The level of discomfort during the use of different circuits of the mechanical ventilator.

Objectives: Endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation is a life-saving procedure in patients with respiratory failure. However, the presence of an ETT can cause significant discomfort. A tracheostomy tube is used to administer a mechanical ventilator, resulting in a more stable airway and fewer serious injuries. Noninvasive ventilators (NIPPVs) administer ventilation through masks and must be tightly fixed to the face. ETT, tracheostomy, and NIPPV are the most common methods of ventilator maintenance. However, these interventions often cause discomfort to patients. This study aimed to compare discomfort associated with ETT, tracheostomy, and NIPPV. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine conscious patients with postextubation NIPPV and eight conscious patients who underwent postextubation tracheotomy were evaluated for discomfort. A questionnaire survey on discomfort was performed before and after NIPPV or tracheostomy. These patients reported their level of discomfort on a visual analog scale. Results: The levels of sore throat, nasal pain, body pain, activity limitation, respiratory discomfort, oral discomfort, difficulty coughing sputum, worry about respiratory tube disconnection, back pain, anxiety, worry about long-term admission, sleep disturbance, and general discomfort during ETT intubation were higher than during tracheostomy or NIPPV (all P < 0.05). The mean level of discomfort was approximately 5-6 points (moderate) in patients with ETT and 2-3 points (mild) in patients with NIPPV or tracheostomy. Conclusion: The level of discomfort was higher in patients who underwent ETT intubation than in those who underwent NIPPV or tracheostomy. However, the level of discomfort was similar between the patients with NIPPV and those who underwent tracheostomy.

Tazarotene-induced Gene 1 Induces Melanoma Cell Death by Triggering Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the mechanism by which tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) inhibits melanoma cell growth. The main focus was to analyze downstream genes regulated by TIG1 in melanoma cells and its impact on cell growth. METHODS: The effects of TIG1 expression on cell viability and death were assessed using water-soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST-1) mitochondrial staining and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. RNA sequencing and Western blot analysis were employed to investigate the genes regulated by TIG1 in melanoma cells. Additionally, the correlation between TIG1 expression and its downstream genes was analyzed in a melanoma tissue array. RESULTS: TIG1 expression in melanoma cells was associated with decreased cell viability and increased cell death. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (reverse RT-QPCR), and immunoblots revealed that TIG1 expression induced the expression of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress response-related genes such as Homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 (HERPUD1), Binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), and DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3). Furthermore, analysis of the melanoma tissue array revealed a positive correlation between TIG1 expression and the expression of HERPUD1, BIP, and DDIT3. Additionally, attenuation of the ER stress response in melanoma cells weakened the impact of TIG1 on cell growth. CONCLUSIONS: TIG1 expression effectively hinders the growth of melanoma cells. TIG1 induces the upregulation of ER stress response-related genes, leading to an increase in caspase-3 activity and subsequent cell death. These findings suggest that the ability of retinoic acid to prevent melanoma formation may be associated with the anticancer effect of TIG1.

Association between Time to Emergent Surgery and Outcomes in Trauma Patients: A 10-Year Multicenter Study.

Background: Research on the impact of reduced time to emergent surgery in trauma patients has yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between waiting emergent surgery time (WEST) and outcomes in trauma patients. Methods: This retrospective, multicenter study used data from the Tzu Chi Hospital trauma database. The primary clinical outcomes were in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS) of ≥30 days. Results: A total of 15,164 patients were analyzed. The median WEST was 444 min, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 248-848 min for all patients. Patients who died in the hospital had a shorter median WEST than did those who survived (240 vs. 446 min, p < 0.001). Among the trauma patients with a WEST of <2 h, the median time was 79 min (IQR = 50-100 min). No significant difference in WEST was observed between the survival and mortality groups for patients with a WEST of <120 min (median WEST: 85 vs. 78 min, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that WEST was not associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17-6.35 for 30 min ≤ WEST < 60 min; aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.22-5.70 for 60 min ≤ WEST < 90 min; and aOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.13-2.74 for WEST ≥ 90 min). Conclusions: Our findings do not support the "golden hour" concept because no association was identified between the time to definitive care and in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, and prolonged hospital stay of ≥30 days.

Clinical effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicine management in patients with COVID-19 sequelae: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan.

Introduction: An estimated 43% of COVID-19 patients showed sequelae, including fatigue, neurocognitive impairment, respiratory symptoms, and smell or taste disorders. These sequelae significantly affect an individual's health, work capacity, healthcare systems, and socioeconomic aspects. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) management showed clinical benefits in treating patients with COVID-19 sequelae. This study aimed to analyze the effects of personalized TCHM management in patients with COVID-19 sequelae. Methods: After the COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan, we recorded Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Tool (CAT), Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ-11), and Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) to assess post-COVID respiratory, fatigue, and emotional distress symptoms, respectively. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records between July 2022 and March 2023. We analyzed the effects of TCHM administration after 14- and 28-days of treatment. Results: 47 patients were included in this study. The results demonstrated that personalized TCHM treatment significantly improved the CAT, CFQ-11, and BSRS-5 scores after 14 and 28 days. TCHM alleviated physical and psychological fatigue. In logistic regression analysis, there was no statistically significant differences in the severity of the baseline symptoms and TCHM administration effects concerning the duration since the initial confirmation of COVID-19, sex, age, or dietary preference (non-vegetarian or vegetarian). Conclusions: Our study suggested that personalized TCHM treatment notably reduced fatigue, respiratory and emotional distress symptoms after 14- and 28-days of treatment in patients with COVID-19 sequelae. We propose that TCHM should be considered as an effective intervention for patients with COVID-19 sequelae.

Use of Reverse Shock Index Multiplied by Simplified Motor Score in a Five-Level Triage System: Identifying Trauma in Adult Patients at a High Risk of Mortality.

Background and Objectives: The Taiwan Triage and Acuity Scale (TTAS) is reliable for triaging patients in emergency departments in Taiwan; however, most triage decisions are still based on chief complaints. The reverse-shock index (SI) multiplied by the simplified motor score (rSI-sMS) is a more comprehensive approach to triage that combines the SI and a modified consciousness assessment. We investigated the combination of the TTAS and rSI-sMS for triage compared with either parameter alone as well as the SI and modified SI. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 13,144 patients with trauma from the Taipei Tzu Chi Trauma Database. We investigated the prioritization performance of the TTAS, rSI-sMS, and their combination. A subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the trends in all clinical outcomes for different rSI-sMS values. The sensitivity and specificity of rSI-sMS were investigated at a cutoff value of 4 (based on previous study and the highest score of the Youden Index) in predicting injury severity clinical outcomes under the TTAS system were also investigated. Results: Compared with patients in triage level III, those in triage levels I and II had higher odds ratios for major injury (as indicated by revised trauma score < 7 and injury severity score [ISS] ≥ 16), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, prolonged ICU stay (≥14 days), prolonged hospital stay (≥30 days), and mortality. In all three triage levels, the rSI-sMS < 4 group had severe injury and worse outcomes than the rSI-sMS ≥ 4 group. The TTAS and rSI-sMS had higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for mortality, ICU admission, prolonged ICU stay, and prolonged hospital stay than the SI and modified SI. The combination of the TTAS and rSI-sMS had the highest AUROC for all clinical outcomes. The prediction performance of rSI-sMS < 4 for major injury (ISS ≥ 16) exhibited 81.49% specificity in triage levels I and II and 87.6% specificity in triage level III. The specificity for mortality was 79.2% in triage levels I and II and 87.4% in triage level III. Conclusions: The combination of rSI-sMS and the TTAS yielded superior prioritization performance to TTAS alone. The integration of rSI-sMS and TTAS effectively enhances the efficiency and accuracy of identifying trauma patients at a high risk of mortality.

Impact of delayed removal of pectus bar on outcomes following Nuss repair: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Usually, pectus bars are removed 3 years after the Nuss procedure in patients with pectus excavatum. However, the optimal timing for postoperative pectus bar removal remains undefined. Our study investigated the effects of delayed pectus bar removal after Nuss repairs. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected on patients who underwent Nuss procedures for pectus excavatum and had their bars removed from August 2014 to December 2020. Patients with correction periods > 3 years were divided into group A (< 6 years) and group B (≥ 6 years). Propensity score matching was used to compare complications and radiological outcomes associated with bar removal. RESULTS: Of the 542 patients who underwent bar removal, 451 (Group A: 419 patients, Group B: 32) had correction duration > 3 years. The average correction duration was 4.5 ± 1.4 years. After propensity score matching analysis, group B [median duration: 8.0 (6.0-16.2) years] exhibited significantly longer median operative times (85 vs. 55 min; P = 0.026), higher callus formation rates (68.8% vs. 46.9%; P = 0.029), and greater median intraoperative blood loss (35 vs. 10 mL; P = 0.017) than group A [median duration: 4.2 (3.0-5.9) years]. However, following bar removal, the groups showed no statistical differences in the surgical complication rates (group A: 6.3% vs. group B: 9.4%; P = 0.648) or median ratio of radiological improvement (an improvement on the Haller index on chest radiography; 21.0% vs. 22.2%; P = 0.308). CONCLUSIONS: Delaying pectus bar removal after Nuss repair presents certain challenges but does not compromise overall outcomes. These findings suggest that a longer correction period may be unnecessary. However, further multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to assess long-term outcomes.

Impact of FilmArray respiratory panel test for hospitalized pediatric respiratory tract infection in Taiwan: A 3-year single-center cohort study.

Respiratory tract infections are prevalent and clinically significant in pediatric populations globally. However, pathogen testing often involves time-consuming processes, resulting in delays in diagnosis. To date, commercial testing machines, such as the FilmArray respiratory panel, have been proposed for hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the FilmArray respiratory panel at a single center. This study utilized the medical records of our hospital to select pediatric inpatients with respiratory tract infections who underwent the FilmArray respiratory panel between September 2020 and April 2021 and those who did not undergo nucleic acid detection (a rapid test group) between September 2019 and April 2020. FilmArray is a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tool. The FilmArray respiratory panel group was scheduled to recruit 150 patients (final 137 patients), whereas the rapid test group was scheduled to recruit 300 patients (final 267 patients). Differences in continuous variables between the 2 groups were analyzed using independent Student t tests. The FilmArray respiratory panel group had a longer length of inpatient days, longer duration of antibiotic use, and higher proportion of pathogens that tested positive, with significant differences than those in the rapid test group. Fever duration showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. For the polymerase chain reaction method, respiratory syncytial virus was the most commonly detected pathogen causing pneumonia, followed by human rhinovirus/enterovirus and parainfluenza virus. Mycoplasma was detected using the rapid test but not with the FilmArray respiratory panel. The FilmArray respiratory panel provides clinicians with a rapid and useful diagnostic tool. The effect was quite good for virus detection, but not for bacteria. Given its limited adoption, the tool may not aid clinicians in the diagnosis of mild cases.

Pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, and cardiopulmonary function in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer significantly impairs exercise capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has demonstrated positive effects on exercise capacity and HRQL in lung cancer patients. However, its impact on cardiopulmonary function needs further exploration. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of PR on cardiopulmonary function, exercise capacity and HRQL in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: Patients with lung cancer were enrolled in a 12-week PR program. Each participant underwent a thorough evaluation, which included spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, respiratory muscle strength test, and evaluation of HRQL using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT). RESULTS: Fifty-six patients completed the PR program. Following PR, exercise capacity significantly improved, as evidenced by increased peak oxygen uptake and work rate (both p < 0.05). Exertional symptoms were notably reduced, including leg soreness and dyspnea at peak exercise, accompanied by a decrease in the CAT score (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, improvements in cardiopulmonary function were observed, encompassing respiratory muscle strength, ventilatory equivalent, tidal volume, stroke volume index, and cardiac index at peak exercise (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PR demonstrated notable enhancements in cardiopulmonary function, exertional symptoms, exercise capacity, and HRQL in patients with lung cancer.

High-intensity aerobic exercise training improves exercise capacity, dyspnea, and fatigue in patients with severe asthma using triple inhaler.

Objectives: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide and causes severe symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and breathing difficulty. Despite modern treatments, 3%-10% of patients develop severe asthma, which requires high-dose medications, and they may still experience frequent and severe symptoms, exacerbations, and psychological impacts. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise training (HIAET) in patients with severe asthma. Materials and Methods: Patients with severe asthma were recruited, and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, dyspnea, and leg fatigue scores were performed before HIAET. Participants underwent a 12-week hospital-based HIAET, which involved exercising twice weekly to reach 80% of their peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Results: Eighteen patients with severe asthma underwent HIAET, which resulted in significant improvement in peak VO2 (1214.0 ± 297.9-1349.4 ± 311.2 mL/min, P = 0.004) and work rate (80.6 ± 21.2-96.2 ± 24.8 watt, P < 0.001) and decrease in dyspnea (5.1 ± 1.8-4.1 ± 1.2, P = 0.017) and fatigue scores (5.2 ± 2.3-4.0 ± 1.2, P = 0.020) at peak exercise. No significant changes were observed in spirometry results, respiratory muscle strength, or circulatory parameters. Conclusion: HIAET can lead to improved exercise capacity and reduced dyspnea and fatigue scores at peak exercise without changes in spirometry, respiratory muscle strength, and circulatory parameters.

Body measurement changes in adults with pectus excavatum after the Nuss procedure: a study of 272 patients.

BACKGROUND: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital abnormality of the chest wall. Most patients with PE have slim bodies. Some studies have been conducted on the physical growth of children and adolescents who underwent the Nuss procedure. This study aimed to evaluate body measurement changes in adult patients with PE after the Nuss procedure. METHODS: A total of 272 adult PE patients, who underwent the Nuss procedure and pectus bars removal from August 2014 to December 2020, were evaluated retrospectively. Body measurement [body height (BH), body weight (BW), and body mass index (BMI)] of the patients were collected before Nuss repair and after bar removal. We used the interquartile range (IQR) to identify and exclude outliers. Associations between changes in body measurement and clinical and radiological features were evaluated. RESULTS: The BH, BW and BMI showed significantly increased after pectus bar removal, compared to pre-Nuss procedure parameters (BH 173.8 ± 5.9 cm vs. 173.9 ± 5.9 cm, P < 0.001; BW 60.3 ± 8.1 kg vs. 61.1 ± 8.8 kg, P = 0.005; BMI 19.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2 vs. 20.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2, P = 0.02). The same result were observed in the male subgroup, the HI ≥ 4 group and the male subgroup within the HI ≥ 4 group. CONCLUSIONS: The BH, BW and BMI were significantly increased after completing surgical correction of PE using the Nuss procedure, particularly in young males and patients with more pronounced deformities.

Comparison of Knot-Tying Techniques During the Arthroscopic Broström-Gould Procedure: Semiconstrained Freehand Versus Knot Pusher Techniques.

Background: The arthroscopic Broström technique with or without Gould modification has been used to treat patients with anterior talofibular ligament injury who failed nonoperative management and progressed to chronic lateral ankle instability. However, some patients develop limited range of motion over the ankle joint postoperatively. Purpose/Hypothesis: To compare the clinical outcomes and midterm functional performance of knot-tying techniques between using a knot pusher and a semiconstrained freehand tie during arthroscopic Broström-Gould procedure with inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) augmentation. It was hypothesized that the semiconstrained freehand tie would provide better plantarflexion of the ankle joint compared with the knot pusher. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Included were 135 consecutive patients with mild-to-moderate lateral ankle instability (mean age, 42.7 years; range, 16-78 years) who underwent an arthroscopic Broström-Gould procedure from March 1, 2016, to April 30, 2022. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the tying technique used in the Gould modification: surgical tie using a knot pusher (KP group; n = 30) or a semiconstrained freehand tie (FT group; n = 105). Radiographic parameters and ultrasound dynamic testing were examined during the preoperative assessment. Preoperative and 2-year postoperative assessments comprised American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, visual analog scale for pain, and 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) scores. Results: The 2 groups had no differences in age, sex, or severity distribution in the preoperative assessment. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, visual analog scale pain, and SF-12 scores were significantly better at the postoperative evaluation (all P < .05) in both groups. No significant difference was noted between groups in outcome scores. In the KP group, however, 7 out of 30 patients (23.3%) developed ankle stiffness with tightness when performing plantarflexion movement. No patients in the FT group reported similar symptoms. Conclusion: For mild-to-moderate chronic lateral ankle instability, we propose an arthroscopic Broström procedure with the addition of IER augmentation using a semiconstrained freehand tie to avoid overtightening the IER. This ensures favorable patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes without limitation of plantarflexion of the ankle joint and avoids the possible complication of stiffness with plantarflexion.

Extended and Safe Support with the CentriMag® Temporary Ventricular Assist Device Implanted with Skirted-Cannula Technique.

Objectives: CentriMag® (Abbott, Pleasanton, CA, USA) is indicated for temporary circulatory support for up to 30 days. Extended support is not uncommon, and the results vary considerably. Herein, we review our experience on extended support. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 19 patients supported with CentriMag as a bridge to recovery, long-term ventricular assist device or transplantation from September 2011 to October 2021. Results: Nineteen patients (16 men and 3 women; mean age 51.7 ± 9.2 years) had CentriMag left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation with the skirted-cannula technique. Twelve (63.2%), 6 (31.6%), and 1 (5.3%) patient were in INTERMACS 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The aims of support were bridge-to-decision in 3 patients (15.8%), and bridge-to-transplantation in 16 patients (84.2%). Fourteen patients were supported for longer than 30 days, while 5 patients had their CentriMag removed before 30 days. Of the 5 patients supported for less than 30 days, 3 died early after implantation due to complications of prolonged shock. The other 2 patients were successfully transplanted. Among the 14 patients supported for longer than 30 days, 1 patient died after transplantation and 13 patients survived either after transplantation or weaning off CentriMag. The overall 1-year survival rate was 73.7%. The duration of support for all patients ranged from 6 to 191 days (64 ± 61 days; median 41 days). Conclusions: The skirted cannula technique for apical cannulation in implantation of CentriMag LVAD is an easy, safe and durable technique. Immediate post-operative and long-term complications are not common. Its use over 30 days is associated with acceptable survival.

The COVIDTW2 study: Role of COVID-19 vaccination in intubated patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the risk of disease progression to respiratory failure or death. However, in patients with breakthrough infections requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, the effect of prior COVID-19 vaccination on mortality remains inconclusive. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed data on patients intubated due to COVID-19 pneumonia between May 1, 2022 and October 31, 2022. Receipt of two or more doses of vaccine were considered as fully vaccinated. The primary outcome was the time from intubation to all-cause intensive care unit (ICU) mortality. RESULT: A total of 84 patients were included (40 fully vaccinated versus 44 controls). The baseline characteristics, including age, comorbidities, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on the day of intubation were similar between the two groups. The difference in ICU mortality rate between the fully vaccinated and control groups was not significant (35 % vs. 25 %, P = 0.317; hazard ratio with 95 % confidence interval = 1.246 (0.575-2.666), P = 0.571). The SOFA score (hazard ratio: 1.319, P = 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (hazard ratio: 0.883, P = 0.022) were significantly associated with ICU mortality. CONCLUSION: Being fully vaccinated was not associated with a mortality benefit in intubated patients with COVID-19. A higher SOFA score on the day of intubation and lower BMI were poor prognostic factors.

A Ten-Year Retrospective Cohort Study on Neck Collar Immobilization in Trauma Patients with Head and Neck Injuries.

Background and Objectives: In the context of prehospital care, spinal immobilization is commonly employed to maintain cervical stability in head and neck injury patients. However, its use in cases of unclear consciousness or major trauma patients is often precautionary, pending the exclusion of unstable spinal injuries through appropriate diagnostic imaging. The impact of prehospital C-spinal immobilization in these specific patient populations remains uncertain. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital from January 2009 to May 2019, focusing on trauma patients suspected of head and neck injuries. The primary outcome assessed was in-hospital mortality. We employed multivariable logistic regression to investigate the relationship between prehospital C-spine immobilization and outcomes, while adjusting for various factors such as age, gender, type of traumatic brain injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and activation of trauma team. Results: Our analysis encompassed 2733 patients. Among these, patients in the unclear consciousness group (GCS ≤ 8) who underwent C-spine immobilization exhibited a higher mortality rate than those without immobilization. However, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality among patients with alert consciousness (GCS > 8). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age (age ≥ 65), unclear consciousness (GCS ≤ 8), major traumatic injuries (ISS ≥ 16 and RTS ≤ 7), and the use of neck collars for immobilization (adjusted OR: 1.850, 95% CI: 1.240-2.760, p = 0.003) were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality. Subgroup analysis indicated that C-spine immobilization was significantly linked to an elevated risk of mortality in older adults (age ≥ 65), patients with unclear consciousness (GCS ≤ 8), those with major traumatic injuries (ISS ≥ 16 and RTS ≤ 7), and individuals in shock (shock index > 1). Conclusions: While our findings do not advocate for the complete abandonment of neck collars in all suspected head and neck injury patients, our study suggests that prehospital cervical and spinal immobilization should be applied more selectively in certain head and neck injury populations. This approach is particularly relevant for older individuals (age ≥ 65), those with unclear consciousness (GCS ≤ 8), individuals experiencing major traumatic injuries (ISS ≥ 16 or RTS ≤ 7), and patients in a state of shock (shock index ≥ 1). Our study employs a retrospective cohort design, which may introduce selection bias. Therefore, in the future, there is a need for confirmation of our results through a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) arises, as this design is considered ideal for addressing this issue.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric property testing of the Taiwan Chinese version of the iconographical falls efficacy scale.

BACKGROUND: The Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon-FES) uses short phrases and images to depict activities. This study culturally adapted and validated the Taiwan Chinese version of the 30- and 10-item Icon-FESs (Icon-FESs [TW]) in community-dwelling older individuals. METHODS: The Icon-FES (TW) was developed using forward-backward translation. A total of 120 community-dwelling older individuals were recruited. They completed the Taiwan Chinese version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I [TC]), the Icon-FES (TW), the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) and were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The Icon-FES (TW) was recompleted 1 week later. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the overall structure and measurement properties. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha values of 0.97 and 0.91 indicated that the 30- and 10-item Icon-FESs (TW) had high internal consistency. The 30- and 10-item Icon-FESs (TW) exhibited significantly high correlation with the FES-I (r = 0.88 and 0.84, respectively). Both versions of the Icon-FES (TW) exhibited mild correlation with the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. The 30- and 10-item Icon-FESs (TW) discriminated by intensity of concern and SPPB score. Their test-retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.79 and 0.80 for the 30- and 10-item Icon-FESs (TW), respectively). Neither floor nor ceiling effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The Icon-FES (TW) is a reliable and valid questionnaire useful for assessing the levels of concern regarding falling among older adults in clinical practice and research.

Validation of the Framingham General Cardiovascular Risk Score and Pooled Cohort Equations in a Community-Based Population: A Prospective Cohort Study Analysis 2006-2017.

Background: The 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk - as assessed using the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score (FRS-CVD) or pooled cohort equations (PCE) - is commonly used in Western cohorts for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the FRS-CVD and PCE have not been validated in Taiwanese cohorts. Objectives: We aimed to validate the FRS-CVD and PCE for assessing the 10-year ASCVD risk using a Taiwanese community-based population. Methods: We extracted patient data from the Landseed Integrated Outreaching Neighborhood Screening registry, a community-based prospective cohort study established in 2006. Cardiovascular events from 2006 to 2017 were determined from electronic medical records. The discriminative power and calibration of the FRS-CVD and PCE were evaluated. Results: Overall, 5,139 subjects were analyzed; the 10-year follow-up rate was 99.6%. The mean age at baseline was 52.8 ± 13.1 years, and 44.6% of the subjects were male. In total, 430 of 4,631 (9.3%) and 227 of 4,022 (5.6%) of the FRS-CVD- and PCE-like cohorts, respectively, had ASCVD events. The calibration χ2 of the FRS-CVD was 7.0267 (p = 0.6343) in males and 7.8845 (p = 0.5458) in females; the χ2 of PCE was 13.007 (p = 0.1623) in males and 38.785 (p < 0.001) in females. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the FRS-CVD was 0.76 (0.72-0.79) in males and 0.71 (0.67-0.74) in females; the AUROC of PCE was 0.68 (0.62-0.73) in males and 0.61 (0.56-0.67) in females. Conclusions: Except for PCE in females, the FRS-CVD and PCE provided good calibration and modest discrimination in statin-naïve Taiwanese individuals without prior CVD.

Examination of Matching Methods, Sparse Effects, and Limitations in a Nationwide Database Study on Alzheimer's Disease.

Akada et al. conducted a nationwide database study on patients with Alzheimer's disease, examining risk factors and outcomes over 3 years. A significant association emerged between decreased daily activities and hip fractures. However, the odds ratio was 1.95 (with p = 0.020) may be inaccurate in men, considering the wide 95% confidence interval (1.12-3.51). Possible influencing factors include an inappropriate outcome variable, sparse-data bias, collinear covariates, and comorbidities. Moreover, exact propensity-score matching would be more efficient than nested matching. Limitations include potential recall bias in measuring daily activities and limited applicability of cause-effect relationships in a national database study.

Comment on Vidart et al. Relationship among Low T3 Levels, Type 3 Deiodinase, Oxidative Stress, and Mortality in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Defining Patient Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3935.

In a previously published article, Vidart and colleagues conducted a prospective cohort study to explore the correlation between T3 levels and the risk of sepsis and septic shock in patients, with a follow-up period of 28 days or until deceased. The authors concluded that patients with sepsis and septic shock exhibited a significantly high risk of having low T3 levels. This research provides valuable insights into the clinical perspective in this particular field. However, certain clinical considerations should be addressed to enhance the study's merit for researchers.