Association of categorical diagnoses and psychopathologies with quality of life in patients with depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, and somatic symptom disorder (SSD) are associated with quality of life (QoL) reduction. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between these conditions as categorical diagnoses and related psychopathologies with QoL, recognizing their frequent overlap. METHODS: We recruited a total of 403 clinical patients and healthy individuals, administering diagnostic interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. QoL and psychopathologies were assessed using the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and several self-administered questionnaires, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses examined the associations between psychiatric diagnoses, psychopathologies, and QoL. RESULTS: SSD and MDD were independently associated with impaired global (ß = -0.318 and - 0.287) and all QoL domains (ß = -0.307, -0.150, -0.125, and - 0.133, in physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains respectively for SSD; ß = -0.278, -0.344, -0.275, and - 0.268 for MDD). The Beck Depression Inventory-II score showed pervasive associations with QoL (ß = -0.390, -0.408, -0.685, -0.463, and - 0.420, in global, physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains). The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 and Health Anxiety Questionnaire scores were associated with global (ß = -0.168 and - 0.181) and physical (ß = -0.293 and - 0.121) QoL domain, while the Cognitions About Body and Health Questionnaire score was only associated with environmental QoL domain (ß = -0.157). CONCLUSION: SSD and MDD were independently associated with QoL impairment. Depressive symptoms were associated with all QoL domains, whereas somatic symptom burden and health anxiety primarily affected the physical QoL domain. Clinicians should consider concomitant psychopathologies when managing patients with depression, anxiety, or somatic symptoms.

Association of Childhood Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Adolescent Traditional and Cyberbullying Victimization in the Digital Generation: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: This population-based cohort study aimed to examine the association with childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bullying experiences during adolescence among Digital Generation individuals, exploring both traditional and cyberbullying. METHODS: This study included data from 15,240 participants, collected from the Taiwan Adolescent to Adult Longitudinal Study project. Participants, initially in seventh and 10th grade in 2015, were selected through a multistage stratified sampling approach. Self-report questionnaires assessed traditional and cyberbullying victimization experiences during adolescence, with 5-year longitudinal follow-up. Childhood ADHD diagnoses were identified by linking data to Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2015. Logistic regression models were employed to examine the relationship between childhood ADHD and bullying victimization while controlling for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Individuals diagnosed with childhood ADHD exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing bullying during adolescence (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-1.80). This association extended to various forms of bullying, including physical (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20-1.68), verbal (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20-1.67), relational (aOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.22-1.71), and cyber (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.14-1.61). Additional factors positively associated with bullying victimization included male, binge drinking, and depression, while a positive campus atmosphere was protective against bullying. However, there is no evidence for interactions between these factors and ADHD in their associations with bullying. DISCUSSION: Childhood ADHD increases the risk of both traditional and cyberbullying during adolescence. Recognizing this risk is essential for targeted interventions and further research on underlying mechanisms.

Association of Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Factors With Elderly Suicide: A Cohort Study of 101,518 Older Taiwanese.

BACKGROUND: Older people have the highest suicide rate across age groups in most countries. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors also increases with age. We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risk factors, and suicide in a large cohort of older people in Taiwan. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study using data from an elderly health examination program in Taipei City, Taiwan (2005-2010), linked to the national cause-of-death data files. We used competing risk Cox regression models to investigate the associations of BMI (kg/m2) and cardiometabolic factors with suicide after adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic variables, chronic diseases, psychological distress, and cognitive function. RESULTS: Among 101,518 individuals aged ≥ 65 years, 92 died by suicide during an average follow-up of 3.9 years. Underweight (BMI<18.5) was associated with increased suicide risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.52) (reference: normal weight). Low diastolic blood pressure was associated with increased suicide risk - aHR was 0.51 (95% CI 0.29-0.91) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.31-0.99) for the third and fourth quartiles of diastolic blood pressure (reference: the lowest quartile), respectively. Older people with a higher waist circumference (aHR per 1-standard-deviation increase=0.60 [95% CI 0.37-0.98]) and a higher number of metabolic syndrome criteria (aHR per 1-criterion increase=0.65 [95% 0.46-0.92]) had lower suicide risk. Systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were not associated with suicide risk. CONCLUSIONS: Underweight, low diastolic blood pressure, and low waist circumference may be markers of increased suicide risk in older people.

Associations of internalized stigma with psychosocial functioning and quality of life in people with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is associated with poor functional recovery. Internalized stigma is one of the factors related to the functioning of individuals with schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate whether internalized stigma was associated with subjective and objective recovery-related outcomes after controlling for neurocognition and other important confounders in individuals with schizophrenia. METHOD: We assessed the socio demographic background, psychopathology, neurocognition, internalized stigma, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life of 86 patients who had schizophrenia. Correlation analyses and multiple linear regression were used to investigate the association of internalized stigma and other variables with recovery-related outcomes. RESULTS: We found that the negative symptom scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale but not internalized stigma was associated with psychosocial functioning as measured by the Personal and Social Performance global score. In contrast, internalized stigma was associated with the Psychological, Social relationships, and Environment scores of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Depression was also associated with the Physical health, Psychological, and Social relationships sores of the WHOQOL-BREF. CONCLUSIONS: While internalized stigma was associated with several domains of quality of life, it was not associated with clinician-rated psychosocial functioning. The effects of internalized stigma on the subjective and objective recovery-related outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia might be divergent.

Mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan, 2002-2017.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate natural- and unnatural-cause mortality at different follow-up time points in Taiwanese patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). METHOD: In this longitudinal cohort study, 330,393 patients, including 2143 patients with AN, 13,590 with BN, and 20 times as many respective non-AN and non-BN patients, were followed up for 16 years. We performed conditional Cox regression survival analysis to examine the risk of mortality in the AN and BN groups relative to the comparison group. RESULTS: A total of 1242 patients died, including 101 and 343 patients with AN and BN, respectively. Mortality rates for AN and BN were 5.42 and 2.90 deaths per 1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with the non-AN group, the AN group had a significantly higher risk of both natural- and unnatural-cause mortality, and the BN group had a significantly higher risk of unnatural-cause mortality. Suicide was the most common cause of death, and suicide risk was significantly higher in both the AN and BN groups. All-cause mortality risk was the highest at the beginning of follow-up and markedly declined in the AN group. In the BN group, all-cause mortality risk was lower but stable at follow-up. The risk of unnatural-cause mortality remained high throughout the follow-up period for both the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and treatment for associated physical problems in patients with AN are crucial. Regular monitoring for unnatural-cause mortality events (mainly suicide) in AN and BN over time is also crucial. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: AN had a significantly higher risk of both natural- and unnatural-cause mortality and BN had a significantly higher risk of death from unnatural causes. All-cause mortality risk was highest at the beginning of follow-up in AN, but unnatural-cause mortality risk remained high throughout the follow-up period for both groups. Our findings imply that early detection and treatment in AN and regular monitoring for unnatural-cause mortality events in AN and BN are crucial.

Risk of dialysis and renal diseases in patients with anorexia nervosa in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and risk of renal-related complications in a nationwide cohort of Taiwanese patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: This longitudinal cohort study analyzed the data of 43,951 individuals-comprising 2091 patients with AN and their controls matched (1:20) using propensity scores according to sex, age, degree of urbanization of residence, socioeconomic status, and year of diagnosis-from a population-based health insurance database; the study lasted 16 years. We used Kaplan-Meier curves to estimate the cumulative incidence of renal events. We also performed Cox proportional regression and constructed a risk model with death as a competing event (both adjusted for basic characteristics, renal diseases, and psychiatric comorbidities) to examine the risk of dialysis and renal outcomes in the AN group relative to the control group. RESULTS: In total, 204 and 10 patients with AN had renal-related outcomes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), respectively. The cumulative incidence rates of all renal outcomes and ESRD in the AN group were 10.72% and .64%, respectively, at 10-year follow-up. Compared with the control group, the AN group had a significantly higher risk of acute dialysis (adjusted hazard ratio 2.10 [95% confidence interval 1.19-3.68]), hypokalemia, hypovolemia, nephritis, acute renal failure, and chronic renal failure. The AN group did not have a significantly higher risk of ESRD. DISCUSSION: The elevated risks of acute dialysis and some renal outcomes in AN highlight the importance of monitoring electrolyte imbalance and renal malfunctioning. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Malnutrition and purging behaviors may cause renal complications in patients with AN. In this longitudinal cohort study, we found that the 10-year cumulative incidence of all renal outcomes in AN was 10.72%, and that patients with AN had a two-fold higher risk of overall renal outcomes compared with those without AN. Our findings imply that weight restoration and ceasing purging behaviors are crucial for recovery from AN.

Patients who complain of autonomic dysregulation: A cross-sectional study of patients with somatic symptom disorder.

BACKGROUND: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is common in medical settings but has been underdiagnosed. Stigma related to psychiatric illness was one of the barriers to making the diagnosis. More and more SSD patients who visited psychiatric clinics with physical complaints identify themselves as having 'autonomic dysregulation' in Taiwan. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of patients with a subjective diagnosis of 'autonomic dysregulation'. METHOD: We assessed the sociodemographic profile, medical/psychiatric diagnoses, subjective psychiatric diagnoses, perceived psychiatric stigma, help-seeking attitude, and healthcare utilization of 122 participants with SSD. Participants who identified themselves as having 'autonomic dysregulation' (n = 84) were compared to those who did not (n=38). RESULTS: Participants with a subjective diagnosis of 'autonomic dysregulation' were younger and had a higher education level than those who did not have such a subjective diagnosis. They also had higher scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ), whereas comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were similar in the two groups. Participants with and without a subjective diagnosis of 'autonomic dysregulation' did not have a significant difference in perceived psychiatric stigma and help-seeking attitude/behaviors. In a multiple logistic regression model, only age was associated with having a subjective diagnosis of 'autonomic dysregulation'. CONCLUSION: Among SSD patients, those who identify themselves as having 'autonomic dysregulation' tend to have higher somatic distress and health anxiety than those who do not. 'Autonomic dysregulation' is not associated with perceived psychiatric stigma.

Characteristics and psychopathology of 1,086 patients who self-poisoned using pesticides in Taiwan (2012-2019): A comparison across pesticide groups.

Background Previous studies, mainly from low- and middle-income settings, showed that pesticide self-poisonings were mostly impulsive with low levels of psychopathology. We aimed to investigate whether pesticide self-poisoning in a high-income country showed similar profiles, and whether those with certain characteristics and psychopathology were more likely to use specific pesticides. Methods Data were extracted from hospital records of pesticide self-poisoning patients treated at eight major hospitals in Taiwan between 2012 and 2019. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate the association of interpersonal conflicts, triggers of self-poisoning, and psychopathology with the groups of pesticides ingested. Results A total of 1,086 patients who self-poisoned using pesticides were identified; 67.0% were male and 39.8% aged 65+ years. Approximately three quarters (75.7%) of patients who received psychiatric assessment had at least one psychiatric diagnosis, and the prevalence was 48.3% in all patients. No association was found between the pesticide groups ingested and interpersonal conflicts, most of the triggers, past psychiatric service use, or having psychiatric diagnoses. Limitations Data were collected from hospital records retrospectively. Only 60.3% of the patients received a psychiatric assessment. Conclusions The majority of patients who self-poisoned using pesticides and received psychiatric assessment in Taiwan had psychiatric illness. Patients who ingested different groups of pesticides were similar in their characteristics. The choice of pesticides used in self-poisoning more likely relates to availability rather than intentional selection. Psychiatric assessment and treatment are important in patients who self-poisoned using pesticides, while restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides is likely to prevent many deaths from pesticide self-poisoning.

Paths to the first-time diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the characteristics of psychiatrists and the hospital settings in relation to the first-time diagnoses of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) and depict medical utilization and the detection rate before diagnosis of patients with AN and BN. METHOD: We extracted data of individuals with AN or BN, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, from a national health insurance database. Individuals with AN (n = 1,893) or BN (n = 10,542) who were first-time diagnosed by psychiatrists from 2002 to 2013 were included. Individuals with schizophrenia were selected as control groups that were matched with the incident AN and BN cases for sex, age stratum, and year of diagnosis. RESULTS: AN was more likely to be diagnosed by female psychiatrists. Patients with AN were more frequently diagnosed in medical centers while patients with BN were mostly diagnosed in primary care clinics. Nearly all patients with AN and BN had sought treatment for physical problems but less than half had sought help for mental health problems in the year preceding the diagnosis. Individuals with AN, BN, and schizophrenia were all under-detected by nonpsychiatric medical professionals. Notably, BN was least likely to be recognized by both psychiatrists and other medical professionals. DISCUSSION: Our findings underscore the importance of educational programs that are designed to improve the detection and management of eating disorders by medical professionals in Taiwan. Advanced educational programs that target differential diagnosis and the tailored management of different eating disorders should be highlighted among psychiatrists.

Healthcare use and costs of adults with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the health service use and healthcare costs of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in Taiwan. METHOD: AN and BN cases between 2002-2013 were extracted from a national health insurance database. For each AN and BN case, we randomly selected 10 controls with no eating disorder, matched for sex, age, urbanization of residence, and year of medical visit. The percentage and frequency of health services use and costs in the year preceding and after the diagnosis of AN/BN were compared between groups. We used generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link function to determine the effects of age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidities on the total cost adjusting for physical comorbidities and to calculate the mean cost difference between groups by using marginal and incremental effects. RESULTS: Both individuals with AN and BN had significantly elevated healthcare utilization and costs compared to controls during the baseline and one-year period after diagnosis. Patients with AN had more than three times higher total costs (US $792) and patients with BN had two times higher total costs (US $320) than individuals without eating disorders. Comorbidity of depressive disorder and older age significantly increased healthcare costs among both individuals with AN and BN. DISCUSSION: There are high medical and economic burdens of care for individuals with AN and BN. Early diagnosis and integrated care for eating disorders are important tasks to reduce disease burden in Taiwan.

Is severity a clinically meaningful specifier of somatic symptom disorder?

OBJECTIVE: Few existing studies have investigated the clinical relevance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) somatic symptom disorder (SSD) severity rated by clinicians. We examined the association of SSD severity with psychiatric and medical comorbidity, psychological features and help-seeking attitude and behaviours. METHODS: A total of 123 patients with SSD were prospectively recruited and completed several types of self-report instrument. Information about medical comorbidity and healthcare use was gathered from the participants and medical record review. Common comorbid psychiatric diagnoses of SSD were assessed by psychiatrists. Group differences of patients with SSD of varying severity were assessed with ANOVA and chi-square tests. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between SSD severity and psychological features. RESULTS: Prevalence of medical comorbidity and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses of SSD was not significantly different among patients with varying SSD severity. Patients with severe SSD had the highest Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores. Help-seeking behaviour was not associated with SSD severity. After controlling for demographic variables, the associations between 'severe SSD' and the PHQ-15, HAQ, BDI-II and BAI scores were significant. CONCLUSION: SSD severity rated by clinicians was not associated with comorbid medical or psychiatric diagnoses. Compared to patients with mild/moderate SSD, patients with severe SSD not only had higher somatic distress and health anxiety but also higher levels of anxiety/depression. However, SSD severity was not associated with help-seeking attitude and behaviour.

Rates and trends in healthcare-detected incidence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A national health insurance claim data study in Taiwan, 2002-2013.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the incidence rates of diagnosed anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) and their variations over time in Taiwan. METHOD: The data of individuals with AN and BN, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification's (ICD-9-CM), were extracted from merged databases by means of unique identification numbers. To fulfill the criteria of incident cases, individuals must not have had an AN or BN diagnosis in the preceding 2 years. The time trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall AN and BN incidence rates were 1.1 and 6.1 per 100,000, respectively. There was no significant change in the overall incidence rate for AN or both sexes across the study period. A significant increase in AN incidence occurred in the age groups of 10-14 and 30-39 years. The overall incidence rate of BN increased significantly in the few years before 2009 and then decreased. A similar trend occurred among the females and groups aged above 20 years. There was no significant change in the overall BN incidence rate over the whole period. DISCUSSION: Compared with Western countries, the AN incidence in Taiwan is very low, whereas the BN incidence is in the lower end of the range. The findings that the age of the first-time detected AN and BN is older in Taiwan and that the significant increases in age-specific incidence are mainly among adults suggest that more effort is needed to detect individuals with AN and BN at a younger age in Taiwan.

Night eating syndrome in patients with eating disorders: Is night eating syndrome distinct from bulimia nervosa?

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Night eating syndrome (NES) is a diagnosis newly introduced in the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This study investigated the characteristics of NES in individuals with eating disorders and the clinical significance of NES in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS: We recruited participants with eating problems at psychiatric outpatient clinics and from Internet referrals and age, sex, and educational level-comparable controls from September 2013 to April 2017. All participants received in-face structured clinical interviews to establish their eating disorder and NES diagnoses and completed questionnaires assessing NES, eating attitudes/behaviors, depression, sleep disturbances, morningness/eveningness preference, and functional impairment. Comparisons of measurements were made across patients with eating disorder subtypes and across patients with NES-only, BN-only, comorbid BN and NES, and controls. RESULTS: NES was identified in 10.3%, 34.9%, and 51.7% of the individuals with anorexia nervosa, BN, and binge-eating disorder, respectively. NES-only group had more frequent binge-eating, higher degrees of eating pathology, depression, sleep disturbances, and functional impairment compared to controls; however, NES-only group shared similar levels of disordered eating, depression, sleep disturbances, and functional impairment with BN-only group. BN-NES group had no difference from BN-only group on most eating pathology, psychopathology, and functional impairment, except for the presence of greater eating and weight concerns. CONCLUSION: NES has its clinical significance; however, it overlaps with BN in several dimensions of psychopathology. Presence of night eating in a BN group may not contribute clinically meaningful psychopathology.

Sleep and emotional disturbance in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Sleep disorder and depression are prevalent in patients on dialysis but less investigated in earlier-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, health anxiety, and sleep disturbance and explore the association between CKD stage, psychological symptoms and sleep quality. METHODS: We recruited 326 patients with CKD (stage 1-5) not on dialysis from the nephrology clinic. All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Health Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Chi-square tests were used to assess the difference in psychological symptoms between CKD stages. Multiple linear regression was employed to assess relationships among selected variables and sleep/emotional disturbance. RESULTS: Clinically significant depression, anxiety, health anxiety, and sleep disturbance were found in 3.1%, 3.1%, 18%, and 36.2% of the patients, respectively. BDI-II, BAI, HAQ, and PSQI scores did not significantly differ across CKD stages. In a multiple linear regression model that included psychological variables, BDI-II score had a statistically significant association with PSQI score (ß = 0.418, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms were associated with sleep quality of patients with earlier-stage CKD. However, there was no significant association between CKD stage and sleep disturbance or other psychological symptoms.

Subsyndromal psychosomatic concepts and personality traits in community adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of features of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) in the Taiwanese community and to explore their relationships with psychological states and personality traits. METHOD: The participants were 153 individuals without a DSM-5 psychiatric diagnosis who were grouped according to whether they had a DCPR diagnosis (at least one DCPR diagnosis, DCPR(+): n=66; no DCPR diagnosis, DCPR(-): n=87). The groups were compared with respect to psychological states (measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-15 [PHQ-15], Health Anxiety Questionnaire [HAQ], Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II], Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI)]) and personality (measured with Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire). Multiple logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations among demographic, personality, DCPR, and psychological states. RESULTS: The DCPR(+) group had higher BDI-II, BAI, PHQ-15 and HAQ scores than the DCPR(-) group and also had a higher anticipatory worry. The most common DCPR diagnoses were health anxiety (42.42%) and alexithymia (37.88%). Anticipatory worry was the variable most closely associated with all the DCPR diagnoses. Health anxiety was related to anticipatory worry and age, whereas alexithymia was associated with dependence and fatiguability. PHQ-15, HAQ, and BDI-II scores were related to health anxiety but not alexithymia. CONCLUSION: DCPR has clinical utility in the community samples without DSM-5 diagnoses. DCPR may be a valid mediator between psychological trait and state.

Comparative validity of the Internet and paper-and-pencil versions of the Night Eating Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Internet and paper-and-pencil versions of the Mandarin Chinese version of the Night Eating Questionnaire (C-NEQ) and compared these measures' validity. METHOD: The C-NEQ was evaluated through two different media: 626 participants completed the C-NEQ on the Internet and 160 participants completed the paper-form C-NEQ at the psychiatric outpatient clinics. A subgroup completed both versions of the C-NEQ (n=50). The Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory was used to identify individuals with night eating syndrome (NES). RESULTS: The paper-and-pencil and Internet versions of the C-NEQ both showed good internal consistency, reliability, and concurrent validity. Reliability between the Internet and the paper-and-pencil versions of the C-NEQ was excellent (ICC=.96). Diagnostic analysis of the C-NEQ's performance using the Receiver Operation Curve method showed excellent results in both versions; the area under the curve did not differ significantly between the versions. Regarding detecting NES, the Internet version had a higher optimal cutoff point than the paper-and-pencil version (23 and 22, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Internet and paper-and-pencil versions of the C-NEQ both showed strong reliability and validity; however the two versions appear to differ marginally regarding usage in NES detection.

Application of the Chinese Version of the Whiteley Index-7 for Detecting DSM-5 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders.

BACKGROUND: The Whiteley Index-7 (WI-7) is frequently used for evaluating patients with suspected hypochondriasis. However, information about its use on somatic symptom and related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is still lacking. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Mandarin Chinese version of the WI-7 and its application to evaluation of somatic symptom and related disorders. METHODS: Participants completed the WI-7 and received diagnostic interview based on both Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) and DSM-5 criteria. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, and the test-retest reliability and the internal consistency of the WI-7 were assessed. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were established, and the area under the curve was calculated to determine the cutoff point to distinguish DSM-IV somatoform disorders and DSM-5 somatic symptom and related disorders, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 471 subjects were recruited for this study. The exploratory factor analysis of the WI-7 identified a single factor. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the WI-7 were 0.829 and 0.836, respectively. The area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve using WI-7 to distinguish DSM-5 somatic symptom and related disorders is 0.660, higher than that when applying to distinguish DSM-IV somatoform disorders. The sensitivity and specificity at an optimal cutoff point of 0/1 are 0.645 and 0.675, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Mandarin Chinese version of the WI-7 is a potentially useful tool to detect individuals with DSM-5 somatic symptom and related disorders.