Birth outcome in HIV vertically-exposed children in two Romanian centers.

BACKGROUND: The Romanian HIV epidemic is characterized by a high prevalence among children born in the late '80s, perinatally infected. The impact of long-term treatment on their offspring is unknown. We evaluated the influence of prenatal care on the rate of premature birth among the HIV-exposed children of heavily treated HIV-infected mothers in two Romanian centers. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on all patients born by HIV-infected mothers between 2006 and 2012 followed up in two main regional centers. We compared the rate of premature birth and the differences between the sites regarding children and maternal demographic characteristics and antiretroviral exposure in pregnant women. RESULTS: A total of 358 children born to 315 women were enrolled between 2006-2012, 262 children from the National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Bals" Bucharest (NIID) and 96 children from the Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital Constanta (IDHC). Gender rate in newborns and mean age in mothers were similar. We recorded statistically significant differences between centers in the rate of HIV vertical transmission (16.8% vs. 6.2%, p=0.002) and prematurity (25.2 vs. 14.6%, p=0.023). The most used antiretroviral combination during pregnancy in IDHC was boosted lopinavir and fixed dose zidovudine-lamivudine (66% of cases), while in NIID a greater diversity of antiretrovirals were used. Women from IDHC were more frequently treated during pregnancy (83.3% vs. 68.6%, p=0.004). HCV coinfection and illegal drug use were associated with prematurity in the NIID cohort (p=0.037, p=0.024). CONCLUSION: We found a higher rate of premature birth and HIV infection in NIID. In IDHC we found a higher rate of low birth weight in children and a higher rate of heavily treated women. Prematurity was associated with hepatitis C infection and illegal drug use in the NIID cohort.

ART management in children perinatally infected with HIV from mothers who experience behavioural changes in Romania.

INTRODUCTION: During the recent years the rate of HIV perinatally exposed children in Romania has increased as a consequence of the expanding number of HIV-infected women. These women belong to Romania's long-terms survivors, aged between 20 and 24 years and to the group of new HIV infection cases (20-24 years), acquired through unsafe sexual contact and use of new psychoactive substance (IV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We focused on 396 HIV perinatally exposed children born between 2008 and 2013, under surveillance in National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Bals," Bucharest. Of them, 43 acquired HIV through materno-foetal transmission. Our aim was to observe the characteristics in their evolution under antiretroviral treatment and to emphasize the causes of treatment failure. Children with perinatally acquired HIV infection were followed in a retrospective case series. We assessed maternal characteristics, HIV vertical transmission prophylaxis, timing of diagnosis, immunological and virologic status and features of the evolution under combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). RESULTS: The rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission was 10.8% versus the national rate registered in 2013, namely <5%. 16% of mothers belonged to the Romanian 1990s cohort and 84% were recently infected with HIV, through unprotected sexual contact (70%) or use of new psychoactive substances (14%). 51% of mothers were diagnosed postnatally as a consequence of their reluctance to access specific health services and in 57% CD4 value was <350 cell/mm. 41% of the monitored children were diagnosed with HIV infection at birth. Their median entry CD4 value was 23% and 49% had a CD4 >25%; median entry viral load was 7 log. 16 patients (37%) had undetectable viral load after six months of treatment. In 87.5% of them the virologic suppression was achieved and maintained with one single regimen (2 NRTIs+1 NNRTI or 2 NRTIs+1 PI/r). 15 children (35%) did not achieve suppression of viral load. 19 children (44%) faced special issues related to adherence to antiretroviral treatment, due to mothers' poor adherence to a basic set of cares destined for their children. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention programmes in Romania must be designed on the basis of the new economic context and emerging psychoactive substance use. Hence, women who use drugs should benefit from a wider access to medical and social services.

Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on cytomegalovirus viraemia in the absence of specific anti-cytomegalovirus therapy.

OBJECTIVES: (1) to evaluate the effect of HAART on CMV viraemia in co-infected patients, in the absence of specific anti-CMV therapy; (2) to compare 2 molecular biology techniques for the detection and quantification of CMV-DNA in these patients. METHODS: We present the preliminary data of an ongoing prospective research grant on newly diagnosed HIV seropositives, in a tertiary care hospital, during June 2006- June 2008. Clinical, virological (HIV and CMV viraemia) and immunological (CD4) screening was performed every 3 months. The CMV viraemia was performed by RoboGene Human Cytomegalovirus Quantification kit (aj Roboscreen). We retested all undetectable CMV viremia found in patients with CD4 <50/mmc, by CMV PCR kit (Qiagen Diagnostics). Both PCR reactions were performed on ABI Prism 7000 (Applied Biosystems). RESULTS: Up to date, our study has included 105 HIV-infected subjects, who were seropositive for anti-CMV IgG antibodies. Average follow-up was 18 months. CMV viraemia was found detectable in 21 cases at first visit and in other 5 at the second visit. 22 cases had CD4 <50/mmc, among which 14 had undetectable CMV viraemia. The results of both molecular biology techniques were widely the same. HAART was prescribed to 86% of the patients; all the patients having detectable CMV viraemia received HAART, but not any specific anti-CMV therapy. Under HAART, all the detectable CMV loads which were retested in time became undetectable at next visits, after a median of 16.5 weeks from the introduction of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: CMV viraemia detection was useful in early diagnosis of asymptomatic CMV infection. As opposed to transplant cases, molecular biology techniques for the detection and quantification of CMV-DNA in HIV-patients have not been standardized yet. In our study, the two kits RoboGene Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Quantification kit (aj Roboscreen) and CMV PCR kit (Qiagen Diagnostics) were comparable. HAART made the reduction of CMV viral load, without any specific anti-CMV therapy. As in the case of other opportunistic infections, undetectable natural history of CMV infection seemed to have been improved by controlling HIV infection.