Prognostic value of EndoPredict test in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative primary breast cancer screened for the randomized, double-blind, phase III UNIRAD trial.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the multigene EndoPredict test in prospectively collected data of patients screened for the randomized, double-blind, phase III UNIRAD trial, which evaluated the addition of everolimus to adjuvant endocrine therapy in high-risk, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative early breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were classified into low or high risk according to the EPclin score, consisting of a 12-gene molecular score combined with tumor size and nodal status. Association of the EPclin score with disease-free survival (DFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. The independent prognostic added value of EPclin score was tested in a multivariate Cox model after adjusting on tumor characteristics. RESULTS: EndoPredict test results were available for 768 patients: 663 patients classified as EPclin high risk (EPCH) and 105 patients as EPclin low risk (EPCL). Median follow-up was 70 months (range 1-172 months). For the 429 EPCH randomized patients, there was no significant difference in DFS between treatment arms. The 60-month relapse rate for patients in the EPCL and EPCH groups was 0% and 7%, respectively. Hazard ratio (HR) supposing continuous EPclin score was 1.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-2.5, P < 0.0001]. This prognostic effect remained significant when assessed in a Cox model adjusting on tumor size, number of positive nodes and tumor grade (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.09-2.13, P = 0.0141). The 60-month DMFS for patients in the EPCL and EPCH groups was 100% and 94%, respectively (adjusted HR 8.10, 95% CI 1.1-59.1, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the value of EPclin score as an independent prognostic parameter in node-positive, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer patients receiving standard adjuvant treatment. EPclin score can be used to identify patients at higher risk of recurrence who may warrant additional systemic treatments.

ALK-Negative Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Challenging Case in a Premature Newborn.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) are rare borderline tumors with a variable histological appearance that may mimic multiple mesenchymal tumors. We present a rare case of a challenging abdominal mass discovered in a premature newborn. The histopathology showed a bland myofibroblastic proliferation associated with an inflammatory infiltrate that was positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin but negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. The diagnosis of an ALK-negative IMT was established. The tumor was partially resected. After six months of follow-up, the residual tumor remained stable, and the patient was asymptomatic. The correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment of ALK-negative IMT require appropriate histopathological, immunohistochemical, and sometimes genetic examination. Further research has to be conducted to help clinicians make an appropriate treatment plan.

Evolution of overall survival and receipt of new therapies by subtype among 20 446 metastatic breast cancer patients in the 2008-2017 ESME cohort.

BACKGROUND: Treatment strategies for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have made great strides over the past 10 years. Real-world data allow us to evaluate the actual benefit of new treatments. ESME (Epidemio-Strategy-Medico-Economical)-MBC, a nationwide observational cohort (NCT03275311), gathers data of all consecutive MBC patients who initiated their treatment in 18 French Cancer Centres since 2008. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated overall survival (OS) in the whole cohort (N = 20 446) and among subtypes: hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-; N = 13 590), HER2+ (N = 3919), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; N = 2937). We performed multivariable analyses including year of MBC diagnosis as one of the covariates, to assess the potential OS improvement over time, and we described exposure to newly released drugs at any time during MBC history by year of diagnosis (YOD). RESULTS: The median follow-up of the whole cohort was 65.5 months (95% CI 64.6-66.7). Year of metastatic diagnosis appears as a strong independent prognostic factor for OS [Year 2016 HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97); P = 0.009, using 2008 as reference]. This effect is driven by the HER2+ subcohort, where it is dramatic [Year 2016 HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.42-0.66); P < 0.001, using 2008 as reference]. YOD had, however, no sustained impact on OS among patients with TNBC [Year 2016 HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.77-1.11); P = 0.41, using 2008 as reference] nor among those with HR+/HER2- MBC [Year 2016 HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.13); P = 0.41, using 2008 as reference]. While exposure to newly released anti-HER2 therapies appeared very high (e.g. >70% of patients received pertuzumab from 2016 onwards), use of everolimus or eribulin was recorded in less than one-third of HR+/HER2- and TNBC cohorts, respectively, whatever YOD. CONCLUSION: OS has dramatically improved among HER2+ MBC patients, probably in association with the release of several major HER2-directed therapies, whose penetrance was high. This trend was not observed in the other subtypes, but the impact of CDK4/6 inhibitors cannot yet be assessed.

Influence of neodymium substitution on structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of Ni-Zn-Al nano-ferrites.

Ni0.6Zn0.4Al0.5Fe1.5-x Nd x O4 ferrite samples, with x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1, were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The effects of Nd3+ doping on the structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties were investigated. XRD Rietveld refinement carried out using the FULLPROF program shows that the Ni-Zn ferrite retains its pure single phase cubic structure with Fd3̄m space group. An increase in lattice constant and porosity happens with increasing Nd3+ concentration. FTIR spectra present the two prominent absorption bands in the range of 400 to 600 cm-1 which are the fingerprint region of all ferrites. The change in Raman modes in the synthesized ferrite system were observed with Nd3+ substitution. The magnetization curves show a typical transition, at the Curie temperature T C, from a low temperature ferrimagnetic state to a high temperature paramagnetic state. The saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence magnetization are found to be decreasing with increasing the Nd3+ concentration.

Acute osteomyelitis of the distal fibula in children: Treatment options and long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Acute osteomyelitis of the distal fibula is a rare disease in children and is characterized by special features compared with other sites. The objective of this study was to report the functional outcome at long-term follow-up. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively, between January 2000 and December 2010, all cases of acute osteomyelitis of the distal fibula. Epidemiological and bacteriological data as well as therapy and outcome factors were analyzed. At the last follow-up, functional outcome was studied based on ankle motion, growth disturbance, and radiological sequelae. RESULTS: Seven cases of acute osteomyelitis of the distal fibula were found. The mean age was patients was 7.71 years and the sex ratio was 2.5. The portal of entry of the pathogen was a skin injury in 57% of cases. Staphylococcusaureus was identified in 71% of cases. The mean duration of antibiotic therapy was 33.2 days. At a mean of 12.85 years of follow-up, no growth disturbance was found. The mean plantar and dorsal flexion was 41° and 27.7°, respectively. The mean postoperative American Orthopedics Foot and Ankle score (AOFAS) was 96.71 points. CONCLUSION: Acute osteomyelitis of the distal fibula in children is scarce and rarely reported in the literature. It occurs more often in boys at an average age of 7 years. Local symptoms are usually more obvious than general symptoms. Surgical debridement of the subperiosteal abscess without bone trepanation seems to lead to a satisfactory outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV - case series. IRB: Sahloul Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee.

Screening of biological activities of fungi associated with pistachio bark beetle, Chaetoptelius vestitus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), infesting pistachio cultivations in Tunisia.

AIMS: In this study, we aimed to explore the enzymatic diversity, the entomopathogenic and the antimicrobial potentialities of fungi associated with the pistachio bark beetle, Chaetoptelius vestitus. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 40 isolates were screened for enzymatic diversity. Most of them, 92·5%, were able to produce at least two of the screened enzymes. Pathogenic assays performed on C. vestitus showed a high entomopathogenic activity of the isolates Ata_io_1 (A. tamarii), Fve_io_1 (F. verticillioides), Tpi_io_1 (T. pinophilus), Pal_io_1 (P. album), Pbi_io_2 (Penicillium bilaiae) and Pch_io_1 (P. chrysogenum), as based on mean mortality of C. vestitus. A screening of antimicrobial activity using well diffusion method showed that the isolates Tro_io_1 (T. pinophilus), Tat_io_1 (T. atroroseus) and Pch_io_1 (P. chrysogenum) presented the highest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, Mgu_io_1 (M. guilliermondii), Asc_io_1 (A. sclerotiorum), Ata_io_1 (A. tamarii), G. lavendula (Gla_io_1), Pva_io_1 (P. variotii), Pul_io_1 (P. ulaiense), Tat_io_1 (T. atroroseus) and Tro_io_1 (T. roseum) were active against at least two of the three tested fungal phytopathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal isolates representing entomopathogenic activity and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities can be considered as promising resources for biological pistachio trees protection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Fungi associated with C. vestitus were investigated for detecting their potential biotechnological applications.

Phytopathogenic and antagonistic potentialities of fungi associated with pistachio bark beetle, Chaetoptelius vestitus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), infesting pistachio (Pistacia vera) in Tunisia.

AIM: This study investigated the biodiversity of fungi associated with the pistachio bark beetle, Chaetoptelius vestitus, in Tunisia. We evaluated the phytopathogenic activities and tested antagonistic potentialities with respect to phytopathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 41 fungal isolates were randomly isolated from C. vestitus adults and galleries. We identified 28 species belonging to 13 genera using ITS sequences of the ribosomal RNA operons. Pathogenicity assays performed using the excised shoot method revealed that isolates Aal_io_1 (Alternaria alternata), Feq_io_1 (Fusarium equiseti), Fgra_io_1 (Fusarium graminearum), Fve_io_1 (Fusarium verticilloides), Tro_io_1 (Trichothecium roseum) and Nqu_io_1 (Nothophoma quercina) displayed a high pathogenic activity on pistachio stems. Estimation of the antagonistic potentialities of isolated fungi against several phytopathogenic isolates as tested using a dual-culture method showed that isolates Tpi_io_1 (Talaromyces pinophilus), Pbi_io_2 (Penicillium bilaiae), Asc_io_1 (Aspergillus sclerotiorum) and Gla_io_1 (Geosmithia lavendula) displayed a broad range of antagonistic activities. CONCLUSION: Fungi associated with C. vestitus had a variable range of pathogenic activity on pistachio stem. Phytopathogenic fungi were antagonized by different fungal isolates which could be promising in pistachio protection against phytopathogenic fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study is the first that investigated the diversity of fungi associated with C. vestitus and evaluated both their phytopathogenic activity and antagonistic potential against fungal phytopathogens.

Screening of bacterial isolates related to olive orchard pests in Tunisia using 16S ribosomal RNA and evaluation of their biotechnological potential.

AIM: This study investigated the bacterial diversity of dead insects collected from olive tree orchards widely cultivated in Tunisia. We aimed to explore metabolic diversity, screen enzymatic activities for biotechnological applications and carry out preliminary bioassays for bio-insecticide development. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 50 bacteria strains were randomly isolated from four different biotopes situated in Sfax (Tunisia). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify 24 species, and isolates were evaluated for enzymatic activity and antimicrobial potential. Nineteen of the total number of Bacillus strains have enzymatic activity compared to strains from the other genera (14/50). Our bacterial collection was evaluated for antimicrobial potential against bacterial and fungal isolates. Isolates B8-2 (Bacillus subtilis) showed strong antibacterial activities and isolates B2-3 (Bacillus licheniformis) and B10-1 (Serratia marcescens) showed the highest antifungal activity. Seventeen of the total number of isolates caused greater than 50% mortality rate of second and fourth instar larvae of Ephestia kuehniella. CONCLUSION: The selected species from olive orchards represent a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and insecticidal activities and can be considered promising resources in biological control. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteria isolated from olive pests in olive orchards were investigated for detecting their potential biotechnological applications.

Septic elbow arthritis in children: Epidemiology and outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Septic elbow arthritis is a rare disease, especially in children. The aim of this study was to report the functional outcome of our pediatric population with both demographic and microbiological features. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all our cases of pediatric septic elbow arthritis between 2007 and 2017. Demographic, microbiological, biological, and radiological features were analyzed. Functional outcome was evaluated according to the Morrey Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). RESULTS: In total, 14 cases were reviewed. The mean age was 9 years. Microbiological findings revealed Staphylococcus aureus in 10 cases. The mean white blood cells count in synovial fluid was 101,306 cells per mm 3. The skin was the most frequently reported entry portal. The mean MEPS score was 86.13 points (excellent in eight cases, good in three cases, fair in two cases, and poor in two cases). Stiffness was observed in three cases. No growth disturbance was reported. DISCUSSION: Septic elbow arthritis in children is rare. Biological inflammatory markers are sensitive but not specific. White blood cell count in the synovial fluid is specific. S. aureus is the most frequently cultured agent. Treatment is based on surgical debridement, antibiotics, and elbow immobilization. Concomitant osteomyelitis is frequent and should be diagnosed and treated simultaneously. Functional outcomes are usually satisfactory in contrast to osteomyelitis. CONCLUSION: Pediatric septic elbow arthritis is rare. It may be primary or secondary to trauma and surgery of the elbow. Demographic, biological, and microbial features are similar to those reported for osteomyelitis; however, functional outcomes are better with a negligible rate of growth disturbance.

Modulation of Rb phosphorylation and antiproliferative response to palbociclib: the preoperative-palbociclib (POP) randomized clinical trial.

Background: The cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)/6 inhibitor Palbociclib is a new standard treatment in hormone-receptor positive breast cancer patients. No predictive biomarkers have been identified and no pharmacodynamics has properly been described so far. Patients and methods: Patients with early-breast cancer were randomized 3 : 1 to oral palbociclib 125 mg daily for 14 days until the day before the surgery versus no treatment. Primary objective was antiproliferative response defined as a natural logarithm of Ki67 expression at day 15 below 1. Secondary end points were subgroups analyses and safety. Exploratory analyses included search for predictive biomarkers. Immunostainings (Ki67, RB, pRB, p16, pAKT, pER, pCDK2, CyclinD1), FISH (CCND1) and gene expression (GE) arrays were carried out at baseline and at surgery. In addition, activating PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations were assessed at baseline. Results: 74 patients were allocated to palbociclib and 26 to control. Most patients (93%) were hormone-receptor (HR)-positive, whereas 8% were HER2-positive. Palbociclib led to significantly more antiproliferative responses when compared with control (58% versus 12%, P < 0.001), and to a significantly higher Ki67 decrease (P < 0.001). In the HR-positive/HER2-negative subgroup, this antiproliferative effect was even more marked in the palbociclib arm when compared with control (70% versus 9%, P < 0.001). Palbociclib treatment led also to a significantly higher decrease from baseline in phospho-Rb when compared with control (P < 0.001). Among treated patients, changes in Ki67 correlated with changes in phospho-Rb (Spearman rank r = 0.41, P < 0.0001). GE analyses confirmed a major effect on proliferation and cell cycle genes. Among treated patients, CCNE2 expression was significantly more decreased in antiproliferative responders versus nonresponders (P = 0.006). Conclusion: Short-term preoperative palbociclib decreases Ki67 in early-breast cancer patients. Early decrease of Rb phosphorylation correlates with drug's effect on cell proliferation and could potentially identify patients with primary resistance. Clinical trial registration: NCT02008734.

Microcystic transitional cell carcinoma: a rare tumor of the urinary bladder.

Microcystic urothelial carcinoma is a rare variant of invasive transitional cell carcinoma recognized by the WHO classification. It is characterized by its deceptively benign appearance. The clinical course of this uncommon variety of carcinoma is not well known and their histological and immunohistological features are not well defined. We report a case of a 37-year-old man with a microcystic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. He was diagnosed 4 years ago with cystitis glandularis lesions and nephrogenic adenoma. Through this observation we will try to define the clinical and pathological features of this uncommon tumor which must be differentiated from a number of proliferative lesions of the urothelium. The poor prognosis and aggressiveness of this tumor seems to be related to a higher stage and grade at diagnosis.

Free-sodium salts mixture and AlgySalt® use as NaCl substitutes in fresh and cooked meat products intended for the hypertensive population.

This work aims at reducing the use of added NaCl in processed meat products because of its negative effects on hypertensive population by replacing it by sodium-free salts mixture (SM: KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) in fresh and cooked sausages. The technological, sensory, and microbiological effects of SM were compared with a commercial replacer based on seaweed extracts (AlgySalt®). A total substitution of NaCl with the latter and a partial one with SM (80% and 50%) were studied in cooked sausages and a total NaCl substitution with both substitutes was performed in fresh sausages. As a result, hardness increased in AlgySalt® reformulated samples, while it decreased when 80% SM were used. Whereas, AlgySalt® induced less cooking loses than SM. To some extent, microbiological counts showed a similarity between reformulated and control samples for both sausage types, whereas reformulated products containing SM revealed better sensory properties for both meat products. Therefore, using SM as NaCl replacer is adequate for processed meat products.

[Vitamin C+sodium bicarbonate versus sodium bicarbonate alone in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy]. / Vitamine C+sérum bicarbonaté versus sérum bicarbonaté seul dans la prévention de la néphropathie induite par les produits de contraste.

INTRODUCTION: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common and severe complication in interventional cardiology. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to compare the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in two accelerated hydration protocols: the first one by the serum bicarbonate and the second combining the serum bicarbonate and oral vitamin C. METHODS: This is a multicenter prospective, randomized study conducted between October 2012 and May 2013, including 160 patients. RESULTS: The mean age of our study population was 60.8±9.3 years (36-83 years). The two study groups were comparable in terms of cardiovascular risk factors, concomitant medication, and baseline serum creatinine. The CIN incidence was 6.3% in the vitamin C group and 10% in the control group (P=0.38). No significant difference was observed in terms of CIN incidence between the different subgroups analyzed. CONCLUSION: According to our study, ascorbic acid administered orally as part of an accelerated hydration protocol does not reduce the incidence of CIN.

Excitonic complexes in GaN/(Al,Ga)N quantum dots.

Here we report a theoretical investigation of excitonic complexes in polar GaN/(Al,Ga)N quantum dots (QDs). A sum rule between the binding energies of charged excitons is used to calculate the biexciton binding energy. The binding energies of excitonic complexes in GaN/AlN are shown to be strongly correlated to the QD size. Due to the large hole localization, the positively charged exciton energy is found to be always blueshifted compared to the exciton one. The negatively charged exciton and the biexciton energy can be blueshifted or redshifted according to the QD size. Increasing the size of GaN/AlN QDs makes the identification of charged excitons difficult, and the use of an Al0.5Ga0.5N barrier can be advantageous for clear identification. Our theoretical results for the binding energy of exciton complexes are also confronted with values deduced experimentally for InAs/GaAs QDs, confirming our theoretical prediction for charged excitonic complexes in GaN/(Al,Ga)N QDs. Finally, we realize that the trends of excitonic complexes in QDs are significantly related to competition between the local charge separation (whatever its origin) and the correlation effect. Following our findings, entangled photons pairs can be produced in QDs with careful control of their size in order to obtain zero exciton-biexciton energy separation.

Properties of reformulated hot dog sausage without added nitrites during chilled storage.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a complete nitrite replacement strategy using celery, carmine, sodium lactate and orange dietary fibre combined with vitamins C and E, on the quality characteristics (technological, sensorial and safety properties) of hot dog sausages (five samples) during chilled storage (2 ± 1℃ 60 days). Nitrite replacers (combined with vitamins C and E) presented antioxidant activity, reducing lipid oxidation in reformulated samples. At the end of storage redness (a*) was similar in the control sample (with added nitrite) and in the sample without added nitrite. Sensory evaluation detected no significant difference between samples with and without added nitrite. All the reformulated samples were judged acceptable by the panellists. At the end of storage, the control sample contained more than four times as much residual nitrite as the reformulated samples. Growth of presumptive Clostridium perfringens was not observed in any of the samples. Samples without added nitrite had longer shelf-lives than control sausage. Samples containing 0.1% vitamin C registered the lowest microbiological levels. This strategy could be a good alternative to reduce and/or eliminate added nitrite in hot dog sausages.

Effects of emulsion gels containing bioactive compounds on sensorial, technological, and structural properties of frankfurters.

Emulsion gels prepared with olive oil, chia, and cold gelling agents (transglutaminase, alginate, or gelatin) were used as fat replacers in reduced-fat frankfurter formulation. Nutritional advantages, sensory analysis, technological properties, and microbiological populations of frankfurters were evaluated along with their lipid structural characteristics over chilled storage. Frankfurters with emulsion gels showed significant improvements in fat content (lower saturated fatty acid, higher mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents) and had good fat and water-binding properties. The presence of an emulsion gel reduced lightness and redness, but increased yellowness. Textural behavior of samples was significantly affected by the presence of emulsion gels and by storage. Sensory properties were not affected by the incorporation of emulsion gels, and all frankfurters were judged acceptable. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that samples with emulsion gels involve more lipid-protein interactions. Frankfurters with emulsion gels showed good stability to oxidation during storage and contained lower levels of microorganism than reduced-fat control at 85 days.

A-site-deficiency effect on critical behavior in the Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3 compound.

We present the effect of vacancy in Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3via dc magnetisation measurements. Using various techniques such as modified Arrott plots, the Kouvel-Fisher method, and Widom scaling relationship the values of TC (ferromagnetic transition temperature), as well as the ß, γ and δ (critical exponents) are estimated. Critical exponents for the stoichiometric sample and the strontium deficient sample match well with those predicted for the tricritical mean field model. The vacancy in Pr0.5□0.1Sr0.4MnO3 changes the universal class. The estimated critical exponents of the praseodymium deficient sample are close to those found out by the 3D-Ising model.

Nitrite-free Asian hot dog sausages reformulated with nitrite replacers.

This research deals with the application of a global strategy designed to produce a nitrite-free Asian hot dog. Different ingredients such as annatto, cochineal, orange dietary fibre, vitamins E and C, lactate and celery were combined in order to study the appearance (colour), lipid oxidation stability and microbial stability of the nitrite-free formulations. The control sample contained much more (P < 0.05) residual nitrite (88.7 mg/kg) than the samples without added nitrite (23-24 mg/kg). Generally, no formulation-dependent variations were observed in fat and water binding properties. Control sample had the highest L* and a* values, while the product with annatto (RA) had the lowest a* values. Lipid oxidation levels were similar irrespective of formulation. The hot dog reformulated with cochineal (RC) scored higher for overall acceptability than RA, mainly due to its colour.

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor for ethylene detection with a 3.32 µm distributed feedback laser diode.

An antimonide distributed feedback quantum wells diode laser operating at 3.32 µm at near room temperature in the continuous wave regime has been used to perform ethylene detection based on quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. An absorption line centered at 3007.52 cm(-1) was investigated and a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (1σ) of 3.09 10(-7) cm(-1) W Hz(-1/2) was obtained. The linearity and the stability of the detection have been evaluated. Biological samples' respiration has been measured to validate the feasibility of the detection setup in an agronomic environment, especially on ripening apples.

[Tuberculosis prevention]. / Prévention de la tuberculose.

UNLABELLED: Tuberculosis prevention is classically based on early detection of potential contagious cases and their effective treatment. But due to new parameters such as migration flows around the world, the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant strains and the increase of the population at risk, screening should be more active and target those who are more vulnerable to developing the disease. Traditional screening methods such as chest X-ray and tuberculin skin test, due to their high sensitivity and low cost, remain valid especially in populations with a high prevalence of the disease. The interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) seem to be very useful in immunodeficient patients with prior BCG vaccination. The treatment of subjects at high risk of developing active tuberculosis with a daily isoniazid self-administrated dosage for a period of 9 months is a prevention measure not only at the individual level but also at the collective one. All prevention interventions should be part of a national program concordant with the guidelines of the WHO Stop TB program that recommend a universal access to quality diagnosis and treatment focused on the patient. OUTLOOK: New methods of detection based on gene amplification would better suit to detect tuberculosis in immunodeficient patients and identify treatment-resistant strains. The development of the third part of the Stop TB project would reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease by 2025. CONCLUSION: The prevention of tuberculosis has been a major epidemiological challenge around the world and is continuously improving to adapt to the evolving disease.