EI/IOT of PFCs: Environmental impacts/interactions, occurrences, and toxicities of perfluorochemicals.

Various studies have been conducted on the perfluorochemicals (PFCs) family over the years. These compounds have been sought in various industrial aspects involving the synthesis of everyday utilities due to their broad range of applications. As a result, PFCs have built up in the environment, causing concern. The presence of PFCs in various environmental media, such as terrestrial and marine settings, as well as the mechanisms of transport, bioaccumulation, and physio-chemical interactions of PFCs within plants, aquatic organisms, microplastics, and, ultimately, the human body, are discussed in this review, which draws on a variety of research publications. The interaction of PFCs with proteins, translocation, and adsorption by hydrophobic interactions were observed, and this had an impact on the natural functioning of biological processes, resulting in events such as phylogenic clustering, competitive inhibition, and many others, posing potential hazards to human health and other relevant organisms in the ecosystem. However, further research is needed to have a better knowledge of PFCs and their interactions so that low-cost treatments can be developed to eliminate them. It is therefore, future research should focus on the role of soil matrix as a defensive mechanism for PFCs, as well as the impact of PFC chain length rejection.

Current trends in production, morphology, and real-world environmental applications of biochar for the promotion of sustainability.

Biochar has sparked a lot of interest in recent years for various applications such as contaminant removal, carbon sequestration and soil amendment. However, laboratory scale studies dominates over the real-world applications. In this study, we first enumerated on the various ongoing uses of biochar along with adsorption mechanism; and then identified the most suitable source, and efficient method for biochar production; and finally proposed real-world practical applications of biochar as an additive to control diffuse micropollutant pollution along the highways and railway tracks; as well as the pollution through agricultural runoff. We demonstrated that directly or indirectly, biochar can definitely help to achieve all the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The study on the practical use of biochar is an emerging area, because a lot of research needs are there to realise the full-potential of biochar with ways of attaining sustainable development goals towards waste, energy and pollution management.