The association between history of diabetic foot ulcer, perceived health and psychological distress: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

BACKGROUND: While the adverse impact of a history of a foot ulcer on physical health among persons with diabetes is well known, little is known about the association between foot ulcer, perceived health and psychological distress. Results from various studies are difficult to compare as different study designs, samples and/or different questionnaires have been used. The aim of this study was to compare levels of anxiety and depression, psychological well-being and perceived health between persons with diabetes, with or without a history of foot ulcer, and persons without diabetes in a large study of community-dwelling individuals. METHODS: This study included 65,126 persons, of whom 63,632 did not have diabetes, 1,339 had diabetes without a history of foot ulcer and 155 had diabetes and a history of foot ulcer. Levels of anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Psychological well-being was measured on a four-item scale, and perceived health was measured with a one-item question. We investigated whether levels of anxiety, depression, psychological well-being and perceived health were different in the three study groups using multiple regression models controlling for demographic factors, body mass index, smoking and cardiovascular conditions. Separate multivariate analyses comparing the two diabetes samples were additionally adjusted for diabetes-specific variables. RESULTS: A history of foot ulcer was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms, poorer psychological well-being and poorer perceived health compared to participants without diabetes. In multivariate analyses, perceived health and psychological well-being were significantly poorer among those with a history of foot ulcer compared to those without diabetes. Among persons with diabetes, perceived health was significantly worse among those with a history of foot ulcer. After multivariate adjustment, levels of anxiety and depression and psychological well-being did not differ between the two diabetes groups. CONCLUSION: Perceived health and psychological well-being were significantly poorer among participants with diabetes and a history of foot ulcer compared to those without diabetes. Among people with diabetes, a history of foot ulcer had significant negative impact on perceived health but did not independently contribute to psychological distress.

Regularity of preventive foot care in persons with diabetes: results from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the regularity of preventive care for persons with diabetes in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study to identify associated demographic, lifestyle, and disease-related factors. Among 1,972 persons with diabetes, 1,459 (74%) answered questions related to preventive foot care. The final sample included 1,312 persons with known diabetes, but without a self-reported history of foot ulcer. Almost 85% reported receiving regular clinical diabetes examinations, 31.7% reported regular foot inspection by health care personnel, and 66.3% reported foot self-inspection. Only 58.8% reported regular clinical diabetes examination combined with foot inspection. Males, patients not using insulin, and those with shorter diabetes duration or macrovascular complications were more likely to report less regular preventive care.

History of and factors associated with diabetic foot ulcers in Norway: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study.

AIMS: To determine the proportion of people with diabetes mellitus reporting a history of foot ulcer and to investigate factors associated with this adverse outcome. METHODS: All inhabitants aged 20 years and older residing in a large geographic region were invited to participate in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, 71% (n=65,604) attended. Those reporting diabetes (n=1,972) were invited to take part in an ancillary study on diabetes. Based on 1,494 responses to the question: "Have you had a foot ulcer that required more than three weeks to heal'', the proportion with a history of foot ulcer was estimated. RESULTS: The overall proportion with a history of foot ulcer was 10.4% (95% CI 8.8-11.9%). In the final multivariate logistic regression model, significant factors for a foot ulcer history included age > or =75 years (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8), height (men>175 cm, women>161 cm) (1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8), gender (male) (1.5, 95% CI 1.03-2.2), using insulin (1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), and macrovascular complications (1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of people reporting a history of foot ulcer in this population-based study exceeded the proportion of foot ulcer history reported previously. Height as a correlate has been occasionally reported in previous studies and needs further attention. Associated factors for a foot ulcer history help identify individuals who may be at particular risk of this adverse outcome.

Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone in adrenal failure: no benefit for subjective health status and sexuality in a 9-month, randomized, parallel group clinical trial.

The physiological role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is not well understood, but studies suggest positive effects on subjective health and bone metabolism. We have conducted a clinical trial with DHEA replacement in adrenal failure with the primary aim of evaluating effects on subjective health status and sexuality. Thirty-nine women with adrenal failure were randomized to 9 months of treatment with 25 mg DHEA (n = 19) or placebo (n = 20). Treatment effects were assessed by validated questionnaires of subjective health and sexuality. DHEA replacement yielded a wide variation of effects on the subjective health scales, which were not different from the effects of placebo. Almost all patients receiving DHEA obtained normal androgen levels. Eighty-nine percent of the patients receiving DHEA experienced side-effects, in particular increased sweat odor and scalp itching. DHEA replacement did not significantly change the levels of blood lipids, IGF-I, and markers of bone metabolism. In conclusion, we do not find evidence of beneficial effects of DHEA on subjective health status and sexuality in adrenal failure. However, DHEA may be beneficial for subgroups of patients with adrenal failure, but these remain to be identified. Premenopausal androgen levels can be restored with 25 mg DHEA daily in most female patients, but side-effects are frequent.

Predictors of outcome and comparison of different drug regimens for the prevention of relapse in patients with Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different antithyroid drug (ATD) regimens on relapse rates of Graves' disease, and to look for predictors of relapse. DESIGN AND METHODS: In a prospective two-way factorial randomized clinical trial, 218 patients with Graves' disease were assigned to ATD combined with l-thyroxine (l-T(4)) or ATD alone for 12 Months. After discontinuation of antithyroid therapy, each group was stratified to either 12 Months further treatment with l-T(4) or no treatment. Clinical and biochemical assessments were carried out before treatment, after 3 and 6 weeks, and every third Month for 12 Months. If the patients lacked symptoms of relapse, laboratory tests were performed every third Month for the second Year, and thereafter annually. RESULTS: The proportion of all patients with relapse was 47.7% 2 Years after withdrawal of ATD. There was no difference in relapse rates between the treatment groups (P=0.217, log--rank test). Smokers had a higher relapse rate than non-smokers (58.4% vs 38.8%, P=0.009). Patients who were thyrotropin-receptor antibody (TRAb) positive after 12 Months of antithyroid therapy had a higher relapse rate than those who were negative (72.5% vs 36.8%, P<0.0001). Similarly, relapse was more frequent (55.5%) in patients having large goiter compared with subjects with small goiter (36.3%, P=0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: Relapse rates of Graves' disease were independent of ATD regimen whether followed by l-T(4) therapy or not. Smoking, large goiter and presence of TRAb at the end of ATD therapy were strong predictors of relapse.

Autoimmune adrenocortical failure in Norway autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen class II associations related to clinical features.

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex is the most common cause of primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) in industrialized countries. We have investigated a large Norwegian cohort of patients with Addison's disease in terms of clinical manifestations, autoantibodies, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotypes. The study comprised 94 patients (54 females) of ages 6-85 yr (mean 45 yr) with, either isolated Addison's disease or part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II. Among those diagnosed before the age of thirty, 53% were men, while among those diagnosed at 30 or above, 30% were men. Altogether 77 (82%) of the 94 patients had autoantibodies against 21-hydroxylase (21OH). Thirty-eight of the 40 patients with disease duration 5 yr or less had such autoantibodies. This frequency fell to 60% among patients with a disease duration greater than 35 yr. Five women had gonadal failure. This failure correlated with antibodies against side-chain cleavage enzyme (P = 0.03). Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase and IA2 correlated with the presence of type 1 diabetes (P < 0.005 and P = 0.003, respectively). The frequency of the HLA DRB1*03-DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (DR3-DQ2) and DRB1*04-DQA1*03-DQB1*0302 (DR4-DQ8) haplotypes were positively correlated to Addison's disease, whereas the DRB1*01-DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501 (DR1-DQ5) haplotype was negatively correlated. In addition, the DRB1*04 subtype DRB1*0404 was increased among Addison patients relative to controls. We verify that autoimmunity is the main cause of Addison's disease in our cohort. In younger patients, the disease is equally common in men and women. Measurement of autoantibodies against 21OH is a valuable tool in establishing the etiological diagnosis, especially in patients with a short disease duration. Addison's disease is associated with the DR3-DQ2 and DR4 (0404)-DQ8 haplotypes. A particularly high risk for disease development is observed when these occur in a heterozygous combination (DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8).