Clinical features and prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) share common risk factors. They could therefore be expressed in a single patient. However, the prevalence, clinical characteristics and prognosis of individuals with comorbid IPF and COPD are not known. From 2003 to 2007, the Korean Interstitial Lung Disease Study Group created a register for idiopathic interstitial pneumonia using 2002 ATS/ERS (American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society) criteria. Of the 1546 IPF patients assessed, 143 had decreased lung function consistent with COPD (IPF-COPD). COPD was diagnosed based on age (≥40 years) and pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio < 0.7). The median age of the IPF-COPD group was 71.0 years (interquartile range 66.0-76.0); most patients were male (88.1%). FVC (%) was significantly higher in the IPF-COPD group; however, FEV1 (%) was significantly lower in the IPF-COPD group (P < 0.001). Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was not significantly different between the two groups. In survival analysis, age and FVC (%), but not COPD, were significantly associated with prognosis (respectively P = 0.003, 0.001 and 0.401). COPD severity was also not related to prognosis (P = 0.935). The prevalence of IPF-COPD was estimated to be ∼9.2% among all IPF patients; prognosis of patients with IPF-COPD was not worse than those with IPF alone. .

Development of a genetic marker set to diagnose aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease in a genome-wide association study.

We developed a genetic marker set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by summing risk scores of 14 SNPs showing a significant association with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) from our previous 660 W genome-wide association data. The summed scores were higher in the AERD than in the aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) group (P=8.58 × 10(-37)), and were correlated with the percent decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s after aspirin challenge (r(2)=0.150, P=5.84 × 10(-30)). The area under the curve of the scores for AERD in the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.821. The best cutoff value of the summed risk scores was 1.01328 (P=1.38 × 10(-32)). The sensitivity and specificity of the best scores were 64.7% and 85.0%, respectively, with 42.1% positive and 93.4% negative predictive values. The summed risk score may be used as a genetic marker with good discriminative power for distinguishing AERD from ATA.

Apolipoprotein A1 potentiates lipoxin A4 synthesis and recovery of allergen-induced disrupted tight junctions in the airway epithelium.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation triggered by various allergens in the environment. Defects in the bronchial epithelial interface with the external environment are the hallmark of asthma. Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) or ApoA1 mimetics have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity and preventive effects in mouse models. OBJECTIVE: We investigated airway levels of ApoA1 in asthmatics and the possible role of ApoA1 in protection of the bronchial epithelium and in resolution of inflammation in cellular and animal models of asthma. METHODS: ApoA1 levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from asthmatics and healthy controls. With treatment of ApoA1, mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma and cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells obtained from asthmatics were examined. Tight junction (TJ) expression in the bronchial epithelial cells was assessed by using confocal microscopy and immunoblot. RESULTS: Asthmatics showed significantly lower ApoA1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than did healthy controls. Local ApoA1 treatment significantly decreased lung IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in HDM-challenged mice and inhibited allergen-induced production of these cytokines in cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells. ApoA1 promoted recovery of disrupted TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin in cultured primary bronchial epithelium obtained from asthmatics. ApoA1-induced increases in the TJ proteins were dependent on increased production of lipoxin A4 (LX A4). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ApoA1 enhances resolution of allergen-induced airway inflammation through promoting recovery of damaged TJs in the bronchial epithelium. ApoA1 could be a therapeutic strategy in chronic airway inflammatory diseases that are associated with a defective epithelial barrier, including asthma.

A possible association between ZNRD1 and aspirin-induced airway bronchoconstriction in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) has been attributed to the combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. Although widely investigated in various diseases associated with immune dysfunction, the human zinc ribbon domain containing 1 (ZNRD1) gene is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of AERD by altering the mechanisms involved in disease development. METHODS: We selected 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genotyping from the International HapMap database in order to analyze the association between polymorphisms in ZNRD1 and AERD in a Korean asthma cohort. Genotyping was carried out using the TaqMan assay, and differences in genotype frequency distributions were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Nominal associations were found between ZNRD1 rs1150740 and risk ofAERD via codominant and dominant genetic inheritance (P=.03; odds ratio, 1.14 [1.14-10.16]). The same polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with a decrease in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration, an important diagnostic marker of AERD, even after multiple testing corrections (P=.006, P(corr)=.03 in codominant and dominant models). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest a possible relationship between ZNRD1 and aspirin-induced respiratory dysfunctions in a Korean population and provide essential information on the etiology of AERD.

Lack of association between GTF2H4 genetic variants and AERD development and FEV1 decline by aspirin provocation.

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is prevalent in about 10% of asthma patients and is characterized by a severe decline in forced expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV(1) ), an important phenotype for total lung capacity, upon ingestion of aspirin. The general transcription factor IIH subunit 4 (GTF2H4) is positioned at 6p21.33, a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region that contains a number of genes that play an important role in the immune system. In addition, genetic variants in another general transcription factor IIH gene have revealed significant association with lung disease. To investigate whether GTF2H4 genetic variants could be a causative factor for AERD development and FEV(1) decline by aspirin provocation, five common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 93 patients with AERD and 96 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) controls. As a result, when adjusted for age, gender, smoking status and atopy as covariates, the rs1264307 variant and two haplotypes showed nominal signals in the association with AERD (P = 0.02-0.04), but the significances disappeared after corrections for multiple testing (corrected P > 0.05). In further multiple regression analysis, no genetic variants of GTF2H4 showed significant associations with FEV(1) decline by aspirin provocation in asthmatics (P > 0.05). Despite the need for replications in larger cohorts, our preliminary findings suggest that GTF2H4 variants may not be associated with susceptibility to AERD and obstructive symptoms in asthmatics.

Variations in the STK10 gene and possible associations with aspirin-intolerant asthma in a Korean population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lymphocyte-oriented kinase deficiency encoded by the serine/threonine kinase 10 (STK10) gene correlates with the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)/lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) complex in aspirin hypersensitivity. This study investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of STK10 and aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA). METHODS: A total of 54 SNPs were genotyped in 163 AIA patients and 429 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) controls. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed that a synonymous variant (rs2306961G>A) had the most significant association with AIA (P = .008 under the codominant model; P = .004 under the dominant model), suggesting that tissue-specific codon usage between Lys_TTT and Lys_CTT could play a role in regulating expression of STK10 in airway epithelium. Haplotype analysis revealed that 4 haplotypes, including STK10_BL4-ht1, which is unique to rs2306961G>A, were significantly associated with aspirin hypersensitivity in asthmatics (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although replications in independent cohorts and further functional evaluations are needed, our preliminary findings suggest that STK10 polymorphisms might be susceptible genetic markers of AIA and that gene expression could be mediated by tissue-specific codon usage.

Genetic effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the PPARGC1B gene on airway hyperreactivity in asthmatic patients.

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 beta (PPARGC1B) is a co-activator for intracellular receptors such as the estrogen receptor, PPAR, and glucocorticoid receptor, which are involved in asthma development. OBJECTIVES: Genetic association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPARGC1B gene with the risk of asthma and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) was investigated, as well as the functional effects of these SNPs on PPARGC1B gene and protein expression. METHODS: Direct sequencing of DNA from 24 Korean was performed to identify PPARGC1B SNPs. Genotyping was done in 264 controls and 949 asthmatics using single-base extension methods. PPARGC1B mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR methodology. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed to functionally analyse PPARGC1B SNPs on promoter. RESULTS: Eighteen SNPs and one insertion/deletion polymorphism were identified, and seven SNPs were genotyped. No significant difference existed in the distribution of SNPs and haplotypes between the asthmatics and controls. However, the allele frequency of -427C>T and +102525G>A;R265Q showed a significant association with log-transformed PC(20) methacholine values in the asthmatics (P=0.005-0.0004). Real-time PCR demonstrated higher PPARGC1B mRNA levels in asthmatics having -427CC allele than in those having -427TT or CT alleles (P=0.048). The ratio of the mRNA expression for each PPARGC1B exon4-mRNA compared with the wild type was similar in peripheral blood mononuclear cells carrying the +102525G>A allele. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that -427C allele caused higher promoter activity than -427T allele. EMSA demonstrated that -427C allele exhibited stronger binding activity to a nuclear protein in 293T cells than did the -427T allele. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Polymorphisms of -427C>T on the promoter and those of +102525G>A on exon 5 of the PPARGC1B gene may affect the development of AHR through the modulation of PPARGC1B gene products. The PPARGC1B genotypes may serve as genetic markers for AHR.

Plasma protein profiles in early asthmatic responses to inhalation allergen challenge.

Although mediators, such as lipids, cytokines, and chemokines, are related to the appearance of an IPR, there has been no reliable indicator to predict conditions for the appearance of an IPR. In this study, we adopted a proteomic approach to investigate the pathogenesis at the level of the plasma proteins and to develop plasma markers to predict the appearance of an IPR following an inhalation challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D.p.). Sixteen mild asthmatics were recruited. Plasma was obtained before challenge and when a decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) values greater than 20% from the phosphate-buffered saline value was achieved during D.p. allergen challenge (positive responders), or at 60 min after the highest concentration of D.p. allergen was inhaled (negative responders). After comparing normalized volumes of the spots in the two groups, differentially expressed spots were identified using intra-gel digestion and mass spectrometric analysis. Before D.p. antigen challenge, four spots of gamma fibrinogen and its isoforms were significantly decreased and two spots of complement C3 fragments were significantly increased in the positive responders compared to the negative responders. After D.p. antigen challenge, complement C3 fragment was persistently higher, while gamma fibrinogen was lower in the positive responders than in the negative responders. A validation study using Western blotting showed that gamma fibrinogen expression in the IPR-positive asthmatics was significantly decreased compared to the average of the IPR-negative asthmatic control group. These results indicate that alterations in the complement cascade and fibrinogen may predispose patients to the appearance of an immediate response to D.p. allergen challenge and may provide plasma markers to predict the appearance of an IPR.

Radical approach to diabetic nephropathy.

There is increasing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the development of diabetic complications. Oxidative stress is increased in diabetes and in chronic kidney disease (CKD). High glucose upregulates transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in renal cells and high glucose, TGF-beta1, and Ang II all generate and signal through ROS. ROS mediate high glucose-induced activation of protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappaB in renal cells. Intensive glycemic control and inhibition of Ang II delay the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy, in part, through antioxidant activity. Conventional and catalytic antioxidants were shown to prevent or delay the onset of diabetic nephropathy. Transketolase activators and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors were shown to block major biochemical pathways of hyperglycemic damage. Combination of strategies to prevent overproduction of ROS, to increase the removal of preformed ROS, and to block ROS-induced activation of biochemical pathways leading to cellular damage may prove to the effective in preventing the development and progression of CKD in diabetes.

Effect and mechanism of lipopolysaccharide on allergen-induced interleukin-5 and eotaxins production by whole blood cultures of atopic asthmatics.

Interleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin families regulate the development of eosinophilic inflammation of asthma in a co-operative manner. The exposure to airborne lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces varying degrees of airflow obstruction and neutrophilic airway inflammation. Production of IL-5 and eotaxin subfamily chemokines was analysed in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen (D.p.) according to the presence of specific IgE to D.p., and investigated the mechanism underlying their LPS-mediated regulation of these cytokines in response to the specific allergen. Peripheral blood cells (PBCs) from asthmatics with (group 1) or without (group 2) specific IgE to D.p. and from non-asthmatics with (group 3) or without (group 4) were stimulated with D.p. or LPS. For LPS-mediated inhibition of IL-5 and eotaxin-2 production, LPS-induced cytokines were added to the D.p.-stimulated PBCs. IL-5 and eotaxin-2, but not eotaxin-1 and 3, were significantly increased by D.p.-stimulated-PBCs from group 1, while only eotaxin-2 was elevated in group 3. Eotaxin-2 production was found in monocytes and correlated with the level of specific IgE to D.p. LPS treatment resulted in the decrease in eotaxin-2 and IL-5 production by the D.p.-stimulated PBCs. LPS-induced IL-10 completely inhibited D.p.-stimulated production of eotaxin-2 and IL-5. The differential responses of the eotaxin family to specific antigens suggest that the predominant role of eotaxin-2 and LPS may attenuate eosinophilic inflammation by inhibiting IL-5 and eotaxin-2 synthesis through IL-10 production.

Differences in radiological/HRCT findings in eosinophilic bronchitis and asthma: implication for bronchial responsiveness.

BACKGROUND: Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatics is considered to be one of the major consequences of airway inflammation and remodelling. Airway responsiveness is normal in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), despite eosinophilic inflammation of the airways comparable to that which occurs in asthmatics. Comparisons between asthma and EB should clarify the changes in airway morphology that are related specifically to AHR in asthmatics. METHODS: Eighteen asthmatic patients, 15 patients with EB, and 11 healthy subjects were recruited. Airway wall area percentage (WA%), centrilobular prominence, and air trapping were compared using thin slice section computed tomography. RESULTS: WA% was significantly greater in asthmatics than in patients with EB (72 (3.1)% v 54 (2.1)%, p = 0.032) and was similar in EB patients and controls (54 (2.1)% v 57 (1.8)%, p>0.05). Centrilobular prominence and air trapping were similar in EB patients and asthmatics and were significantly greater than in controls. CONCLUSION: WA% rather than air trapping or centrilobular prominence may be associated with the airway hyperresponsiveness that occurs in asthmatics but not in patients with EB.

ADAM33 polymorphism: association with bronchial hyper-responsiveness in Korean asthmatics.

BACKGROUND: A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) is expressed in the lung by fibroblasts and bronchial smooth muscle cells. Given its structure and cellular provenance, ADAM33 may be associated with airway remodelling and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the ADAM33 gene have previously been associated with asthma susceptibility in the Caucasian population. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To assess whether genetic variants of ADAM33 are related to asthma in a Korean population, we conducted an association study of the ADAM33 gene with asthma susceptibility, bronchial hyper-reactivity and serum IgE in Korean asthmatics (n=326) and normal controls (n=151). Five of the 14 polymorphisms originally reported to be associated with asthma development (S1 G>A, T1 T>C, V-1 C>A, V1 T>A, V4 C>G) were genotyped using single base extension and electrophoresis. Haplotypes and their frequencies were inferred using the algorithm implemented by the software Arlequin. Allele frequencies of each SNP and haplotypes were compared between the patients and the normal controls using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the distribution of SNPs and the six haplotypes between asthmatics and normal controls. All single SNPs and six haplotypes in ADAM33 were also analysed for the association with level of PC(20) using general linear models. The distribution of the T1 T>C SNP and one haplotype (ht4: GCGG) showed significant association with log-transformed PC(20) methacholine level in the asthma patients (P=0.03 and 0.0007, respectively, using a co-dominant model). CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of ADAM33 may contribute to development of BHR in asthma.

Perception of wheezing in the elderly asthmatics.

BACKGROUND: In elderly asthmatics, underdiagnosis is one of the important features. The main reason for underdiagnosis is thought to be a low frequency in complaining of symptoms due to the reduction of intellectual recognition and physical activity. Among the various symptoms, wheezing is the principal clue in diagnosing bronchial asthma, and decreased complaints for wheezing are also noted in elderly asthmatics. The objective of this study is to determine if less complaints of wheezing in elderly asthmatic is due to decrease in the development of wheezing. METHODS: 61 young (20-39 years old), 68 middle-aged (40-59 years old) and 65 elderly (older than 60 years old) stable asthmatic subjects were studied (each group shall be called, hereafter, Young Group, Middle-aged Group and Old Group, respectively). During the methacholine induced airway narrowing, lung auscultation and questionnaire survey about presence and perception of wheezing were conducted in 194 asthmatics. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-nine patients (87%) developed wheezing during the methacholine induced airway obstruction. The frequency of wheezing during the methacholine challenge was found to be comparable among the groups. The methacholine concentration, % fall in FEV1, and FEV1 levels of the initial detection of wheezing were not different among the groups. Among the patients who developed wheezing, 47 patients (77%), 42 patients (61.8%) and 26 patients (40%) complained of wheezing in Young, Middle and Old Group, respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the decreased perception of wheezing is a main factor for the low frequency of complaints of wheezing in elderly asthmatics.

Increased levels of interleukin-6 are associated with lymphocytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.

Local overexpression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) experimentally induces lymphocytic infiltration in the bronchial tree of rat. Among idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis (NSIP) has an increased number of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid when compared with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). To reveal a relation of IL-6 with the lymphocyte infiltration of NSIP, IL-6 was measured in BAL fluids of idiopathic NSIP (n = 7), idiopathic UIP (n = 16), and normal control subjects (n = 45). IL-6-producing sites were assessed by IL-6 protein stain on biopsy specimens of NSIP, UIP, and normal lung of mediastinal tumors. Lymphocyte numbers and IL-6 levels in BAL fluids were higher in NSIP than those in UIP (p < 0.01, respectively), which were also higher when compared with those of normal control subjects (p < 0.01, respectively). In NSIP, the levels of IL-6 correlated with the number of lymphocytes (r = 0.93, p < 0.01). UIP cases were divided into two groups: high-UIP (n = 7) or low-UIP (n = 9) according to IL-6 levels greater than or within the 95 percentile of normal control subjects, respectively. The high-UIP group had BAL lymphocytosis when compared with the low-UIP group (p < 0.05). IL-6 stained on epithelial cells of the bronchial tree and on alveolar macrophages of NSIP and UIP. In conclusion, the lymphocytosis in BAL fluid of patients with NSIP and a subgroup of UIP is associated with the high levels of IL-6 and its sources are the epithelial cells of the small airway and the alveolar macrophages.

Evaluation of the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in mouse macrophages.

The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by macrophages is stimulated by coexposure to IFN-gamma and a number of stimuli, including TNF-alpha. Recent work has shown that TNF-alpha activates members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that subsequently trans-activate transcription factors implicated in the regulation of iNOS expression. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the role of: 1) p42mapk/erk2, 2) p46 c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (p46 JNK/SAPK), and 3) p38mapk in the induction of iNOS expression during costimulation of mouse macrophages with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. All three kinases were activated during costimulation with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. However, specific antagonism of the p42mapk/erk2 and p38mapk with PD98059 and SKF86002, respectively, had no effect on the induction of iNOS expression. In contrast, blockade of all three kinases with N-acetylcysteine completely blocked the induction of iNOS expression. In addition, specific antagonism of the JNK/SAPK upstream kinases MEKK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase) and MKK4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4) with dominant inhibitory mutants blocked transcriptional activation of the iNOS promoter in response to costimulation with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Collectively, these findings support the involvement of p46 JNK/SAPK and its upstream kinases in regulating the induction of iNOS following ligation of the TNF-alpha receptor CD120a (p55) in the presence of IFN-gamma.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor is the main cytokine enhancing survival of eosinophils in asthmatic airways.

Interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prolong the survival of eosinophils, which are conspicuous in asthmatic airways, but it is still controversial which one plays a major role in enhancing the survival of eosinophils in asthmatic airways. The role of these cytokines in airway eosinophilia was investigated using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from 11 symptomatic and nine asymptomatic patients with asthma and eight normal subjects. Eosinophil survival-enhancing activity (ESEA) was measured by a numerical change in viable eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood of atopic patients and cultured with BAL fluids. ESEA was characterized by neutralization with antibodies to IL-3, IL-5 and/or GM-CSF. The differential count of BAL cells was achieved using Diff-Quik stain. T-cell subsets and activated T-cells were analysed by flow cytometry with dual stain using monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD25. ESEA was detected in eight of 11 BAL fluids of symptomatic asthma, but not in those of normal controls or asymptomatic asthmatics. In six symptomatic asthmatics, the mean percentage of inhibition in ESEA by anti-GM-CSF was higher than that of anti-IL-5 as well as anti-IL-3 (p<0.05). A mixture of antibodies to IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF totally inhibited the ESEA in four cases. The ESEA correlated with the percentage of eosinophils (p<0.05) and that of CD25(+)CD4 lymphocytes (p<0.05) of BAL cells. In conclusion, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, rather than interleukin-3 or -5, is associated with eosinophil survival-enhancing activity inside the airways of symptomatic asthmatics. The activation of CD4 lymphocytes is related to the elevation of such activity.

Morphometric analysis of insulin-like growth factor-I localization in lung tissues of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) through its ability to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. However, although alveolar macrophages (AM) have been shown to express this growth factor, it is likely to also have other cellular sources. We sought to determine the distribution of cells expressing IGF-I in lung tissues obtained from 10 patients with IPF and 10 control subjects. We evaluated the levels of IGF-I and of a macrophage/monocyte-specific marker, CD68, by immunocytochemistry and quantified by morphometry. In control subjects, IGF-I was localized principally to AM. In contrast, in IPF patients IGF-I was localized to AM, interstitial macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, and ciliated columnar epithelial cells. The normalized volume density (Vv) of IGF-I-positive (IGF-I+) interstitial macrophages (Vv of IGF-I+ interstitial macrophages/Vv of lung x 100) was increased in patients with IPF as compared with control subjects, and the ratio of Vv of IGF-I+ to CD68(+) interstitial macrophages correlated with: (1) the degree of clinical impairment in patients with IPF as measured by their clinical-radiologic-physiologic (CRP) score; and (2) the degree of collagen deposition in the interstitium. These findings support a role for interstitial macrophages as a source of IGF-I in IPF.

The T cell receptor subsets of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not the levels of gamma/delta lymphocytes increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. DESIGN: Prospective data collection relating to cells in BAL fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and control subjects. SETTING: A university hospital, from March 1990 to December 1993. PATIENTS: Thirteen patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who were diagnosed by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from their sputum of BAL fluid and/or clinical response were enrolled in the study. Fifteen healthy volunteers participated as control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The differential cell counts in BAL fluid were made by Diff-Quik stain. The percentages of T-cell receptor (TCR) (gamma/delta and alpha/beta)-positive lymphocytes and interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor-positive CD3 lymphocytes in BAL fluid and peripheral blood were measured by dual scan with flow-cytometry. The percentage and absolute number of lymphocytes and the percentages of CD3+, IL2R+ lymphocytes in BAL fluid significantly increased in patients with tuberculosis when compared with those of control subjects. The percentages and numbers of gamma/delta and alpha/beta TCR-positive lymphocytes in BAL fluid and PBMC from patients with tuberculosis and indistinguishable from those of control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: gamma/delta Lymphocytes do not appear to have as much meaning in patients as they do in animal studies.

A case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with adenovirus.

A 58-year-old man described a short history of dyspnea and a preceding flu like illness with roentgenographic features of an interstitial lung disease. An open lung biopsy specimen from him showed bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Adenovirus was isolated from a throat swab. There was both clinical and radiographic improvement with supportive care. We herein report a first case of BOOP associated with adenovirus in Korea.