RESUMEN
PURPOSE: It is not clear whether or not high-flow nasal oxygenation used in patients with severe respiratory tract infection, or coughing, increases the risk of infection to the healthcare personnel, and whether or not applying a surgical mask to the patient's face or treating the patient in a negative-pressure room can reduce the risk. METHODS: In a randomized crossover design, we compared in 50 participants receiving high-flow nasal oxygenation, the aerosol counts measured at approximately 20 cm above the participant's mouth in 32 different circumstances (with or without coughing, with or without wearing a surgical mask, at four different flow rates of oxygenation, in a positive- or negative-pressure operating room). RESULTS: In a positive-pressure room, a surgical mask significantly decreased the aerosol counts during coughing (P = 0.0005), or during no coughing (P = 0.009), under high-flow nasal oxygenation (at 60 l.min-1). In the negative-pressure room, the aerosol count was significantly lower than in the positive-pressure room, for all the circumstances (all P < 0.001), and a surgical mask significantly decreased the aerosol counts during coughing (P = 0.047) but not during no coughing (P = 0.60). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, treating a patient in a negative-pressure room, or applying a surgical mask, during high-flow nasal oxygenation (with the flow rate of 60 l.min-1) would inhibit, but would not completely prevent, dispersion of aerosols by coughing.