PTSD and PTG in French and American Firefighters: A Comparative Study.

Studies show that experiencing traumatic events can lead to positive psychological change, or posttraumatic growth (PTG). In the hope of promoting PTG, authors have been focusing on identifying the factors that may foster PTG. Despite these attempts, the literature shows inconsistencies, making it difficult to know which variables may be involved in the process of growth. Indeed, authors seem to disagree on the nature of the relationship between PTSD and PTG, time since the event, social support, intrusive rumination, and sociodemographics. Thus, this study aims to clarify these discrepancies, and verify whether the processes involved are the same across two different cultural groups, both of which are confronted with traumatic events regularly: 409 American firefighters, and 407 French firefighters. Results indicate that, in both samples, PTG is positively related to PTSD, subjective perceptions of the event, stress during the event, disruption of core-beliefs, and deliberate rumination; and unrelated to social support, core-self evaluations, and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, relationship status, etc.). However, time since the event and the number of years on the job only predicted PTG in the American sample, while colleague and emotional support only predicted PTG in the French sample. Additionally, American firefighters reported more growth, more social support, more positive self-perceptions, more intrusive rumination, and more neuroticism than French firefighters. These results suggest that the process of growth, as defined by Tedeschi and Calhoun, is relatively stable among firefighters, but that some differences do exist between cultural groups.

Stressors met by quarantined French students during the covid-19 pandemic. Their links with depression and sleep disorders.

BACKGROUND: Quarantine during the covid-19 pandemic has been shown to be associated with poor psychological health in students. However, no study has systematically examined the stressors perceived by students during this quarantine and their link with psychological health. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the stressors perceived by French students during the Covid-19 quarantine and their links with students' psychological health, i.e., depression and sleep disorders. METHODS: First, based on the existing literature and interviews with students, we designed a 27-item scale. Then a sample of 2536 French students completed a questionnaire containing the 27 items along with two measures: the CES-D to measure depression and the Jenkins Sleep Scale to assess sleep disorders. RESULTS: The statistical analyses (EFA and CFA) revealed six factors that were correlated with depression and/or sleep disorders. However, regression analyses revealed that among them, "inactivity and idleness" and "academic worries" were the most associated with depression and sleep disorders. To a lesser extent, "Precariousness", "Lack of trust in information" and "Missing the people one care's about" but not "fear of the virus", were also associated with depression and/or sleep disorders. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional nature of our data limits the extent to which causal inferences can be made. All the data in this study was collected through online questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the stressors most strongly associated with depression and sleep disorders, that is those that must be tackled as a priority.

Work Environment and Elderly Abuse in Nursing Homes: The Mediating Role of Burnout.

The present study focuses on elderly abuse committed by nurses and nurses' aides in nursing homes. Elderly abuse includes neglect and abusive behaviors deleterious to the health and welfare of the elderly. The study aimed at a better understanding of neglect and abusive behaviors by considering caregiver burnout and the work context of these professionals. To achieve this goal, direct effects of job demands (workload and emotional demands) and organizational resources (quality of relationships with colleagues and with the supervisor) on elderly abuse were analyzed. Moreover, the mediating role of caregiver burnout was explored by suggesting that job demands and lack of organizational resources were related to neglect and abusive behaviors through burnout. The study was conducted among 481 nurses and health care assistants from different French nursing homes. Correlations, multiple regressions, and mediation analyses were performed. Results globally confirmed our hypotheses. Emotional demands and poor quality relationships with colleagues and the team supervisor were the most predictive variables for caregiver burnout, neglect, and abusive behaviors toward the elderly. Moreover, the results contributed to the literature by highlighting the mediating effect of burnout and give rise to potential implications in preventing elderly abuse in nursing homes.

Job demands, emotional dissonance and elderly abuse: The moderating role of organizational resources.

The present study focuses on elderly abuse committed by caregivers in nursing homes. It aimed at a better understanding of neglect and abusive behaviors by considering the working context and the emotional dissonance of these professionals. To achieve this goal, direct effects of emotional dissonance, job demands (workload and emotional demands) and organizational resources (high-quality relationships with the colleagues and the supervisor) on neglect and abusive behaviors were analyzed. Moreover, the moderating role of organizational resources was explored. The study was conducted among 481 nurses and healthcare assistants from different French nursing homes. Overall, results contributed to the literature by pointing out the impact of emotional dissonance and caregivers' working context on neglect and abusive behaviors. Moreover, results highlighted the moderating effect of high-quality relationships with the colleagues and the supervisor and give rise to potential implications in preventing elderly abuse in nursing homes.

Burnout and hopelessness among farmers: The Farmers Stressors Inventory.

BACKGROUND: Farming is a stressful occupation with a high rate of suicide. However, there have been relatively few studies that have examined the antecedents of stress and suicide in farmers. We also lack methodologically sound scales aimed at assessing the stressors faced by farmers. AIMS: Therefore, the purposes of this study were to develop an instrument assessing the stressors met by farmers, The Farmers Stressors Inventory, and to test its factorial structure, internal consistency and criterion validity. METHODS: First, based on the existing literature and interviews with farmers, we designed a scale containing 37 items. Then a sample of 2142 French farmers completed a questionnaire containing the 37 items along with two measures: The MBIGS that assesses burnout and the BHS that assesses hopelessness. RESULTS: The statistical analyses (EFA and CFA) revealed eight factors in accordance with different aspects of farmers job stressors: workload and lack of time, incertitude toward the future and the financial market, agricultural legislation pressure, social and geographical isolation, financial worry, conflicts with associates or family members, family succession of the farm, and unpredictable interference with farm work. The internal consistency of the eight subscales was satisfactory. Correlation between these eight dimensions and burnout on the one side and hopelessness on the other side support the criterion-related validity of the scale.

Emotional Dissonance and Burnout: The Moderating Role of Team Reflexivity and Re-Evaluation.

The aim of the present study was to better understand the relationship between emotional dissonance and burnout by exploring the buffering effects of re-evaluation and team reflexivity. The study was conducted with a sample of 445 nurses and healthcare assistants from a general hospital. Team reflexivity was evaluated with the validation of the French version of the team reflexivity scale (Facchin, Tschan, Gurtner, Cohen, & Dupuis, 2006). Burnout was measured with the MBI General Survey (Schaufeli, Leiter, Maslach, & Jackson, 1996). Emotional dissonance and re-evaluation were measured with the scale developed by Andela, Truchot, & Borteyrou (2015). With reference to Rimé's theoretical model (2009), we suggested that both dimensions of team reflexivity (task and social reflexivity) respond to both psychological necessities induced by dissonance (cognitive clarification and socio-affective necessities). Firstly, results indicated that emotional dissonance was related to burnout. Secondly, regression analysis confirmed the buffering role of re-evaluation and social reflexivity on the emotional exhaustion of emotional dissonance. Overall, results contribute to the literature by highlighting the moderating effect of re-evaluation and team reflexivity in analysing the relationship between emotional dissonance and burnout. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An exploratory study of self-consciousness and emotion-regulation strategies in health care workers.

The goal of this study was to assess relations between public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness (self-reflectiveness and internal state awareness), and two emotion-regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. 59 employees of a public hospital completed a survey. Public self-consciousness was not associated with either emotion-regulation strategy, while both dimensions of private self-consciousness were related to the strategies. While self-reflectiveness was correlated with expressive suppression, internal states awareness was associated with cognitive reappraisal.

Is burnout solely job-related? A critical comment.

Within the field-dominating, multidimensional theory of burnout, burnout is viewed as a work-specific condition. As a consequence, the burnout syndrome cannot be investigated outside of the occupational domain. In the present paper, this restrictive view of burnout's scope is criticized and a rationale to decide between a work-specific and a generic approach to burnout is presented. First, the idea that a multidimensional conception of burnout implies a work-restricted scope is deconstructed. Second, it is shown that the burnout phenomenon cannot be confined to work because chronic, unresolvable stress - the putative cause of burnout - is not limited to work. In support of an integrative view of health, it is concluded that the field-dominating, multidimensional theory of burnout should abandon as groundless the idea that burnout is a specifically job-related phenomenon and define burnout as a multi-domain syndrome. The shift from a work-specific to a generic approach would allow both finer analysis and wider synthesis in research on chronic stress and burnout.

Development and validation of the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology: preliminary findings.

AIM: This study is a report of the development and testing of the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology. BACKGROUND: Stressors in oncology nursing are generally assessed using generic stress scales like the Nursing Stress Scale or the Health Professions Stress Inventory. However, qualitative investigations have highlighted the specific nature of the stress to which nurses are exposed. DESIGN: The Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology was developed using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. METHOD: For the item generation phase, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 59 nurses working in oncology units during 2007. A total of 51 work-related items were retained for the final survey. A convenience sample of 582 nurses working in oncology completed the survey between January 2008-June 2008. They also completed the General Health Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology was further tested for theoretically supported constructs, internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity. FINDINGS: The exploratory results revealed five factors: workload, dealing with death and dying, dealing with suffering, interpersonal conflicts, dealing with patients and relatives. The internal consistency of the five subscales was satisfactory. Correlation patterns between the Work Stressor Inventory for Nurses in Oncology dimensions and both mental health and burnout variables support the criterion-related validity of the scale. CONCLUSION: Future quantitative or qualitative studies using this scale could add knowledge about the experiences of emotional and organizational stressors related to this area of nursing.

Comparative symptomatology of burnout and depression.

The link between burnout and depression remains unclear. In this study, we compared depressive symptoms in 46 burned-out workers, 46 outpatients experiencing a major depressive episode, and 453 burnout-free workers to test the distinctiveness of burnout as a clinical entity. Participants with burnout and major depressive episode reported similar, severe levels of overall depressive symptoms. The between-syndrome overlap was further verified for eight of the nine major depressive episode diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Our findings do not support the view hypothesizing that burnout and depression are separate entities and question the nosological added value of the burnout construct.

Career orientation and burnout in French general practitioners.

This study among 259 French general practitioners examined how Cherniss's four career orientations, Artisan, Social Activist, Careerist, and Self-investor, as recalled by these physicians, are related to their burnout scores. Data were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Initial and present career orientations were related to depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Those whose career orientation changed to Self-investor reported the highest despersonalization, while those who changed to the Artisan orientation reported the lowest depersonalization. Results are discussed regarding the fit between career orientation and the work setting of general practitioners, a professional group with high burnout.

[Burn out among French general practitioners]. / Epuisement professionnel chez les médecins généralistes.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the extent of burn out among the general practitioners of the Loire region (France). METHODS: A questionnaire in 3 parts was sent to 480 general practitioners: the first concerned the socio-demographical variables such as the age of the practitioners, their marital status, time when the installed their practice, type of practice and quantification of their professional activity; the second corresponded to the French version of the Maslach Burn out Inventory (MBI) and the third part foresaw the eventual consequences of burn out, such as the wish for retraining, use of psychotropics or suicidal thoughts. RESULTS: 306 practitioners replied (response rate 64%). Mean scores on the three dimensions of burn out (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, low personal accomplishment) were similar to those of other studies using the same instrument. Five per cent of the practitioners had high scores of burn out on the 3 subscales, but professional accomplishment remained high for a majority of physicians. More than 1 practitioner out of 2 had thought of retraining, 5.5% declared excessive drinking, 30% had taken psychotropics, and 13% have envisaged suicide. Emotional exhaustion was statistically associated with female sex, heavy workload, wish to retrain, drinking, psychotropics and suicidal ideation. The causes of burn out expressed by the practitioners were organizational and administrative (high workload, administrative demands, conflicts with social welfare organizations) but also relational (demands considered as excessive from their patients and families). DISCUSSION: Burn out among general practitioners is a reality. The quality of life of practitioners suffering from burn out appears significantly impaired, and published literature indicates that it may lead to deleterious consequences on the care provided to their patients.

Do attributions change over time when the actor's behavior is hedonically relevant to the perceiver?

The tendency for observers to overattribute others' behavior to dispositional variables and, correspondingly, to underestimate the importance of situational variables has been well documented. Yet, the strength of this so-called fundamental attribution error has been challenged by J. M. Burger (1991), who showed that this bias disappeared over time. But does time cause an attribution shift when the other's behavior is negative and hedonically relevant to the observer (e.g., the former is attacked by the latter)? In an exploratory study, the authors showed that even in this case, attributions to dispositional variables tended to diminish overtime.