Foi determinado o nível de Hcy (imunoensaio) e de polimorfismos (PCR/RFLP) em 102 indivíduos da população geral. O genótipo 677TT mostrou associação significativa com o peso corporal (r =0,012) e o genótipo 1298CC teve tendência a se associar com o IMC (r~0,06). Os níveis séricos de Hcy em mulheres (51/102) foram 8,33±1,86 µmol/L e em homens (51/102) 11,64±4,15 µmol/L. A Hcy mos-trou associação positiva com o peso corporal (r=0,004) e associação negativa com Hb e Hto (r=0,001). Encontraram-se níveis mais elevados de Hcy em fumantes (p=0,009) e uma tendência para hiperhomo-cisteinemia em alcoólatras e em mulheres na menopausa. Nenhuma associação se mostrou entre Hcy e os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C, no entanto, a análise com modelo de herança dominante para o polimorfismo C677T (TT+CT vs. CC) mostrou um efeito semidominantes (r<0,10). Neste estudo, a presença dos polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C não representou ser um fator de risco significativo para a hiper-homocisteinemia, no entanto, foram encontradas diferenças que apontam a possível dependência dos níveis de Hcy relativos aos genótipos modificados com diversos fatores ambientais.