Surgical Scissors: The Core Surgical Instrument.

Surgical scissors form an essential part of both basic and specialty surgical sets. Their prime function is to cut tissues. They are also used for blunt dissection/development of tissue planes and piercing tissues. A wide variety of scissors are available for use in practice. This review article briefly describes common surgical scissors in orthopaedic use. The basic construct, biomechanics, types, their identification, specific uses, and care aspects are also discussed. A surgeon should be aware of the different types of scissors, their biomechanical features, and specific uses, as they are an important tool in his/her armamentarium. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 33(1):001-004, 2024).

Pain behavior of children with bilateral idiopathic clubfoot undergoing Ponseti casting and the effect of non-pharmaceutical pain-relieving agents.

INTRODUCTION: This study prospectively investigated the pain response and physiological parameters [heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2)] during sequential casting in bilateral clubfoot. Additionally, it explored the role of non-nutritive sucking and human care contact on the observed responses during casting. METHODS: Subjects were allotted to control group (Group A with no intervention) and two intervention groups (Group B: non-nutritive sucking intervention, Group C: human care contact intervention). Neonatal Infant Pain Score (NIPS), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were used to assess the response. RESULTS: The three groups matched in age and gender characteristics of the participants. Pain response was noted across all groups. The left foot demonstrated a statistically significant preexisting tachycardia which rose further during casting (p < 0.01). Intergroup comparisons revealed that the alteration for NIPS during casting was in following sequence (Group A > C > B, p < 0.00001). The effect of interventions offered in Group B and C lasted in the post-cast period as well (B > C). CONCLUSION: The clubfoot child exhibited moderate pain response during casting of both feet. A tachycardia was noted prior to initiation of second cast which further exaggerated with subsequent cast. Pacifier (non-nutritive sucking) intervention produced better control of pain response than human care contact during casting for both feet.

Efficacy of 2 Nonpharmaceutical (Non-nutritive Sucking and Human Care Contact) Pain Relief Measures for Idiopathic Clubfoot Casted Using Ponseti Technique.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at exploring the pain and physiological responses exhibited during Ponseti manipulation and casting in clubfoot infants. In addition, we compared the efficacy of 2 nonpharmaceutical techniques (non-nutritive sucking and human care contact) for tackling these responses. METHODS: The study included children with unilateral and bilateral idiopathic clubfeet between 15 days to 6 months of age. For comparisons, children were divided into control group without any intervention (group A), non-nutritive sucking group (group B), and human care contact group (group C). Pain score (Neonatal Infant Pain Score), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) was assessed before, during and 1 minute after casting. These measurements were compared using statistical methods. RESULTS: There were 16 children (11 bilateral) in group A, 17 (10 bilateral) in group B, and 18 (8 bilateral) in group C. Before casting, the baseline parameters (Neonatal Infant Pain Score, HR, and SpO2) of the 3 groups were comparable. Groups B and C had a significant reduction in pain score at casting and in postcasting period when compared with group A (P<0.05). Group B (at casting-mean: 174.1/min, postcasting-mean: 168.2/min) had the lowest HR both during and after cast application. Group B had the highest SpO2 among all the 3 groups, both during casting (mean: 95.7%) and after casting (mean: 97.4%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Infants exhibit moderate pain response and altered physiological responses during and after Ponseti casting. Non-nutritive sucking emerged as a better method to lessen these parameters when compared with the conventional technique and human care contact. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Cdk5 phosphorylates non-genotoxically overexpressed p53 following inhibition of PP2A to induce cell cycle arrest/apoptosis and inhibits tumor progression.

BACKGROUND: p53 is the most studied tumor suppressor and its overexpression may or may not cause cell death depending upon the genetic background of the cells. p53 is degraded by human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 protein in cervical carcinoma. Several stress activated kinases are known to phosphorylate p53 and, among them cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is one of the kinase studied in neuronal cell system. Recently, the involvement of Cdk5 in phosphorylating p53 has been shown in certain cancer types. Phosphorylation at specific serine residues in p53 is essential for it to cause cell growth inhibition. Activation of p53 under non stress conditions is poorly understood. Therefore, the activation of p53 and detection of upstream kinases that phosphorylate non-genotoxically overexpressed p53 will be of therapeutic importance for cancer treatment. RESULTS: To determine the non-genotoxic effect of p53; Tet-On system was utilized and p53 inducible HPV-positive HeLa cells were developed. p53 overexpression in HPV-positive cells did not induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. However, we demonstrate that overexpressed p53 can be activated to upregulate p21 and Bax which causes G2 arrest and apoptosis, by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A. Additionally, we report that the upstream kinase cyclin dependent kinase 5 interacts with p53 to phosphorylate it at Serine20 and Serine46 residues thereby promoting its recruitment on p21 and bax promoters. Upregulation and translocation of Bax causes apoptosis through intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Interestingly, overexpressed activated p53 specifically inhibits cell-growth and causes regression in vivo tumor growth as well. CONCLUSION: Present study details the mechanism of activation of p53 and puts forth the possibility of p53 gene therapy to work in HPV positive cervical carcinoma.

Cytotoxic activity of 9,10-dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1,7-diol from Eulophia nuda against human cancer cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eulophia nuda L. (Orchidaceae) is a medicinally important terrestrial orchid used for the treatment of tumours and various health problems by the local healers throughout the Western Ghats region in Maharashtra (India). AIM OF THE STUDY: To isolate the active molecule from Eulophia nuda and to study its cytotoxic potential against human cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The crude methanolic extract of Eulophia nuda tubers was fractionated by stepwise gradient of the solvents-chloroform-methanol to isolate the pure compound. Isolated pure compound was assessed for its cytotoxic potential against human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 using MTT assay. Structure elucidation of the isolated active compound was carried out by extensive spectroscopic analysis including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, NOESY, COSY, LC-MS and IR. RESULTS: The isolated active molecule was identified as phenanthrene derivative 9,10-dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1,7-diol. This compound showed good antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (91%) and MDA-MB-231 (85%) at 1000 microg/ml concentration. CONCLUSION: 9,10-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1,7-diol from Eulophia nuda tubers showed good growth suppressive effect against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 making it a potential biomolecule against human cancer.

Inhibition of Hsp27 and Hsp40 potentiates 5-fluorouracil and carboplatin mediated cell killing in hepatoma cells.

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) modulate several cellular functions and are ubiquitously present in cell. Here, we investigated alterations in the expression of Hsps and explored functional consequences of the same. Moreover, effect of quercetin (Qctn), an inhibitor of Hsps, on chemotherapeutic drugs treatment in hepatoma cells Hep3B and HepG2 was investigated. We for the first time report that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and carboplatin specifically induce expression of Hsp40 in addition to Hsp27 in Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Induction of Hsps following exposure to sub lethal dose of drugs is a cellular challenge to survival. However, under lethal environmental conditions with reduced cell viability, cells fail to sustain the induction of survival proteins, Hsp27 and Hsp40. Though Qctn itself, to certain extent is cytotoxic to cells, it potentiates the pro-apoptotic action of 5-FU and carboplatin, by inhibiting expression of Hsps. The increased cell killing correlates with decreased levels of procaspase-3. Furthermore, siRNA mediated knockdown of Hsp27 and Hsp40 diminishes survival of drugs exposed cells. Altogether, our data provides clear evidence that Hsp27 and 40 promote cell survival and inhibition of their expression does not allow cells to adapt to drug exposure and survive. Collectively, our novel findings on compelling action of 5-FU or carboplatin following knockdown of Hsp40 and that of Hsp27 highlights their strategic implications towards an effective therapy against HCC.

Cell cycle regulatory protein 5 (Cdk5) is a novel downstream target of ERK in carboplatin induced death of breast cancer cells.

Neuronal cell specific cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a known regulator of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We report that Cdk5 also plays an important role in the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 and is functionally involved in chemosensitivity as well as in cell death pathways induced by anti-cancer drug carboplatin (Carb). Here, we demonstrate that carboplatin induced Cdk5 activation under positive regulation of ERK, promotes cell death in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. DNA-damage stress enhanced ERK activity utilizes Cdk5 as one of its downstream targets for the execution of death signal in carboplatin induced death in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. Additionally, present data clearly indicates that activated Cdk5 modulates p53 transactivation in MCF-7 cells. However, in p53 mutant MDA MB-231 cells, Cdk5 mediated cell death is likely to be p53 independent. Collectively, our findings not only draw attention to the extra-neuronal functions of Cdk5 but also propose Cdk5 as a novel and potential therapeutic target of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Abrogation of p53 by its antisense in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells increases cyclin D1 via activation of Akt and promotion of cell proliferation.

The p53 protein has been a subject of intense research interest since its discovery as about 50% of human cancers carry p53 mutations. Mutations in the p53 gene are the most frequent genetic lesions in breast cancers suggesting a critical role of p53 in breast cancer development, growth and chemosensitivity. This report describes the derivation and characterization of MCF-7As53, an isogenic cell line derived from MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells in which p53 was abrogated by antisense p53 cDNA. Similar to MCF-7 and simultaneously selected hygromycin resistant MCF-7H cells, MCF-7As53 cells have consistent basal epithelial phenotype, morphology, and estrogen receptor expression levels at normal growth conditions. Present work documents investigation of molecular variations, growth kinetics, and cell cycle related studies in relation to absence of wild-type p53 protein and its transactivation potential as well. Even though wild-type tumor suppressor p53 is an activator of cell growth arrest and apoptosis-mediator genes such as p21, Bax, and GADD45 in MCF-7As53 cells, no alterations in expression levels of these genes were detected. The doubling time of these cells decreased due to depletion of G0/G1 cell phase because of constitutive activation of Akt and increase in cyclin D1 protein levels. This proliferative property was abrogated by wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore this p53 null cell line indicates that p53 is an indispensable component of cellular signaling system which is regulated by caveolin-1 expression, involving Akt activation and increase in cyclin D1, thereby promoting proliferation of breast cancer cells.

p53 regulates ERK activation in carboplatin induced apoptosis in cervical carcinoma: a novel target of p53 in apoptosis.

In general, the activation of extracellular recognition kinase (ERK) cascade is implicated in exerting tumorigenic effects. Conversely, recent studies suggest that ERK activation may also have role in DNA-damage induced apoptosis [Wang, X., Martindale, J.L. and Holbrook, N.J. (2000) Requirement for ERK activation in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 39435-39443; Schweyer S., Soruri A., Meschter O., Heintze A., Zschunke F., Miosge N., Thelen P., Schlott T., Radzun H.J. and Fayyazi, A. (2004) Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human malignant testicular germ cell lines depends on MEK/ERK activation. Br. J. Cancer 91, 589-598]. Here we observed an essential requirement of ERK activation in carboplatin (Carb) induced apoptosis in SiHa and CaSki cells. Under similar treatment conditions p53 was also involved in Carb induced apoptosis in these cells. Therefore, we investigated the relation between p53 and ERK in Carb induced apoptosis in these cells. Abrogation of p53 transactivation activity by pifithrin alpha or dominant-negative mutant of p53 resulted in decrease in activation of ERK in Carb treated cells. The present study for the first time proposes that p53 may act as one of the upstream regulators of ERK activation for the induction of apoptosis in Carb treated cervical cancer cells.

Gadd45alpha does not modulate the carboplatin or 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in human papillomavirus-positive cells.

Gadd45alpha is shown to be induced by a wide spectrum of DNA-damaging agents and implicated in negative regulation of cell growth by causing G2-M arrest or induction of apoptosis. In the present study, we explored the involvement of p53 in the promoter activation of Gadd45alpha as well as the role of Gadd45alpha in carboplatin (Carb) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis in human papillomavirus virus (HPV)-positive HEp-2 and HeLa cells. We report that Carb or 5-FU upregulate Gadd45alpha and p53 in both these cells. Transient transfection of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)-reporter construct driven by Gadd45alpha promoter clearly indicated that Gadd45alpha upregulation was mediated through activation of its promoter. Inhibition of p53 function by dominant-negative-p53 expression partially suppressed the activation of Gadd45alpha promoter. Further, the induction of apoptosis was assessed by detection of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage by Western blot analysis. Inhibition of upregulated Gadd45alpha expression by antisense expression vector did not modulate the Carb or 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Overall, we conclude that Gadd45alpha promoter activation partially depends on p53 function in HPV-positive cells. Moreover, Gadd45alpha protein does not modulate Carb or 5-FU-induced apoptosis in these cells.

Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin enhances the susceptibility of human breast cancer cells to carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil: involvement of Akt, NF-kappaB and Bcl-2.

The response rates of extensively used chemotherapeutic drugs, carboplatin (Carb) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are relatively disappointing because of considerable side effects associated with their high-dose regimen. In the present study, we determined whether treatment with a cholesterol depleting agent, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD), enhances the weak efficacy of low doses of Carb or 5-FU in human breast cancer cells. Data demonstrate that pretreatment with MCD significantly potentiates the cytotoxic activity of Carb and 5-FU in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Furthermore, we explored the molecular basis of enhanced cytotoxicity, and our data revealed that low-dose treatment with these drugs in MCD pretreated cells exhibited significantly decreased Akt phosphorylation, NF-kappaB activity and down-regulation in expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In addition, MCD pretreated cells demonstrated an increased intracellular drug accumulation as compared to cells treated with drugs alone. Taken together, our data provide the basis for potential therapeutic application of MCD in combination with other conventional cytotoxic drugs to facilitate reduction of drug dosage that offers a better chemotherapeutic approach with low toxicity.